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Science (Chemistry) – Grade10

Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 4 – Week 8: Chemical Reactions

First Edition, 2021

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Development Team of Learner’s Activity Sheets

Writer Arnel C. Tatoy

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Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Science 10, Quarter 4, Week 8

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Name: _______________________________________________________ Section: _____________

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions are applied in food preservation,
materials production, control of fire, pollution, and corrosion. (S10MT-IVh-j-24)

Learning Objectives:
1. Determine the factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions are applied in food
preservation, materials production, control of fire, pollution, and corrosion.
2. Explain the effect of acid rain on limestone/marble statues.
3. Recognize the effect of chemical reactions on life and environment.

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Key Concepts

Reaction Rates
Reaction rate is defined by the number of reactions related to the number of reactants being
changed into products over time.

Controlling Reaction Rates

Reaction rates can be controlled. For instance, the reaction rates of food spoilage, corrosion,
and burning of fuel can be slowed down. There are many applications that benefit us by controlling
chemical reactions. These may be found in the fields of medicine, in industrial settings, or in other
fields.

Application of Reaction Rates in Food Preservation

Food spoilage is a naturally occurring chemical process. It is caused by multiple factors, the
most common being either by chemical or microbial agents. Microbial agents are usually in the form
of fungi or bacteria that produce substances like enzymes and other toxic chemicals that render the
food inedible. Chemical agents, on the other hand, involve the chemical reactions that cause food to
become inedible. The type of food may be susceptible to certain factors that can cause the spoilage.
An inhibitor works in the same manner as catalysts but has an opposite effect; it slows down
chemical reactions. Preservatives are inhibitors added to food products to slow down the chemical
reactions involved with food spoilage and extend the period in which the food remains edible. Some
preservatives are benzoic acid (C7H6O2) and butylhydroxytoluene (C15H24O). Freezing the food also
slows down the chemical reactions that lead to spoilage by causing the molecules of the food to move
slower.

Application of Reaction Rates in Material Production

Chemical inhibitors are substances that can slow down reaction rates. For one thing, reaction
products often go on to create an undesired new substance in a side reaction. Inhibitors though can
still be useful because they can prevent chemical damage or decay in finished products. An anti-rust
coating on your car is a good example on this.

Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected] 1
 In polymer chemistry, reaction inhibitors are used to modify the properties of the final
polymer product as well as to prolong its usefulness. Polyethylene is used to make milk jugs as well
as plastic bags is made from the same reactants. Longer polymer chains form into strong thin films.
If you bubble oxygen gas through the reaction vessel, a thicker, softer plastic is formed. Plasticizers
and crosslinkers are other classes of compounds added to a polymer chemistry reaction to alter how
flexible or rigid the final product will be.
As another example, silver metal is very reactive, so silver jewelry is often coated with rhodium
metal or a clear polymer to prevent the formation of dark colored silver sulfides, which is often referred
to as tarnish. This polymer coating is an example of an inhibitor.
Catalysts are usually used to increase the rate of industrial processes. These enable the
processes to be completed in a shorter time at low temperature and pressure. Therefore, the cost of
production will be reduced.

Application of Reaction Rates in Fire Control

In case of a fire, the burning of fuel must be slowed down or decreased in rate to effectively
stop the flame. The process of combustion is the chemical reaction that causes fires to start and
continue burning. To start a flame, three things are needed: fuel, oxygen, and heat. These three are
known as the fire triangle.
The components of the fire triangle need to be disrupted to effectively put out a fire that is
already burning. There are many ways of stopping fires, and most of these directly involve stopping
the chemical reactions that cause fires. One of the simplest methods involves using sand or water for
slowing down the flames. Pressurization of the contents of a fire extinguisher allows the flame
reducer to exit the tank forcefully. Some fire extinguishers use pressurized water as the reducer.
CO2 extinguishers use carbon dioxide for extinguishing the fire. Liquid CO2 is stored inside the tank,
and it remains a liquid if it is pressurized.
Another way of slowing down flames using CO2 is by relying on the physical property of
substances known as the latent heat of vaporization. The latent heat of vaporization is the amount
of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes phases from liquid to gas. An example of a chemical
used in fire extinguishers is monoammonium phosphate (also known as MAP), with the
formula H6NO4P. MAP extinguishers work by lowering the surface area of the substances that can
burn and lowers the oxygen supply of the fire since it makes a barrier between the fire and air.

Application of Reaction Rates in Corrosion

Corrosion is the reaction of metals with oxygen forming metal oxides. It is a synthesis reaction
that usually happens if a metal is excessively exposed to oxygen or water. An example of corrosion
commonly seen is rust on iron. Surface area has a direct effect on metal corrosion. When the exposed
area of the metal is larger, the rate of corrosion of the metal is faster. Corrosion weakens iron and
damages iron-made structures, such as footbridges and communication towers.
Paint is used to shield iron from the oxygen molecules of the atmosphere and prevent the
formation of rust. It effectively coats the corrodible metal against oxygen in the atmosphere. Another
method is dipping the iron in molten zinc, and results in zinc externally coating the iron. Zinc can
react with oxygen molecules in the atmosphere to form zinc oxides, which are impermeable, so no
oxygen molecule can reach the iron inside.

Application of Reaction Rates in Pollution

Chemical pollution damages the environment and poses both short-term and long-term health
dangers to human beings. Chemical pollution occurs when chemicals resulting from human activities
enter the environment, contaminating air, water, or soil. Acid rain, greenhouse gases and ozone are
all examples of chemical pollution.
Pesticides and fertilizers that contain nitrates and phosphates are a source of chemicals that
cause water pollution. These chemicals seep into the groundwater and mix with runoff moving to

Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected] 2
lakes and rivers. Industrial emissions can also cause water pollution. An example is mercury in
wastewater from paper manufacturers. Instead of remaining inert as expected, the mercury reacted
to bacteria in the water and changed to methyl mercury. Now, mercury levels in fish such as swordfish
can pose dangers to people who eat it.
A major source of chemical pollution in the air is fossil fuels burned by utilities, industries,
and motor vehicles. Sulfur dioxide is produced when coal is burned. It is an ingredient of acid rain
and can cause lung damage to people who breathe large amounts of it. Nitrogen oxides are a
byproduct of motor vehicles such as cars, trucks, and airplanes. These oxides are also an ingredient
of acid rain and can cause lung damage to people over time. Other chemicals that cause air pollution
include ozone, carbon monoxide and lead.
Chemical pollution in soil can be caused by overuse of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.
Construction and demolition sites are also sources of soil pollution, as are mines, landfills, and
foundries.
Individuals can help prevent chemical pollution by making simple changes in their habits and
activities. Some ways you can prevent chemical pollution include buying only the chemicals you need,
buying the least harmful or least hazardous products, mixing, and applying pesticides at the proper
concentration and using alternative fuels.

Acid Rain
An example of a chemical reaction that has an environmental concern is the acid rain. Acid
rain has been the leading significant cause of destruction in our environment. In infrastructure, it is
the cause of corrosion of metals in alloys like steel in buildings, bridges, and transport vehicles. This
is due to the displacement reaction of active metals with hydrogen in acids. Materials with historical
and cultural values such as monuments and statues are also destroyed by acid rain. They are mostly
made up of limestone and marble which like metals form a chemical reaction with acids, lead to their
dissolution. Marine life is also affected by acid rain. It causes the pH of bodies of water to decrease;
this change in pH will increase marine life mortality, slowed down fish growth, decrease egg
production and embryo survival. Acid rain also tends to dissolve vital minerals in the soil. Crops
grown in these depleted soils give poor yields if they grow at all.
In areas of high automobile traffic, such as in large cities, the amount of nitrogen oxides
emitted into the atmosphere can be quite significant. In urban areas, the main source of acid rain is
from automobiles. Other sources are thermal power plants and coal mining industries. Gas emissions
like CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, and NO from these sources react with water vapor in the air producing acids.
Rain contaminated with these acids are what we know now as acid rain. Removing the offending
oxides from exhaust and using alternate energy sources are much preferred courses of action at the
present time. One of the most important means of reducing sulfur emissions is the switch to low
sulfur fuels. Another is the scrubbing of stack gases before they are released to the atmosphere. In
this process, the stack gases percolate through a solution that absorbs the oxides of sulfur. The
solution is renewed frequently, and waste sulfur can be recovered from the spent solution.

Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected] 3
 Activity 1A. Matching Type
Learning Objective: Determine the factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions applied in food
preservation, materials production, control of fire, pollution, and corrosion.
What you need: Pen and paper
What to do: 1. Match the chemical reaction in Column A below with their application that controlled
reaction rates in Column B.
2. Write only the letter of your correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
___1. Food A. Paint is used to shield iron from the oxygen molecules of the
Preservation atmosphere and prevent the formation of rust.
B. MAP extinguishers are used in lowering the surface area of the
___2. Corrosion substances that can burn and lowers the oxygen supply of the
fire.
C. Preservatives are inhibitors added to food products to slow down
___3. Fire the chemical reactions.
D. Catalysts are usually used to increase the rate of industrial
processes.
___4. Material E. Removing the offending oxides from exhaust of thermal power
Production plants and coal mining industries and using alternate energy
sources are much preferred courses of action at the present time.

Activity 1B. Visual Presentation

Learning Objective: Determine the factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions are applied in
food preservation, materials production, control of fire, pollution, and corrosion.
What you need: Pen and paper
What to do: 1. Using either poster slogan or video clip prepare a visual presentation of a chemical
reaction.
2. Select only one in the following reactions:
a. Food processing and preservation
b. Material production
c. Fire control
d. Corrosion Control
e. Pollution

Rubric
Score Description
5 All requirements are evident and exceed expectations. The output
is very neatly done and very well-organized. The output shows lots
of creativity.
4 All requirements are evident. The product is very neatly done and
very well-organized. The product shows creativity.
3 All requirements are evident (maybe 1 or 2 missing) Neatly done,
shows little creativity
2 Many requirements are not provided. Output is poorly done and
not so organized. Shows no creativity.
1 Requirements are not meet.

Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected] 4
 Activity 2. Analyzing the Issue
Learning Objective: Explain the effect of acid rain on limestone/marble statues.
What you need: Pen and paper
What to do: In two to three sentences, answer the following issues about acid rain on a separate
sheet of paper.

Figure 1. Statue of Liberty before and after corrosion

Source. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/437623288787863460/

Guide Questions:
1. What adverse effect can acid rain on limestone/marble statues?
____________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Why is everybody responsible for cleaning up the pollution problem?
____________________________________________________________________________________.
3. How is acid rain produced?
____________________________________________________________________________________.

Rubric
Score Description
5 Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no
misconception.
4 Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal
misconception.
3 Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconception.
2 Explanation is not consistent with the concepts but with misconception.
1 No explanation

Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected] 5
 Activity 3. Rate of Reaction in Daily Life
Learning Objective: Recognize the effect of chemical reactions on life and environment.
What you need: Pen and paper
What to do: Answer the following scenarios in 2-3 sentences. Explain the application of the factors
affecting the rate of reaction.

1. Why is storing food in a refrigerator makes food last longer?

Figure 2. Temperature affecting the rate of reaction.

Source. https://www.whirlpool.com/blog/kitchen/whats-the-best-refrigerator-temperature.html

2. By applying the concepts of chemical reactions, small pieces of food cook faster than bigger chunks.
Why?

Figure 3A. Bigger chunk Figure 3B. Smaller chunk

Figure 3A and 3B. Surface area affecting the rate of reaction.
Source. https://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-make-crispy-juicy-fried

3. Why does food cook faster in a pressure cooker than in an ordinary pot?

Figure 4. Pressure affecting the rate of reaction.

Source. https://www.hippressurecooking.com/how-the-pressure-cooker-works/

Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected] 6
Rubric
Score Description
5 Discussions demonstrate strong understanding of concept.
4 Discussions demonstrate good understanding of concept.
3 Discussions demonstrate some understanding of the concept.
2 Discussions demonstrate limited understanding of the concept.
Discussions demonstrate limited and unclear understanding of the
1
concept.

Reflection:
In this time of COVID19 pandemic where proper hygiene is a must, improper waste disposal
has been rampant especially in the disposal of face masks. In this regard, is burning of the used
facemask proper or improper? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________.

Rubric
Score Description
5 Discussions demonstrate strong understanding of concept.
4 Discussions demonstrate good understanding of concept.
3 Discussions demonstrate some understanding of the concept.
2 Discussions demonstrate limited understanding of the concept.
Discussions demonstrate limited and unclear understanding of the
1
concept.

References:

Book
Acosta, H. D., et al, (2015). Science Learner’s Material Unit 4. 5th Floor Mabini Building, DepEd
Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City Philippines 1600.

Online
Pinterest. Copper Corrosion Copper firsts reacts with Oxygen to form Copper Oxide (CuO). Accessed
on 4/29/2021. https://www.pinterest.ph/ pin/ 437623288787863460/

Quipper. Unit 28: Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate, Science 10. Accessed on
4/20/2021.https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ffc1dd2b76d00020028c3/curr
iculum#curriculum

Thekitchn. How the pressure cooker works. Accessed on 4/29/2021. https://www.

hippressurecooking.com/how-the-pressure-cooker-works/

Author: Arnel C. Tatoy

School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Division: Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected] 7
8 email address: [email protected]
Division: Agusan del Sur
School/Station: San Luis National High School-San Luis I
Author: Arnel C. Tatoy
Activity 1A
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
Activity 1B (Answers may vary)
Activity 2
1. Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very
high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other
chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
2. The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in aquatic environments, such
as streams, lakes, and marshes where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. As it
flows through the soil, acidic rainwater can leach aluminum from soil clay particles and
then flow into streams and lakes.
3. All humans must be responsible for cleaning up the pollution problem. Since we use
the environment for our own needs and personal goals, it is just but fair that we take
care of it and maintain its cleanliness.
Activity 3
1. The low temperature in the refrigerator will slow down the rate of decay of food by
microorganism. Hence, the food last longer.
2. Small pieces of food have a larger total surface area expose to heat. Thus, they can
cook faster.
3. High pressure in a pressure cooker will raise the boiling point of water. Thus, cooking
is done at a much higher temperature than 100 °C and the food can be cooked faster.
Answer Key
//www. whirlpool.com/blog/kitchen/whats-the-best-refrigerator-temperature.html
Whirlpool.com. What is the best refrigerator temperature? Accessed on 4/29/2021. https:
kfc-242602
www. thekitchn.com/how-to-make-crispy-juicy-fried-chicken-that-s-better-than-
Thekitchn How To Make Crispy, Juicy Fried Chicken. Accessed on 4/29/2021. https://