Chapter 2 – Reviewing Coordinate geometry

Solutions to Exercise 2A

1 a A(2, 12), B(8, 4) 3 A (3.1, 7.1), B (8.9,10.5)

1 1
x = (2 + 8) = 5 x = (3.1 + 8.9) = 6
2 2
1 1
y = (12 + 4) = 8 y = (7.1 + 10.5) = 8.8
2 2
M is at (5, 8). C is at (6, 8.8).

b A(−3, 5), B(4, −4)

1 4 a X(−4, 2), M(0, 3)
x = (−3 + 4) = 0.5
2
1 1
y = (5 + −4) = 0.5 For midpt x: 0 = (−4 + x)
2 2
M is at (0.5, 0.5).
∴ x=4
c A(−1.6, 3.4), B(4.8, −2)
1
x = (−1.6 + 4.8) = 1.6 1
2 For midpt y: 3 = (2 + y)
1 2
y = (3.4 + −2) = 0.7 y
2 1+ =3
M is at (1.6, 0.7). 2
y
= 2, ∴ y = 4
d A(3.6, −2.8), B(−5, 4.5) 2
1
x = (3.6 + −5) = −0.7 Point Y is at (4,4).
2
1
y = (−2.8 + 4.5) = 0.85 b X(−1, −3), M(0.5, −1.6)
2
M is at (−0.7, 0.85) 1
For midpt x : 0.5 = (−1 + x)
2
1 = −1 + x, ∴ x = 2
2 A is (1,1), B is (5,5) and C is (11, 2).
1
1
AB: x = y = (5 − 1) = 3 For midpt y : −1.6 = (−3 + y)
2 2
Midpoint is at (3, 3). −3.2 = −3 + 2, ∴ y = −0.2
1 Point Y is at (2, −0.2).
BC : x = (5 + 11) = 8
2
1 c X(6, 3), M(2, 1)
y = (5 + 2) = 3.5 1
2 For midpt x : 2 = (6 + x)
Midpoint is at (8, 3.5). 2
1 4 = 6 + x, ∴ x = −2
AC : x = (1 + 11) = 6
2 1
1 For midpt y : 1 = (−3 + y)
y = (1 + 2) = 1.5 2
2 2 = −3. + y, ∴ y = 5
Midpoint is at (6, 1.5).
Point Y is at (−2, 5).

31
 d X(4, −3), M(0, −3) 7 A = (−3,
p −4), B = (1, 5), C = (7, −2)
AB = (1 − −3)2 + (5 − −4)2
1
For midpt x: 0 = (4 + x) p
2 = 42 + 92
√
∴x=4 = 97
p
For midpt y: does not change so BC = (7 − 1)2 + (−2 − 5)2
y = −3 Point Y is at (−4, −3) p
= 62 + (−7)2
√
= 85
1 1
5 At midpoint: x = (1 + a); y = (4 + b) p
2 2 AC = (7 − −3)2 + (−2 − −4)2
1 √
x = (1 + a) = 5
2 = 102 + 22
√
1 + a = 10, ∴ a = 9 = 104
√ √ √
1 P = 97 + 85 + 104 ≈ 29.27
y = (4 + b) = −1
2
4 + b = −2, ∴ b = −6
8 A(6, 6), B(10, 2), C(−1, 5), D(−7, 1)
1
For P : x = (6 + 10) = 8
6 a Distance between (3, 6) and (−4, 5) 2
1
p
= (6 − 5)2 + (3 − −4)2 y = (6 + 2) = 4
√ 2
= 12 + 72 P is at (8, 4).
√ √ 1
= 50 = 5 2 ≈ 7.07 For M : x = (−1 + −7) = −4
2
1
b Distance between (4, 1) and (5, −3) y = (5 + 1) = 3
p 2
= (4 − 5)2 + (1 − −3)2 M is at (−4,
p 3).
p ∴ PM = (−4 − 8)2 + (3 − 4)2
= (−1)2 + 42
√
p
= (−12)2 + (−1)2
= 17 ≈ 4.12 √
= 145 ≈ 12.04
c Distance between (−2, −3) and
(−5,p−8)
= (−2 − −5)2 + (−3 − −8)2
p
9 DM = (−6 − 0)2 + (1 − 6)2
√
= 32 + 52
p
= (−6)2 + (−5)2
√ √
= 34 ≈ 5.83 = 61
p
d Distance between (6,4) and (−7, 4) DN = (3 − 0)2 + (−1 − 6)2
√
p
= (6 − −7)2 + (4 − 4)2 = 32 + 72
√ √
= 132 + 02 = 58
= 13.00 DN is shorter.

32
Solutions to Exercise 2B
4−0 3 m = 0 so y = mx + c means y = c.
1 a m= =4
0 − (−1) Here c = 6:
6−0 y
b m= =2
3−0
1−0 1
c m= = (1, 6)
4−0 4
4−0
d m= = −4 x
0−1 0
3−0
e m= =1
3−0
4−3 1
3−0 4 a m= =−
f m= = −1 2−6 4
−3 − 0
−6 − 4 5
10 − 0 5 b m= =−
g m= = 1 − (−3) 2
6 − (−2) 4
−3 − 7
8−2 6 c m= = −2
h m= = = −2 11 − 6
0 − 3 −3
0−8
5−0 5 5 d m= = −8
i m= = =− 6−5
0 − 4 −4 4
e Rise = zero so m = 0
4−0 4
j m= =
0 − (−3) 3 0 − (−6)
f m= = −1
−6 − 0
k Rise = zero so m = 0
16 − 9
g m= =7
4−3
2 Line with gradient 1:
y 36 − 25
h m= = 11
6−5
64 − 25 39
i m= = = −13
−8 − (−5) −3
x
0 1 100 − 1 99
–1 j m= = = 11
10 − 1 9
1000 − 1 999
k m= = = 111
10 − 1 9
64 − 125 −61
l m= = = 61
4−5 −1

33
 6a − 2a 0 − −5
5 a m= d (0, −5), (−5, 0); m = = −1
3a − 5a −5 − 0
4a Angle = tan−1 (−1) + 180◦ = 135◦
= = −2
−2a
8 − −2
b m=
2b − 2a 8 a (−4, −2), (6,8); m = =1
5b − 5a 6 − −4
Angle = tan−1 (1) = 45◦
2b − a 2
= =
5 b−a 5 4−6 1
b (2,6), (−2, 4); m = =
  −2 − 2 2
−1 1
a−6 Angle = tan = 26.57◦
6 a m= 2
7 − (−1)
a−6 1−4 1
= =6 c (−3, 4), (6, 1); m = =−
8  1 6 − −3 3
a − 6 = 48, ∴ a = 54 Angle = tan − = 161.57
−1 ◦
3
7−6 4 − −3 7
b m= d (−4, −3), (2, 4); m = =
b−1  7  2 − −4 6
=
1
= −6 Angle = tan−1 = 49.4◦
b−1 6
1 = 6(1 − b) = 6 − 6b b−a
e (3b, a), (3a, b); m =
5 3a − 3b
6b = 5, ∴ b =
 1  1
6 = (b − a) =−
−3  3
1
Angle = tan−1 − = 161.57◦
7 We only need positive angles, so 3
negative ones have 180◦ added. c−b
f (c, b), (b, c); m = = −1
0 − (−3) b−c
a (0, 3), (−3, 0); m = =1 Angle = tan−1 (−1) + 180◦ = 135◦
3−0
Angle = tan−1 (1) = 45◦
0 − (−4) 9 a tan 45◦ = 1
b (0, −4), (4, 0); m = =1
4−0
Angle = tan−1 (1) = 45◦ b tan 135◦ = −1
√
0−2 1 c tan 60◦ = 3
c (0, 2), (−4, 0); m = =
  −4 − 0 2 √
−1 1 d tan 120◦ = − 3
Angle = tan = 26.57◦
2

34
Solutions to Exercise 2C
1 a m = 3, c = 6 c
−x − 3y = 6
b m = −6, c = 7
−3y = x + 6
c m = 3, c = −6 1 1
y = − x − 2, ∴ m = − , c = −2
3 3
d m = −1, c = −4
d 5x − 2y = 4

2 a y = mx + c; m = 3, c = 5 −2y = −5x + 4
so y = 3x + 5 y=
5 5
x − 2, ∴ m = , c = −2
2 2
b y = mx + c; m = −4, c = 6
so y = −4x + 6 5 a The equation is of the form
y = 3x + c;
c y = mx + c; m = 3, c = −4
When x = 6, y = 7
so y = 3x − 4
∴7=3×6+c
∴ c = −11
3 a y = 3x − 6; Gradient = 3; y-axis The equation is y = 3x − 11
intercept = −6
b The equation is of the form
b y = 2x − 4; Gradient = 2; y-axis y = −2x + c;
intercept = −4 When x = 1, y = 7
∴ 7 = −2 × 1 + c
1
c y = 21 x − 2; Gradient = ; y-axis ∴c=9
2
intercept = −2 The equation is y = −2x + 9

1 5 1
d y= x − ; Gradient = ; y-axis 6 a (−1, 4), (2, 3)
3 3 3
5 3−4 1
intercept = − m= =−
3 2 − −1 3
2
Using (2, 3) : y = − + c = 3
3
4 a 2x − y = 9 11
c=
−y = −2x + 9 3
1 11
y = 2x − 9, ∴ m = 2, c = −9 ∴y=− x+
3 3
3y = −x + 11
b 3x + 4y = 10 ∴ x + 3y = 11
4y = −3x + 10 b (0, 4), (5, −3)
3 5 3 5 −3 − 4 7
y = − x + ,∴ m = − ,c = m= =−
4 2 4 2 5−0 5

35
 Using (0,4): y = c = 4 b The equation is of the form
7 y = −2x + c;
∴y=− x+4
5 When x = 1, y = 6
5y = −7x + 20
∴ 6 = −2 × 1 + c
∴ 7x + 5y = 20 ∴c=8
The equation is y = −2x + 8
c (3, −2), (4, −4)
−4 − −2
∴m= = −2
4−3 9 a The equation is of the form
Using (3, −2) : y = −2 × 3 + c = −2
y = 2x + c;
c=4 When x = −1, y = 4
∴ y = −2x + 4 ∴ 4 = 2 × (−1) + c
∴ 2x + y = 4 ∴c=6
The equation is y = 2x + 6
d (5, −2), (8, 9)
9 − −2 11 b The equation is of the form
∴m= =
8−5 3 y = −2x + c;
11
Using (5, −2) : y = × 5 + c = −2 When x = 0, y = 4
3
55 ∴c=4
c+ = −2 The equation is y = −2x + 4
3
61
c=− c The equation is of the form
3
11 61 y = −5x + c;
∴ y= x−
3 3 When x = 3, y = 0
3y = 11x − 61 ∴ 0 = −5 × 3 + c
∴ c = 15
∴ −11x + 3y = −61
The equation is y = −5x + 15

7 a The line passses through the point 0−4 2

(0, 6) and (1, 8). 10 a y = mx + c; m = =−
8−6 6−0 3
Therefore gradient = =2 Using (0,4), c = 4
1−0 2x
y=− +4
b The equation is y = 2x + 6 3
−6 − 0 6
b y = mx + c; m = = − = −2
0 − −3 3
8 a The equation is of the form Using (0, −6), c = −6
y = 2x + c; y = −2x − 6
When x = 1, y = 6
0−4 4
∴6=2×1+c c y = mx + c; m = = − = −1
4−0 4
∴c=4 Using (0,4), c = 4
The equation is y = 2x + 4 y = −x + 4

36
 3−0 3 When x = −3, y = 1.75
d y = mx + c; m = =−
0−2 2 ∴ 1.75 = −0.5 × (−3) + 0.25
Using (0,3):
3 ∴ c = 0.25
y=− x+3
2 Therefore equation is
y = −0.5x + 0.25
6−4 2
11 a Gradient = =
3−0 3 12 a Axis intercepts: (0,4) and (−1, 0)
Passes through (0, 4), ∴ c = 4
2 4−0
Therefore equation is y = x + 4 m= = 4,
3 0 − −1
c = 4 so y = 4x + 4
2−0 2
b Gradient = = b Specified points: (−3, 2) and (0,0)
4−1 3
When x = 1, y = 0 m=
2−0
=−
2
2 −3 − 0 3
∴0= ×1+c 2x
3 c = 0 so y = −
2 3
∴c=−
3
2 2 c Axis intercepts: (−2, 0) and (0, −2)
Therefore equation is y = x − 0 − −2
3 3 m= =1
−2 − 0
3 − 0) 1 c = −2 so y = −x − 2
c Gradient = =
3 − (−3) 2
When x = −3, y = 0 d Axis intercepts: (2,0) and (0, −1)
1 0 − −1 1
∴ 0 = × (−3) + c m= = ,
2 2−0 2
3 x
∴c= c = −1 so y = − 1
2 2
1 3
Therefore equation is y = x + e m = 0, c = 3.5 so y = 3.5
2 2
0−3 1 f m undefined. Vertical line is x = k
d Gradient = =−
4 − (−2) 2 so x = −2
When x = 4, y = 0
1
∴0=− ×4+c
2 13 P and Q are on the line y = mx + c;
∴c=2 1 − −3
1 m= =4
Therefore equation is y = − x + 2 2−1
2 Using Q at (2,1):
8−2 y = 4 × 2 + c = 1 so c = −7
e Gradient = =1
4.5 − (−1.5) Line PQ has equation y = 4x − 7
When x = −1.5, y = 2 Q and R are on the line y = ax + b:
∴ 2 = 1 × (−1.5) + c 3−1 2
a= = =4
∴ c = 3.5 2.5 − 2 0.5
Using Q at (2, 1):
Therefore equation is y = x + 3.5
y = 4 × 2 + b = 1 so b = −7
−2 − 1.75 Line QR also has equation y = 4x − 7
f Gradient = = −0.5
4.5 − (−3) P, Q and R are collinear.

37
14 a y + x = 1 d x−y=1
Does not pass through (0, 0) because Does not pass through (0,0) because
y = 1 − x has c = 1 y = x + 1 has c = 1

b y + 2x = 2(x + 1)
Does not pass through (0,0): this 15 a x = 4
equation simplifies to y = 2, so y is
b y = 11
never 0.
c x = 11
c x+y=0
Passes through (0,0) because c = 0 d y = −1

38
Solutions to Exercise 2D
1 a x+y=4 y
If x = 0, y = 4; if y = 0, x = 4
Axis intercepts are at (0,4) and (4,0) x
0 8
b x−y=4 –2
If x = 0, y = −4; if y = 0, x = 4
Axis intercepts are at (0, −4) and
c −3x + 4y = 24
(4,0)
If x = 0, 4y = 24
24
c −x − y = 6 ∴y= =6
4
If x = 0, y = −6; if y = 0, x = −6 If y = 0, −3x = 24
Axis intercepts are at (0, −6) and 24
∴x= = −8
(−6, 0) −3
y
d y−x=8
If x = 0, y = 8; if y = 0, x = −8 6
Axis intercepts are at (0,8) and
(−8, 0) x
–8 0

2 a 2x − 3y = 12 d −5x + 2y = 20
If x = 0, −3y = 12 If x = 0, 2y = 20
12 20
∴y= = −4 ∴y= = 10
−3 2
If y = 0, 2x = 12 If y = 0, −5x = 20
12 20
∴x= =6 ∴x= = −4
2 −5
y y

x 10
0 6
–4 x
–4 0
b x − 4y = 8: e 4x − 3y = 15
If x = 0, −4y = 8 If x = 0, −3y = 15
8 15
∴y= = −2 ∴y= = −5
−4 −3
If y = 0, x = 8 If y = 0, 4x = 15
15
∴x= = 3.75
4

39
 y y

x 2
0 15
4
–5 x
–2 0
f 7x − 2y = 15
If x = 0, −2y = 15
∴y=
15
= −7.5 c y = 2x − 4
−2 If x = 0, y = −4;
If y = 0, 7x = 15
15 if y = 0, 2x − 4 = 0, so x = 2
∴x= Intercepts at (0, −4) and (2,0)
7
y y

x
0 15
x
– 15
2
7 0 2

–4
3 a y= x−1
If x = 0, y = −1; if y = 0, x = 1
Intercepts at (0, −1) and (1,0) 4 a y = 2x − 10
y If x = 0, y = −10 so (0, −10)
If y = 0, 2x = 10, x = 5 so (5,0)
y

x 5
0 1 x
0
–1
–10
b y= x+2
b y = 3x − 9
If x = 0, y = 2; if y = 0, x = −2
If x = 0, y = −9 so (0, −9)
Intercepts at (0, 2) and (−2, 0)
If y = 0, 3x = 9, x = 3 so (3,0)

40
 y b y = −x + 2 y
2

x x
0 3 0 2

–9
c y = 2x + 1 y
c y = 5x + 10
If x = 0, y = 10 so (0,10) 1
If y = 0, 5x + 10 = 0,
x
so 5x = −10 and x = −2 so (−2, 0) 1 0
y 2

10 d y = −2x + 1 y

1
x
–2 0 x
0 1
2

d y = −2x + 10
If x = 0, y = 10 so (0,10)
If y = 0, −2x + 10 = 0, 6 a x+y=1
so 2x = 10 and x = 5 so (5,0) ∴ y = −x + 1
y y
1
10
1 x
x 0
0 5

b x−y=1
x−1=y
5 a y= x+2
y ∴y= x−1
y
2

x
–2 0 x
0 1
–1

41
 c y−x=1 y
∴y= x+1
y
4 8
1
x
x 0
–1 0
d y = 3x − 2
y
d −x − y = 1
−y = x + 1
1
∴ y = −x − 1
x
y
0 2 1
3

–2
x
–1 0
–1 e 4y + 2x = 12
4y = 12 − 2x
7 a y= x+3 x
∴y=− +3
y 2
y

3
3
x 6
0 x
–3 0

b y = 3x + 1
f 3x + 6y = 12
y
6y = 12 − 3x
x
3 ∴y=− +2
2
y
1
0
x
1
–1 2
3 4
x
1 0
c y=4− x
2

42
 g 4y − 6x = 24 c y

4y = 24 + 6x
3x
∴y= +6 0
x
2 y = -2
y
(0, -2)

6 d y

x=5
x (5, 0)
–4 0 x
0

h 8x − 3y = 24
− 3y = 24 − 8x
8x
∴y= −8 9 a y = x so m = 1; 45◦
3
y
b y = −x so m = −1; 135◦
x
0 3 c y = x + 1 so m = 1; 45◦

d x+y=1
–8 y = −x + 1 so m = −1; 135◦

e y = 2x so m = 2;
8 a y tan−1 (2) = 63.43◦
(0, 3)
y=3
f y = −2x; m = −2;
tan−1 (−2) + 180◦ = 116.57◦
x
0

10 a y = 3x + 2; m = 3
tan−1 (3) = 71.57◦
b y
b 2y = −2x + 1
1
∴ y = −x + ; m = −1
(-2, 0) 2
0
x tan−1 (−1) = 135◦
x = -2
c 2y − 2x = 6
y−x=3
∴ y = x + 3; m = 1
tan−1 (1) = 45◦

43
 d 3y + x = 7 b
3y = −x + 7
x 7 1
∴ y = − + ;m = −
 13 3 3
tan − + 180 = 161.57◦
−1 ◦
3

11 A straight line has equation y = 3x − 4

(0, a) : a = −4
c
(b, 0) : 0 = 3b − 4
4
3b = 4, ∴ b =
3
(1, d) : d = 3 − 4 = −1
(e, 10) : 10 = 3e − 4
14
3e = 14, ∴ e =
3

12 a d

44
Solutions to Exercise 2E
1 a Gradient = 2 2
y − −2 = (x − 4)
Equation is of the form y = 2x + c 3
When x = 4, y = −2 2
y = (x − 4) − 2
∴ −2 = 2 × 4 + c 3
2 8
∴ c = −10 y= x− −2
3 3
The equation is y = 2x − 10
2 14
y= x−
1 3 3
b Gradient = −
2 3y = 2x − 14
1
Equation is of the form y = − x + c
2 ∴ 2x − 3y = 14
When x = 4, y = −2
1
∴ −2 = − × 4 + c f 2x − 3y = 4
2
∴c=0 ∴ 3y = 2x − 4
1
The equation is y = − x 2 4
2 ∴y= x−
3 3
1 3
c Gradient = − Gradient = −
2 2
Equation is of the form y = −2x + c 3
Equation is of the form y = − x + c
When x = 4, y = −2 2
When x = 4, y = −2
∴ −2 = −2 × 4 + c 3
∴c=6 ∴ −2 = − × 4 + c
2
The equation is y = −2x + 6 ∴c=4
3
The equation is y = − x + 4
1 2
d Gradient = −
2
1 g x + 3y = 5
Equation is of the form y = x + c
2 ∴ 3y = −x + 5
When x = 4, y = −2
1 1 5
∴ −2 = × 4 + c ∴y=− x+
2 3 3
∴ c = −4 1
1 Gradient = −
The equation is y = x − 4 3
2 1
Equation is of the form y = − x + c
e 2x − 3y = 4 3
When x = 4, y = −2
−3y = −2x + 4 1
∴ −2 = − × 4 + c
3
2 4 2
∴ y= x− ∴c=−
3 3 3
2 1 2
So the gradient we want is . The equation is y = − x −
3 3 3
Using the point (4, −2) :

45
 h x + 3y = −4 So perpendicular gradient is
1
∴ 3y = −x − 4 −1 ÷ − = 2
2
1 4 Using the point (1,4):
∴y=− x− y − 4 = 2(x − 1)
3 3
Gradient = 3
y = 2(x − 1) + 4
Equation is of the form y = 3x + c
When x = 4, y = −2 ∴ y = 2x + 2
∴ −2 = 3 × 4 + c
∴ c = −14 5 A(1, 5) and B(−3, 7)
The equation is y = 3x − 14 Midpoint
1 + (−3) 7 + 5
M( , ) = M(−1, 6)
2 2
2 a 2y = 6x + 4; y = 3x + 4 7−5 1
Gradient AB = =−
Parallel: m = 3 for both −3 − 1 2
∴ gradient of line perpendicular to
b x = 4 − y; 2x + 2y = 6 AB = 2. The equation of the line is of
Parallel: m = −1 for both the form y = 2x + c
When x = −1, y = 6
1 2
c 3y − 2x = 12; y + = x ∴ 6 = 2 × (−1) + c
3 3
2 ∴c=8
Parallel: m = for both
3 Equation of line is y = 2x + 8
d 4y − 3x = 4; 3y = 4x − 3
Not parallel: −3 − 2 5
6 Gradient of AB = =
4y − 3X = 4 2−5 3
3 − −3 3
4y = 3x + 4 Gradient of BC = =−
−8 − 2 5
Product of these gradients
3x 3 5
∴ y= +1 = − × = −1
4 5 3
3y = 4x − 3 AB and BC are perpendicular, so ABC is
4x a right–angled triangle.
∴y= −1
3
7 A(3, 7), B(6, 1), C(−8, 3)
3 a y = 4 (The y-coordinate) 7−1
Gradient AB = = −2
3−6
b x = 2 (The x-coordinate) Gradient BC =
8−1
=
1
20 − 6 2
c y = 4 (The y-coordinate) ∴ AB ⊥ BC

d x = 3 (The x-coordinate) 4−6 1

8 Gradient of RS = =−
6−2 2
−4 − 4
1 1 Gradient of S T = =2
4 Gradient of y = − x + 6 is − . 2−6
2 2 Product of these gradients = −1, so RS

46
 and S T are perpendicular. 4 4
× = −1
−2 − −4 1 3 l
Gradient of T U = =−
−2 − 2 2 16
6 − −2 = −l
Gradient of UR = =2 3
2 − −2 16
Similarly, T U and UR are perpendicular, ∴ l=−
as are S T and T U, and RS and UR. 3
At intersection (4, 2) the y and x values
So RS T U must be a rectangle. are equal. From
 164x − ly = m:
m = 16 − 2 −
3
9 4x − 3y = 10
32 80
−3y = 10 − 4x = 16 + =
3 3
3y = 4x − 10
4 10 10 a The line perpendicular to AB through
∴ y= x− 1
3 3 B has gradient − and passes through
2
4 (−1, 6).
Gradient =
3 The equation of this line is
4x − ly = m 1 11
y=− x+ .
2 2
−ly = m − 4x
b Intersects AB when
ly = 4x − m 1 11
2x + 3 = − x + .
4 m 2 2
∴ y= x− ∴ x = 1, y = 5 are the coordinates of
l l
4 point B.
Gradient =
l
These lines are perpendicular, so their c The coordinates of A and B are (0, 3)
gradients multiplied equal −1: and (1, 5) respectively.
∴ the coordinates of C are (2, 7).

47
Solutions to Exercise 2F
1 The point (2, 7) is on the line y = mx − 3. perpendicular line has gradient
Hence 7 = 2m − 3 1
=− .
That is, m = 5 m
Using the straight line formula for the
point (0, −3):
1
2 The point (3, 11) is on the line y − (−3) = − (x − 0)
m
y = 2x + c.
1
Hence 11 = 2 × 3 + c That is, c = 5 ∴y=− x−3
m
OR my + x = −3m
3 a Gradient of line perpendicular to the
1 6 f : R → R, f (x) = 2x + c, where c ∈ R
line y = mx + 3 is − The y-intercept
m
is 3. c
a x-axis intercept: 2x + c = 0, ∴ x = −
The equation of the second line is 2
x
y = − + 3.
m b 6=5×2+c
1 c = −4
b If (1, −4) is on the line, −4 = − + 3.
m c
1 c − ≤1
Hence − = −7. 2
m c ≥ −2
1
That is, m =
7
d y = f (x) has gradient = 2, so a
1
perpendicular line has gradient = − .
4 8=m×3+2 2
Using the straight line formula for the
m=2 point (0, c) :
1
y − c = − (x − 0)
2
5 f : R → R, f (x) = mx − 3, m ∈ R/{0} 1
∴y=− x+c
3 2
a x-axis intercept: mx − 3 = 0, ∴ x =
m
x y
7 − =4
b 6 = 5m − 3 a 12
5m = 9 x
a When y = 0, = 4, ∴ x = 4a
9 a
m= The coordinates of the x-axis
5 intercept are (4a, 0).
3
c x-axis intercept ≤ 1 for ≤ 1, b Rearranging to make y the subject.
m
∴m≥3 12x
y= − 48
a
d y = f (x) has gradient = m, so a 12
The gradient of the line is
a

48
 r   
c i When the gradient is c 2 c 2
12 iii OM = +
2, = 2, ∴ a = 6 4 2
a s
5c2
ii When the gradient is =
12 16
−2, = −2, ∴ a = −6 √
r
5c2 √
a If OM = 2 5 then =2 5
16
∴c=8
c
8 a When y = 0, x =
2
b y = −2x + c. When x = 1, y = 7 9 3x + by = 12
∴ 7 = −2 + c
a 3x + by = 12
∴ c = 9.
by = −3x + 12
c
c ≤1⇔c≤2 3 12
2 y=− x+
b b
d Line perpendicular to y = −2x + c has 12
1 ∴ y-axis intercept is .
gradient b
2
1 3
Therefore y = x + c b ∴ gradient = −
2 b
c 3
e A( , 0) and B(0, c) c i − =1
2 b
i The midpoint ofline segment AB b = −3
c c
has coordinates ,
4 2 3
c c ii − = −2
If , = (3, 6) then c = 12 b
4 2 3
b=
ii The area of the triangle 2
1 c c2
AOB = × c × = b
2 2 4 d Gradient of perpendicular line is
c2 3
If the area is 4, = 4 which b
The line is of the form y = x + c
4 3
implies c2 = 16. Therefore c = 4 When x = 4, y = 0
since (c > 0 b
0= ×4+c
3
4b
c=−
3
b 4b
∴ y = x − or 3y = bx − 4b
3 3

49
Solutions to Exercise 2G
1 At n = 0, w = $350, paid at $20 per n ∴ 0 ≤ v ≤ 500
∴ w = 20n + 350; n ∈ N ∪ {0} The bag does not go back in time so
t≥0
The bag empties when
2 a At t = 0, d1 = 0 and v = 50 km/h −2.5t + 500 = 0
∴ d1 = vt = 50 t 2.5t = 500

b At t = 0, d2 = 80 and v = −40 km/h t = 200

After that the function no longer
∴ d2 = 80 − 40 t holds true,
∴ 0 ≤ t ≤ 200
c Gradient = 50
d1
200 (4,200) c
150 v
100
50 500
0 t
0 2 4
Gradient = -40
d2
80 0 200 t
60
40
5 At n = 0, C = 2.6, C per km = 1.5
50
0 t ∴ C = 1.5n + 2.6
0 2

6 a At x = 0, C = 85, C per km = 0.24

3 a At t = 0, V = 0, fills at 5 L/min ∴ C = 0.24x + 85
∴ V = 5t
b When x = 250,
b At t = 0, V = 10, fills at 5L/min C = 0.24 (250) + 85

∴ V = 5t + 10 = 60 + 85 = $145

4 a At t = 0, v = 500, empties at 2.5 7 At t = 0, d = 200 km,

L/min v = −5 km/h from B
∴ v = −2.5t + 500 ∴ d = −5t + 200

b Since the bag is emptying, v ≤ 500

The bag cannot contain a negative
volume so v ≥ 0

50
8 a 3
w (g) 600 × + b = 35
50
51 36 + b = 35
b = −1
∴ C = 0.06n − 1
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x (cm) b If n = 1000,
c = 0.06(1000) − 1
b w = 50 + 0.2x
= 60 − 1 = $59
c If w = 52.5 g,
x = 5 × (52.5 − 50) 10 a C = an + b
= 5 × 2.5 = 12.5 cm If n = 160, C = 975; if
n = 120, C = 775
160 a + b = 975
9 a C = an + b
120 a + b = 775
If n = 800, C = 47; if
40 a = 200
n = 600, C = 35 200
800 a + b = 47 ∴a= =5
40
600 a + b = 35 Substitute into 2nd equation:
200 a = 12 600 + b = 775
12 3
∴a= = = 0.06 b = 175
200 50
Substitute into 2nd equation: ∴ C = 5n + 175

b Yes, because b , 0

c When n = 0, C =$ 175

51
Solutions to Exercise 2H
1 The lines x + y = 6 and 2x + 2y = 13 7
3
both have gradient −1 but different Gradient of 3x + my = 5 is − .
m
y-intercepts.
m+2
Gradient of (m + 2)x + 5y = m is − .
5
If the gradients are equal
2 Let x = λ. Then solution is 3 m+2
{(λ, 6 − λ) : λ ∈ R} − =−
m 5
15 = m + 2m
2

3 a m = 4. The line y = 4x + 6 is parallel m2 + 2m − 15 = 0

to the line y = 4x − 5
(m + 5)(m − 3) = 0
b m,4 m = −5 or m = 3

c 15 = 5m + 6 a When m = −5 the equations become

9
∴m= 3x − 5y = 5
5
Check: (5,15) lies on the line −3x + 5y = −5
y = 4x − 5 They are equations of the same line.
There are infinitely many solutions.
4 6 = 4 + k and 6 = 2m − 4 b When m = 3 the equations become
∴ k = 2 and m = 5 3x + 3y = 5
5x + 5y = 3
They are the equations of parallel
5 2(m − 2) + 8 = 4 . . . (1)
lines with no common point.
2m + 24 = k . . . (2) No solutions
From (1) 2m − 4 + 8 = 4
m=0 8 A: C = 10t + 20
From (2) k = 24 B: C = 8t + 30

a
6 The simultaneous equations have no C
solution when the cooresponding lines A
have the same gradient and no point in B
common. 30
Gradient of mx − y = 5 is m. 20
Gradient of 3x + y = 6 is − 3.
∴ lines are parallel when m = −3 0 t
b Costs are equal when

52
 10t + 20 = 8t + 30 a
d
2t = 10, ∴ t = 5 dB
dA
9 Day 1: 15

5
0 t
1
John: v= m/s b dA = dB when
a
20t + 5 = 10t + 15
1
Michael: v = m/s
b 10t = 10, ∴ t = 1

11 a A: $C = 2.8x
B: $C = x + 54
d = vt = 50 m, so Michael’s time is:
1
t = 50 = 50 b b
v $C
Similarly, John’s time is:
1 54
t = 50 = 50 a
v
Michael wins by 1 second
∴ 50 a = 50 b + 1
Day 2: 0 30 x
John runs only 47 m:
t = 47 a c Costs are equal when 2.8x = x + 54
Michael runs the same time: 1.8x = 54
t = 50 b
Michael wins by 0.1 seconds x = 30
It is more economical if there are
∴ 47 a = 50 b + 0.1
more than 30 students.
From day 1 : 50 b = 50 a − 1
∴ 47 a = 50 a − 1 + 0.1
3 a = 0.9, ∴ a = 0.3 12 a Anne: when t = 0, d = 0;
1
50 b = 50 × 0.3 − 1 = 14 v = 20 km/h = km/min
3
t
∴ b = 0.28 ∴d=
Michael’s speed: 3
Maureen: when t = 0, d = 57;
1 1 25 3
v= = = m/s v = −18 km/h = − km/min
b 0.28 7 10
3
∴ d = 57 − t
10
10 dA = 10t + 15
dB = 20t + 5
t is the time in hours after 1.00 p.m.

53
b d (km) c They meet when
t 3t
= 57 −
57 3 10
t 3t
+ = 37
3 10
10t + 9t = 1710
0 90 t (min)
19t = 1710
1710
t= = 90
19
They meet after 90 min, i.e.
10.30 a.m.

d Substitute into either equation, but

Anne’s is easier:
t 90
d= = = 30
3 3
Anne has traveled 30 km, so Maureen
must have traveled 57 − 30 = 27 km.

54
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a A(1, 2) and B(5, 2): y does not 3 If m = 4 then y = 4x + c
change.
Length AB = 5 − 1 = 4 a Passing though (0, 0); y = 4x
1+5
Midpoint x = =3 b Passing though (0, 5); y = 4x + 5
2
∴ midpoint is at (3, 2).
c Passing though (1, 6);
b A(−4, −2) andpB(3, −7) y = 4 + c = 6, ∴ c = 2
Length AB = (−4 − 3)2 + (−2 − −7)2 y = 4x + 2
p √
= (−7)2 + 52 = 74
d Passing though (3, 7);
−4 + 3 1
Midpoint x = =− y = 12 + c = 7, ∴ c = −5
2 2
−2 + −7 9 y = 4x − 5
y= =−
 21 9  2
∴ midpoint is at − , − . 4 a y = 3x − 5
2 2
Using (1, a), a = 3 − 5 = −2
c A(3, 4) and B(7,
p 1)
Length AB = (7 − 3)2 + (1 − 4)2 b y = 3x − 5
p √ Using (b, 15), 3b − 5 = 15
= 42 + (−3)2 = 25 = 5
20
3+7 3b = 20, ∴ b =
Midpoint x = =5 3
2
4+1 5
y= = −4 − 2 3
2 2 5 y = mx + c; m = =−
5 
3 − −5 4
∴ midpoint is at 5, . Using (3, −4):
2  3
−4 = − 3 + c
4
12 − 3 9 9 7
2 a m= = −4=c=−
8−4 4 4 4
3 7
−6 − 4 10 y=− x−
b m= =− 4 4
8 − −3 11
4y = −3x − 7
c x does not change so gradient is
∴ 3x + 4y = −7
undefined.
0−a
d m= = −1 2
a−0 6 y = mx + c : m = −
3
b−0 b Using (−4, 1):
e m= = 2
a−0 a y = − (−4) + c = 1
3
0−b b
f m= =−
a−0 a

55
 8 5 m = tan 135◦ = −1
+c=1∴c=−
3 3 Using (−2, 3) : 3 = −1 × −2 + c
2 5 So c = 1 and y = −x + 1
y=− −
3x 3 ∴ x+y=1
3y = −2x − 5
∴ 2x + 3y = −5 10 Gradient of a line perpendicular to
1
y = −3x + 2 is .
7 a Lines parallel to the x-axis are y = c. 3
Therefore required line is of the form
Using (5, 11), y = 11 1
y = x + c.
3
b Parallel to y = 6x + 3 so gradient When x = 4, y = 8
1
m=6 ∴8= ×4+c
When x = 0, y = −10, so c = −10 3
4 20
y = 6x − 10 Hence c = 8 − =
3 3
1 20
y= x+
c 3x − 2y + 5 = 0 3 3
−2y = −3x − 5
3 5 11 y = 2x + 1
∴ y= x+ When x = 0, y = 1. ∴ a = 1
2 2 1
3 When y = 0, 2x + 1 = 0. ∴ b = −
m = so perpendicular gradient 2
2 When x = 2, y = 5. ∴ d = 5
2
=− When y = 7, 2x + 1 = 7. ∴ e = 3
3
Using (0,1), c = 1
2
y=− x+1
3 12 a y = 2x − 8
3y = −2x − 3 When x = 0, y = −8 and when
y = 0, x = 4
∴ 2x + 3y = −3 y

y = 2x - 8
8 y = mx + c: x
1 0 (4, 0)
Line at 30 to x-axis, m = tan 30 = √
◦ ◦
3 (0, -8)
2
Using (2, 3) : 3= √ +c
3 b 3x + y = 6
2 When x = 0, y = 6 and when
∴ c=3− √
3 y = 0, x = 2
√ √
∴ 3y − x = 3 3 − 2

9 y = mx + c:
Line at 135◦ to x-axis,

56
 y y
(0, 6)
3x + y = 6
(-5, 0)
x
x 0 (0, -2)
0 (2, 0)
2x + 5y + 10 = 0

c 3x + y + 6 = 0
13 a y = ax + 2
When x = 0, y = −6 and when
When x = 2, y = 6
y = 0, x = 2
y ∴ 6 = 2a + 2
3x + y + 6 = 0 ∴a=2
(-2, 0) The equation is y = 2x + 2
x
0
(0, -6) b i When y = 0, ax + 2 = 0
−2
∴x=
a
d y − 2x − 8 = 0
ii
When x = 0, y = 8 and when −2
>1
y = 0, x = −4 a
y
−2 < a (Since a < 0)
y - 2x - 8 = 0 (0, 8) ∴ 0 > a > −2
(-4, 0)
0
x Equivalently − 2 < a < 0

c x + 3 = ax + 2 Substitute in
e y = −6x + 6 x − ax = 2 − 3
When x = 0, y = 6 and when x(1 − a) = −1
y = 0, x = 1
y 1
x=
a−1
(0, 6)
y = -6x + 6
y = x + 3 to find the y-coordinate.
1
(1, 0) y= +3
x a−1
0 3a − 2
y=
a−1
.
f 2x + 5y + 10 = 0 The coordinates of the point of!
When x = 0, y = −2 and when 1 3a − 2
intersection are ,
y = 0, x = −5 a−1 a−1

57
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
4+6 y = mx + c : c = −3
1 D Midpoint x = =5
2 Using (1, 0): 0 = m − 3 so m = 3
12 + 2
Midpoint y = =7 y = 3x − 3
2
Midpt is at (5, 7)
9 C 5x − y + 7 = 0
2 E Midpoint x-coordinate
−4 + x −y = −5x − 7
6= , ∴ x = 16
2 ∴ y = 5x + 7
Midpoint y-coordinate Gradient = 5
−6 + y
3= , ∴ y = 12 ax + 2y − 11 = 0
2
∴ x + y = 28 2y = −ax + 11
−10 − (−8) a 11
3 A Gradient = = −2 ∴ y=− x+
6−5 2 2
Parallel lines mean gradients are
2a − (−3a) equal:
4 E Gradient = = −1 a
4a − 9a − = 5, ∴ a = −10
2
5 C y = mx + c; m = 3
Using (1, 9): 10 E
9 = 3 + c so c = 6 C = 2.5x + 65 = 750
y = 3x + 6 2.5x = 685, ∴ x = 274
−14 − −6
6 D y = mx + c; m = =2 11 C 2ax + 2by = 3 . . . (1)
−2 − 2
Using (2, −6): 3ax − 2by = 7 . . . (2)
y = 4 + c = −6; c = −10
Add (1) and (2)
So y = 2x − 10
5ax = 10
7 B y = 2x − 6 2
Using (a, 2): ∴x=
a
y = 2a − 6 = 2, ∴ a = 4 Substitute in (1)
8 E Axis intercepts at (1, 0) and (0, −3): 1
y=−
2b

58
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a C = 100n + 27.5n + 50 + 62.5n = 550 + 190n

b
C ≤ 3000 ∴ 550 + 190n ≤ 3000
∴ 190n ≤ 2450
2450
∴ n≤
190
∴ n < 12.9
The cruiser can be hired for up to and including 12 days by someone wanting to
spend no more than $3000.

c 300n < 550 + 190n

110n < 550
n<5
It’s cheaper to hire from the rival company for cruises less than 5 days.

2 a It is the cost of the plug.

b It is the cost per metre of the cable.

c 1.8

d
24.5 = 4.5 + 1.8x
∴ 20 = 1.8x
20
∴ x=
1.8
100
=
9
1
= 11
9
1
11 metres of cable would give a total cost of $ 24.50.
9
3 a It is the maximum profit when the bus has no empty seats, i.e. x = 0.

59
 b P<0
1020 − 24x < 0
−24x < −1020
−1020
x>
−24
x > 42.5
43 empty seats is the least number to cause a loss on a single journey.

c The profit reduces by $24 for each empty seat.

4 a i C = 0.091n, 0 < n ≤ 50

ii C = 0.058(n − 50) + 0.091 × 50

= 0.058n − 2.9 + 4.55
= 0.058n + 1.65, 50 < n ≤ 200

iii C = 0.0356(n − 200) + 0.058 × 200 + 1.65

= 0.0356n − 7.12 + 11.6 + 1.65
= 0.0356n + 6.13, n > 200

i When n = 30 kWh,

60
 from the graph C ≈ $3
from the formula C = 0.091 × 30
= $2.73

ii When n = 90 kWh,
from the graph C ≈ $7
from the formula C = 0.058 × 90 + 1.65
= $6.87

iii When n = 300 kWh,

from the graph C ≈ 17
from the formula C = 0.0356 × 300 + 6.13
= $16.81

c When C = 20, 20 = 0.0356n + 6.13

∴ 13.87 = 0.0356n
∴ n = 389.60 . . .
Approximately 390 kWh of electricity could be used for $20.

5 a Let (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 10) and (x2 , y2 ) = (8, −4)

y2 − y1 −4 − 10
m= =
x2 − x1 8−2
−14
=
6
−7
=
3
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
−7
∴ y − 10 = (x − 2)
3
−7 14
∴ y − 10 = x+
3 3
7 14
∴ y + x = 10 +
3 3
7 44
∴ y+ x=
3 3
∴ 3y + 7x = 44
7 2
∴ y = − x + 14
3 3
The equation describing the aircraft’s flight path is 7x + 3y = 44.

61
 b When x = 15, 7 × 15 + 3y = 44
∴ 105 + 3y = 44
∴ 3y = −61
−61
∴ y=
3
1
= −20
3
1
When x = 15, the aircraft is 20 km south of O.
3
6 a For the equation of line PQ, let (x1 , y1 ) = (4, −75) and (x2 , y2 ) = (36, −4).
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
−4 − (−75)
=
36 − 4
71
=
32
Now y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
71
∴ y − (−75) = (x − 4)
32
71 71
∴ y + 75 = x−
32 8
71 671
∴ y= x− is the equation of line PQ.
32 8
71 671
When 7x = 20, y= × 20 −
32 8
355 671
= −
8 8
−316
=
8
1
= −39
2
i.e. line PQ does not pass directly over a hospital located at H(20, −36).
71 671
b When y = −36, −36 = x−
32 8
383 71
∴ = x
8 32
383 32 41
∴ x= × = 21
8 71 71
41
i.e. when y = −36, the aircraft is 1 km east of H.
71

62
7 a C = 40x + 30 000

b When x = 6000, C = 40 × 6000 + 30 000

= 270 000
270 000
Cost per wheelbarrow =
6000
= 45
i.e. overall cost per wheelbarrow is $45.

c Cost per wheelbarrow = $46

40x + 30 000
∴ = 46
x
∴ 40x + 30 000 = 46x
∴ 30 000 = 6x
∴ x = 5000
i.e. 5000 wheelbarrows must be made for an overall cost of $46 each.

d R = 80x

e $ (1000, 80 000)
80 000
70 000
(1000, 70 000)
60 000
50 000 C = 40x + 30 000
40 000
30 000 R = 80x
20 000
10 000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 x

f R > C, ∴ 80x > 40x + 30 000

∴ 40x > 30 000
∴ x > 750
i.e. minimum number of wheelbarrows to make a profit is 751.

g P = R−C
= 80x − (40x + 30 000)
= 40x − 30 000

63
8 a Cost of Method 1 = 100 + 0.08125 × 1560
= 226.75
Cost of Method 2 = 4 × 27.5 + 0.075 × 1560
= 227
i.e. Method 1 is cheaper for 1560 units.

b Number of units of electricity

0 1000 2000 3000
Cost ($) by Method 1 100 181.25 262.50 343.75
Cost ($) by Method 2 110 185 260 335
Calculations for Method 1:
100 + 0.08125 × 0 = 100
100 + 0.08125 × 1000 = 181.25
100 + 0.08125 × 2000 = 262.50
100 + 0.08125 × 3000 = 343.75
Calculations for Method 2:
4 × 27.5 + 0.075 × 0 = 110
4 × 27.5 + 0.075 × 1000 = 185
4 × 27.5 + 0.075 × 2000 = 260
4 × 27.5 + 0.075 × 3000 = 335

c Cost ($)
(3000, 343.73)
350
(3000, 335)
300
(2000, 262.50)
250 (2000, 260)
200 (1000, 185) Same cost for 1600 units
of electricity used.
150 (1000, 181.25)

100

0 1000 1600 2000 3000 units

d C1 = 100 + 0.08125x
C2 = 4 × 27.5 + 0.075 × x
= 110 + 0.075x

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When C1 = C2 , 100 + 0.08125x = 110 + 0.075x
0.00625x = 10
x = 1600

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