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 How to prepare for examination?

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-
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 Functions of a computer ?
(Computer performs four basic functions)

Input : Information or data that is entered into a computer is

X called input. It send data and instruction to the CPU.
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Processing : It is the sequence of actions taken on data to convert
it into a information which is meaningful to the user.
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Output : It makes processed data available to the user. It is -

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mainly used to display the result.

Storage : It stores and programs permanently. It is used to store

information during the time of program execution and possible

Mono to get any type of information from it.

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HDD, SSD ,
Hardware

Computer hardware refers to the physical

component of a computer that can be seen and
touched by the user
Input devices

An input device can be defined as an electro mechanical device that allows the user to
feed data into the computer for analysis and storage and to give commands to the
computer.
The data is entered into the main memory through the input devices. They accept
instructions from the user and convert the accepted instructions into the machine
language.
Some of the commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, trackball, joystick,
light pen, touch screen, barcode reader, OMR, OCR, MICR, smart card reader, biometric
sensor, scanner, Mic, web cam, PC card etc. which are described below
Keyboard
-
-

Types of Keys on Keyboard

Alphanumeric Keys include the alphabet keys (A, B, C, ..., Z) and number keys (0, 1, 2, 3,
..., 9).

Numeric Keys are located at the right hand side of the keyboard. They consist of digits
and mathematical operators.

Function Keys are the programmable keys, i.e. the programs can assign some specific
actions. They are numbered from F1 to F12.

Special Keys: Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock , Tab, etc., and Print Screen
 Mouse
The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse is used to move a little
cursor across the screen while clicking and dragging.
A mouse is an input device that lets you move the mouse on a flat surface to control the
coordinates and movement of the on-screen cursor/pointer..
There are three types of mouse as follows

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1) Wireless mouse
2) Mechanical mouse
3) Optical mouse
There are four actions of mouse as follows :

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Click or Left Click : It selects an item on the screen.
Double Click : It is used to open a document or program.
Right Click : It displays a list of commands on the screen. Right clicking is used to access
the properties of selected object.
Drag and Drop : It is used to move an item on the screen
Output devices

• An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to

communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing
to the outside world.

• Some of the commonly used output devices are :

monitor, printers, plotter, speaker, headphones, projector etc.
 Monitor

• Monitors, also known as

-
Visual Display Units (VDUs),
are a computer’s primary output device.

• It creates images by arranging small dots, known as pixels, in a rectangular pattern.

The amount of pixels determines the image’s sharpness.
Printer
• Printers are output devices that allow you to print information on paper

• There are two types of printers:

• Impact Printer:
Characters are printed on the ribbon, which is subsequently crushed against
the paper, in impact printers.

• Non-Impact Printers:
Characters are printed without the need for a ribbon in non-impact printers.

speaker
.
Computer Architecture
First introduced by John Von Neumann in 1945
-
-

Computer architecture refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer

system that determines how its components interact with each other in
helping to execute the machine’s purpose (i.e., processing data).

O -
Input Processing
-
Output
-
 -

# -

- -

- -

- -
Components of computer

1. Input Unit
-
2. -
Output Unit
3. Central Processing Unit
-

4. Memory Unit
-
Input Unit
The computer accepts coded information through input unit by the user. It
is a device that is used to give required information to the computer.
Example : Keyboard, mouse, etc.

An input unit performs the following functions :

1. It accepts the instructions and data from the user.
2. It converts these instructions and data in computer in acceptable
format.
3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system
for further processing.
Output Unit
This unit sends the processed results to the user. It is mainly used to display
the desired result to the user as per input instruction.
Example : Monitor, printer, plotter, etc.

The following functions are performed by an output unit :

1. It accepts the results produced by the computer which are in coded

form and hence cannot be easily understood by user.

2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable form.

3. It supplies the converted results to the user

 Central Processing
Unit(CPU)
It consists a set of registers, arithmetic logic unit
and control unit, which together interpret and
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-
execute instructions in assembly language.
The primary functions of the CPU are as follows :
AMD 1. The CPU transfers instructions and input data from

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main memory to registers, i.e. internal memory.
2. The CPU executes the instructions in the stored

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sequence.

-
3. When necessary, CPU transfers output data from
registers to main memory.

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Central Processing Unit is often called the brain of computer.

The CPU is fabricated as a single Integrated Circuit (IC) and is also known as
microprocessor.

A CPU controls all the internal and external devices and performs arithmetic
and logic operations.

The CPU consists of following main sub-systems :

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

2. Control Unit (CU)
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• ALU contains the electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic and
logical operations on the available data.

Logi c al
• ALU uses registers to hold the data that is being processed.

- Most ALUs can perform the following operations :

(i) Logical operations (AND, NOT, OR, XOR).
(ii) Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division).
(iii) Bit-shifting operations (shifting or rotating a word by a specified
number of bit to the left or right with or without sign extension).
(iv) Comparison operations (=, <, <=, >, > =)
Control Unit (CU)
CU coordinates with the input and output devices of a computer. It directs
the computer to carry out stored program instructions by communicating
with the ALU and the registers.

It organises the processing of data and instructions.

The basic function of control unit is to fetch the instruction stored in the
main memory, identify the operations and the devices involved in it and
accordingly generate control signals.
Memory Unit
This unit is responsible to store programs or data on a temporary or
permanent basis. It has primary memory (main memory) and secondary
memory (auxiliary memory).

The input data which is to be processed is brought into main memory

before processing

Another kind of memory is referred to as secondary memory of a computer

system. This unit is used to permanently store data, programs and output.
This unit does not deal directly with CPU.
Motherboard
The main circuit board contained in any
computer is called a motherboard.
It is also known as the main board or logic
board or system board or planar board.

All the other electronic devices and circuits

of computer system are attached to this
board like, CPU, ROM, RAM, expansion
slots, PCI slots and USB ports. It also
includes controllers for devices like the hard
drive, DVD drive, keyboard and mouse. In
other words, motherboard makes
everything in a computer work together.
Components on Motherboard

Various components on motherboard are as follows

(i) CMOS Battery
(ii) BIOS Chip
(iii) Fan
(iv) Expansion Slot
(v) SMPS
(vi) PCI Slot
(vii) Processor Chip
(viii) Buses
Quick Explanation

CMOS Battery: A small lithium battery on the motherboard that powers the
CMOS memory, preserving system settings when the computer is turned
off.
Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor.

Permanent
BIOS Chip: A non-volatile memory chip on the motherboard that stores
firmware used to boot up the computer and initialize hardware
components.
Basic Input/Output System
Quick Explanation

Fan: A device used to dissipate heat generated by computer components

such as the CPU, GPU, and power supply to prevent overheating.

Expansion Slot: A socket on the motherboard used to connect expansion

cards, allowing for the addition of functionality such as graphics cards,
sound cards, and network adapters.
Quick Explanation
Al DE
SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply): A component that converts AC
power from the wall outlet into DC power used by the computer's internal
components.

PCI Slot: Peripheral Component Interconnect slot, used to connect various

expansion cards like sound cards, network adapters, and storage controllers
to the motherboard.
 Quick Explanation

Processor Chip: The central processing unit (CPU), responsible for executing
instructions and performing calculations in a computer.

system
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Buses: Communication pathways that transfer data between components
within a computer system, such as the system bus, data bus, and address
data bus.
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address
System Unit
The system unit in a computer refers to the main
↓
enclosure or case that houses the internal
components of the computer. It is sometimes also
referred to as the chassis or tower.

Inside the system unit, you'll typically find

components such as the motherboard, central
processing unit (CPU), memory modules (RAM),
storage devices (such as hard disk drives or solid-
state drives), power supply unit (PSU), and various
expansion cards (such as graphics cards, sound
cards, and network adapters).
Interconnection of Units
• CPU sends data, instructions and information to the components inside
the computer as well as to the peripheral devices attached to it.
• A bus is a set of wires used for interconnection, where each wire can
carry one bit of data.
• In other words, bus is a set of electronic signal pathways that allows
information and signals to travel between components inside or outside
of a computer.

A computer bus can be divided into two types :

1. Internal bus
2. External Bus
Computer Memory

The computer memory is one of the most important elements in a

computer system. It stores data and instructions required during the
processing of data and output results.

Storage may be required for a limited period of time, instantly or for an

extended period of time.

It also relates to many devices that are responsible for storing data on a
temporary or a permanent basis.
 Computer Memory Size #
Name Equal To Size (In Bytes)

bits Bit 1 Bit 1/8

3 Nibble 4 Bits 1/2 (rare)

=

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byte
Byte 8 Bits 1

KB
Kilobyte 1024 Bytes 1024
-

-
Megabyte 1, 024 Kilobytes 1, 048, 576

Gigabyte l 1, 024 Megabytes 1, 073, 741, 824

num Terabyte TB ul 1, 024 Gigabytes - 1, 099, 511, 627, 776 -

Petabyte &B 1, 024 Terabytes 1, 125, 899, 906, 842, 624

Exabyte EB 1, 024 Petabytes 1, 152, 921, 504, 606, 846, 976

Zettabyte zB 1, 024 Exabytes 1, 180, 591, 620, 717, 411, 303, 424

Yottabyte
Y13 1, 024 Zettabytes 1, 208, 925, 819, 614, 629, 174, 706, 176
Memory Hierarchy
The hierarchical arrangement of storage in current computer architectures is
called the memory hierarchy. The computer uses a hierarchy of memory
that is organised in a manner to enable the fastest speed and largest
capacity of memory as shown in figure. The memory is characterised on the
basis of two key factors; capacity and access time.

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solida
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-
 > main
/ Rimary
Types of Memory -
-
> secondary
In general, the memory is classified into two categories as follows

-RAM Auxi
I
-
1. Primary memory or Main memory -
-

Rom
2. Secondary memory or Auxiliary memory

M Volatile
magnetic Tapes
↑
-

SSD HDD
- Temporary
-
-
Primary memory or Main memory
The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called main
memory or internal memory or primary memory. The primary memory
allows the computer to store data for immediate manipulation and to keep
track of what is currently being processed. It has limited storage capacity.
Primary memory is of two types as shown in the image below.

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 Random Access Memory (RAM)
It is also known as read/write memory, that allows CPU to read as well as
write data and instructions into it. RAM is used for the temporary storage of
input data, output data and intermediate results.
There are two categories of RAM as follows
(i) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) It is made up of memory cells where each cell is composed of

RAM-
one capacitor and one transistor. DRAM must be refreshed continually to store
information. DRAM is slower, less- expensive and occupies less space on the
computer's motherboard.
- (ii) Static RAM (SRAM) It retains the data as long as power is provided to the memory
chip. SRAM needs not be refreshed periodically. It uses multiple transistors for each
memory cell. It does not use capacitor. SRAM is often used cache memory due to its
high speed. SRAM is more expensive and faster than DRAM.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Read Only Memory (ROM) It is also known as non-volatile memory or
permanent storage. It does not lose its contents when the power is
switched OFF.
ROM can have data and instructions written to it only one time. Once a
ROM chip is programmed at the time of manufacturing, it cannot be
reprogrammed or rewritten. So, it has only read capability, not write.
There are three categories of ROM as follows :
1. Programmable ROM (PROM)
2. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
3. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)
Programmable ROM (PROM)
It is also non-volatile in nature. Once a PROM has been programmed, its
contents can never be changed. It is one-time
-
programmable device. These
types of memories are found in video game consoles, mobile phones,
implantable medical devices and high definition multimedia interfaces.

Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) :

It is similar to PROM, but it can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet
light, then rewritten. So, it is also known as Ultraviolet Erasable
Programmable ROM (UVEPROM).

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

It is similar to EPROM, but it can be erased electrically, then rewritten
electrically. It is the most flexible type of ROM, and is now (commonly used
for holding BIOS)
---

-
-
(Apart from above memory, there is also some other memory that helps to
primary memory which are as follows )
Cache Memory:
It is a storage buffer that stores the data which more often, temporarily and makes, them
available to CPU at a fast rate. Cache memory is a very high speed. memory placed in
between RAM and CPU. It increases the speed of processing. Cache memory is very
expensive, so it is smaller in size. Generally, computers have cache memory of sizes 256 KB
to 2 MB.

Flash Memory :
It is a kind of semiconductor based non-volatile rewritable memory, used in digital camera,
mobile phone, printer, etc.

Virtual Memory
It is a technique that allows the execution of processes that are not completely in main
memory. One major advantage of this scheme is that programs can be larger than main
memory.
Secondary Memory/Storage
• This memory stores much larger amounts of data and information for extended periods
of time
• Data in secondary memory cannot be processed directly by the CPU, it must first be
copied into primary memory, i.e. RAM
• It is the slower and cheaper form of memory
• Secondary storage is used to store data and programs when they are not being
processed. It is also non-volatile in vis nature. Due to this, the data remain in the
secondary storage as long as it is not overwritten or deleted by the user
• It is a permanent storage
Secondary memory devices include as follows:
1. Magnetic Storage
2.-
Optical Storage
3. Solid State Storage
-
Magnetic Storage
O
Magnetic storage is the manipulation of magnetic fields on a medium in
order to record audio, video or other data. It includes hard disk drive, floppy
disk and magnetic tape..
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Optical Storage
Optical storage is any storage type in which data is written and read with a
laser. It includes CD, DVD and Blu-ray disc.
CD IDVD
Solid State Storage
-
Solid state storage is a type of storage technique that employs storage
devices built using silicon microchip based storage architecture. It includes
pen/flash drive, memory card.
-
-

SSD
-
What is Software
A software is a collection of data and instructions that guides the computer
what to do and how to do it.

A software is an interface between user and computer hardware.

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User
 Types of Software:
window
maco
vint
F
S

- System Software Application Software

ob System General Purpose Specific Purpose

o
Developing
Management Software Software
Software
Software

Androidstudio
Programming Word, Billing,
OS, Drivers, Powerpoint, Reservation, etc
System Utilities Excel, Photoshop
-

monitor
- --

- Driver
-
-
-
System Management Programs
It includes an integrated system of programs which manages the operations
of the processor, controls input and output, manages storage and services.

Eg. Operating System

Operating System

It consists of programs, which controls, coordinates and supervises the activities of the
various components of a computer system. Its function is to provide link between the
computer hardware and the user.
It performs all internal management functions (disk access, memory management, task
scheduling and user interfacing) and ensures systematic functioning of a computer system.
It provides an environment to run the programs.
e.g., MS-DOS, Windows XP/2000/98/10/11, Unix, Linux, macOS, etc.
Device Drivers
A software, which is written with the objective of making a device
functional when it is connected to the computer is called device driver

- Device drivers are a set of instructions that introduce our PC to a hardware

device.
System Utilities

These programs perform tasks related to the maintenance of the computer

system.
These are the packages which are loaded into computer during rime of
installation of operating system.
They are used to support, enhance, expand and secure existing programs
and data in the computer system.

E.g. Antivirus, Compression, Backup, etc.

Developing Software

It is a software which provides service required for the development and execution of
application software. The programming languages, language

translator, loader, linker are required for the application software development.
Application Software
Application software is a computer software designed to help the user to
perform singular or multiple tasks.

It is a set of instructions or program designed for specific uses or

applications, that enable the user to interact with a computer.

Application software are also called the end-user programs.

Word Processing Software
A word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing and
printing of documents. Word processors have the ability to create a
document and make changes anywhere in the document. This document
can also be saved for modification later on or be opened on any other
computer using the same word processor.

e.g., Microsoft Word, etc.

Presentation Software
Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the contents of a
topic to an audience or learner visually. People, in a variety of settings and
situations, use presentation software to make their presentations more
interesting and professional.

e.g. marketing managers use presentation graphics to present new

marketing strategies to their superiors.

e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, etc.

Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply as spreadsheets)
are the computer programs that accepts data in a tabular form and allow
you to create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically.

The relationships between cells are called Formulas and the names of the
cells are called Labels.

e.g., Microsoft Excel, etc.

 Gos 1960s
What is Internet?
-
late-
---

The full form of Internet is Interconnected Network.

Originated in the year 1969 with development of ARPANET.
-
-
-

The Internet allows different computer systems to communicate with

one another and share information, regardless of location or device.
It is based on a set of protocols and standards known as the Internet
Protocol Suite (or TCP/IP) that allow different computer networks to
- -

"talk" to one another.

Who developed TCP/IP?

BOB KAHN (1938–) AND VINT CERF (1943–)

- -
- -

American computer scientists who developed TCP/IP, the set of

protocols that governs how data moves through a network. Vint Cerf
is credited with the first written use of the word ‘internet’.
Vint Cerf is also known as one of ‘the Fathers of Internet’.
-

- -
What is TCP/IP ?
--

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a

suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on
the internet. TCP/IP is also used as a communications protocol in a private
computer network -- an intranet or extranet.

TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-
to-end communications that identify how it should be broken into packets,
addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.
DARPA –
US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency February 7, 1958, by
-
President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet launching
of Sputnik 1 in 1957. -

-
What is ARPANET?
E
Started in year 1969
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first
-----
wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one
of the first computer networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol
suite.
 Satellite
What is SATNET?
-
-

Started in year 1973 SATNET, also known as the Atlantic Packet

-
Satellite Network, was an early satellite network that formed an
initial segment of the Internet. It was implemented by BBN
Technologies under the direction of the Advanced Research Projects
Agency.
-

-
Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the primary version used on the
-
internet today.
It was introduced in -
1981 by DARPA and was the first deployed version in
1982 for production on SATNET and on the ARPANET in January 1983.
-
-
-
-

However, due to a limited number of addresses, a newer protocol known as

IPv6 was developed in 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
-
IPv4 vs IPv6
IPv6 has a greater address space than IPv4, which is required for expanding
the IP Connected Devices. -

IPv6 has 128 bit IP Address rather and IPv4 has a 32-bit Address.
- -

u V
Some more protocols

1. HTTP
2. FTP
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-layer protocol for
---
transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML.
It was designed for communication between web browsers and web
servers.

HTTP follows a classical client-server model, with a client opening a

connection to make a request, then waiting until it receives a response.

HTTP is a stateless protocol, meaning that the server does not keep any
data (state) between two requests.
FTP
-
-
File transfer protocol (FTP) is a way to download, upload, and transfer files
from one location to another on the Internet and between computer
systems. FTP enables the transfer of files back and forth between
computers or through the cloud.
 Some more important
Internet Related Terms
1. Browser

S
2. HTML
3. WWW
4. Web Address or URL or Domain Name
5. Webpage
6. Website
7. Web Server
8. DNS
Browser
A web browser is an application for accessing websites. When a user
requests a web page from a particular website, the browser retrieves its
files from a web server and then displays the page on the user's screen.
HTML
HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for
documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the
content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies
such as Cascading Style Sheets and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
WWW
The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is an information system that
enables content sharing over the Internet through user-friendly ways meant
to appeal to users beyond IT specialists and hobbyists.
-

W
-

The Web was invented by English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee while
at CERN in& O
1989 and opened to the public in 1991.
Documents -
and other media content are made available to the network
through web servers and can be accessed by programs such as web
browsers.
Servers and resources on the World Wide Web are identified and located
through character strings called uniform resource locators (URLs).
-
-
Web Address / URL
• A uniform resource locator (URL), also known as Web address on the Web,
is a reference to a resource that specifies its location on a computer
network and a mechanism for retrieving it.
• URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (HTTP/HTTPS) but are
also used for file transfer (FTP), email (mailto), database access (JDBC),
and many other applications.
• Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an
address bar. A typical URL could have the form
http://www.example.com/index.html,
• which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname (www.example.com), and a
file name (index.html). = -

-
Domain Name
-
• http://www.example.com/index.html,
• which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname (www.example.com), and a
file name (index.html).

• The Hostname is known as Domain Name

• A domain name is an address via which internet users can access your
website.
Web Page & Website

A web page (or webpage) is a document on the Web that is accessed

in a web browser.
A website typically consists of many web pages linked together under
a common domain name.
Web Server

A web server is computer software and underlying hardware that

accepts requests via HTTP (the network protocol created to distribute
web content) or its secure variant HTTPS.
Commonly a web browser initiates communication by making a
request for a web page or other resource using HTTP, and the server
responds with the content of that resource or an error message.
A web server can also accept and store resources sent from the user
agent if configured to do so.
DNS

-
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and distributed
naming system for computers, services, and other resources in the
Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
The Domain Name System has been an essential component of the
functionality of the Internet since 1985.
↑ &
 COMPUTER
Computer Worksheet
For students preparing for MAH-B.BCA/BBA/BMS/BBM CET 2024 for admission to BCA,
BBA, BMS, BBM
BBA-CA
-
1.CPU itself has following ___________ variety of memory types, including system ROM
components? and the processor cache. The majority of the

BLA
Ans: 3 time, system RAM is referred to as primary
CPU itself has following three components: memory.
Memory or Storage Unit, Control Unit, ALU
(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 6. The main function of computer software is to
turn data into
Ans: The primary function of computer software
2. What is the primary function of the CPU's is to turn data into information. Data is raw input

T
instruction decoder? that becomes meaningful output when
Ans: To decode and interpret program processed or arranged. When data is processed
instructions into information, it becomes interpretable and
gains signiNicance.
The instruction decoder in the CPU is
responsible for decoding and interpreting 7. A nibble is equal to _____________ bits?
program instructions. Ans: A nibble is equal to 4 bits.

3. RAM is ______and __________. 8. What is the name of operating system of

Ans: Volatile, temporary Microsoft?
Ans: Windows is a computer operating system
RAM is volatile which means its data are lost developed by Microsoft.
when the device is powered off.
9. What does MIMD stand for?
4. Which memory devices can be removed from Ans: MIMD stands for 'Multiple Instruction and
the computer? Multiple Data Stream'. In this organization, all
Ans: Computer memory is a device that is used processors in a parallel computer can execute
to store information in a computer. Some different instructions and operate on various
memory devices can be removed from the data at the same time.
computer too. Some removable memory devices
are Nloppy, Nlash drives, CDs, etc. 10. Who developed the basic architecture of
computer?
5. A personal computer’s primary memory, Ans: In 1945, Von-Neumann proposed his
commonly known as its main memory, consists computer architecture design, and later it was
of? known as the Von-Neumann Architecture. It
Ans: A personal computer’s main memory is consisted of a Control Unit, Arithmetic, and
made up of both ROM and RAM. This covers a

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