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CHAPTER 6

Priority Queues (Heaps)

6.1 Yes. When an element is inserted, we compare it to the current minimum and change the minimum if the new

element is smaller. deleteMin operations are expensive in this scheme.

6.2

6.3 The result of three deleteMins, starting with both of the heaps in Exercise 6.2, is as follows:

6.4 (a) 4N

(b) O(N2)

(c) O(N4.1)

(d) O(2N)

6.5 public void insert( AnyType x )

{
if ( currentSize = = array.length - 1 )
enlargeArray( array.length * 2 + 1 );

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 // Percolate up
int hole = + + currentSize;
for ( ; hole > 1 && x.compareTo( array[ hole / 2 ] ) < 0; hole
/ = 2)
array[ hole ] = array[ hole/2 ];
array[ 0 ] = array[ hole ] = x;
}

6.6 225. To see this, start with i = 1 and position at the root. Follow the path toward the last node, doubling i

when taking a left child, and doubling i and adding one when taking a right child.

6.7 (a) We show that H(N), which is the sum of the heights of nodes in a complete binary tree of N nodes, is

N − b(N), where b(N) is the number of ones in the binary representation of N. Observe that for N = 0 and

N = 1, the claim is true. Assume that it is true for values of k up to and including N − 1. Suppose the left and

right subtrees have L and R nodes, respectively. Since the root has height  log N  , we have

H (N ) = log N  + H (L) + H (R )
= log N  + L − b(L) + R − b(R)
= N − 1 + (  Log N  − b(L) − b(R) )

The second line follows from the inductive hypothesis, and the third follows because L + R = N − 1. Now the

last node in the tree is in either the left subtree or the right subtree. If it is in the left subtree, then the right

subtree is a perfect tree, and b(R) = log N  − 1 . Further, the binary representation of N and L are identical,

with the exception that the leading 10 in N becomes 1 in L. (For instance, if N = 37 = 100101, L = 10101.) It

is clear that the second digit of N must be zero if the last node is in the left subtree. Thus in this case,

b(L) = b(N), and

H(N) = N − b(N)

If the last node is in the right subtree, then b(L) =  log N  . The binary representation of R is identical to

N, except that the leading 1 is not present. (For instance, if N = 27 = 101011, L = 01011.) Thus

b(R) = b(N) − 1, and again

H(N) = N − b(N)

(b) Run a single-elimination tournament among eight elements. This requires seven comparisons and

generates ordering information indicated by the binomial tree shown here.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 The eighth comparison is between b and c. If c is less than b, then b is made a child of c. Otherwise, both

c and d are made children of b.

(c) A recursive strategy is used. Assume that N = 2k. A binomial tree is built for the N elements as in part (b).

The largest subtree of the root is then recursively converted into a binary heap of 2 k − 1 elements. The last

element in the heap (which is the only one on an extra level) is then inserted into the binomial queue

consisting of the remaining binomial trees, thus forming another binomial tree of 2 k − 1 elements. At that

point, the root has a subtree that is a heap of 2 k − 1 − 1 elements and another subtree that is a binomial tree of

2k−1 elements. Recursively convert that subtree into a heap; now the whole structure is a binary heap. The

running time for N = 2k satisfies T(N) = 2T(N/2) + log N. The base case is T(8) = 8.

6.9 Let D1, D2, . . . ,Dk be random variables representing the depth of the smallest, second smallest, and kth

smallest elements, respectively. We are interested in calculating E(Dk). In what follows, we assume that the

heap size N is one less than a power of two (that is, the bottom level is completely filled) but sufficiently

large so that terms bounded by O(1/N) are negligible. Without loss of generality, we may assume that the kth

smallest element is in the left subheap of the root. Let pj, k be the probability that this element is the jth

smallest element in the subheap.

Lemma.

k −1
For k > 1, E (Dk ) =  p j ,k (E (D j ) + 1) .
j =1

Proof.

An element that is at depth d in the left subheap is at depth d + 1 in the entire subheap. Since

E(Dj + 1) = E(Dj) + 1, the theorem follows.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Since by assumption, the bottom level of the heap is full, each of second, third, . . . , k − 1th smallest

elements are in the left subheap with probability of 0.5. (Technically, the probability should be half − 1/(N −

1) of being in the right subheap and half + 1/(N − 1) of being in the left, since we have already placed the kth

smallest in the right. Recall that we have assumed that terms of size O(1/N) can be ignored.) Thus

1  k − 2
p j ,k = pk − j ,k = k −2  
2  j −1 

Theorem.

E(Dk)  log k.

Proof.

The proof is by induction. The theorem clearly holds for k = 1 and k = 2. We then show that it holds for

arbitrary k > 2 on the assumption that it holds for all smaller k. Now, by the inductive hypothesis, for any

1  j  k − 1,

E (D j ) + E (Dk − j )  log j + log k − j

Since f(x) = log x is convex for x > 0,

log j + log k − j  2 log ( k 2 )

Thus

E (D j ) + E (Dk − j )  log( k 2 ) + log ( k 2 )

Furthermore, since pj, k = pk − j, k,

p j ,k E (D j ) + pk − j ,k E (Dk − j )  p j ,k log ( k 2 ) + pk − j ,k log ( k 2 )

From the lemma,

k −1
E (Dk ) =  p j , k (E (D j ) + 1)
j =1
k −1
=1+  p j, k E(D j )
j =1

Thus

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 k −1
E ( Dk )  1 +  p j , k log ( k 2)
j =1
k −1
 1 + log ( k 2)  p j , k
j =1

 1 + log ( k 2)
 log k

completing the proof.

It can also be shown that asymptotically, E(Dk)  log(k − 1) − 0.273548.

6.10 (a) Perform a preorder traversal of the heap.

(b) Works for leftist and skew heaps. The running time is O(Kd) for d-heaps.

6.12 Simulations show that the linear time algorithm is the faster, not only on worst-case inputs, but also on

random data.

6.13 (a) If the heap is organized as a (min) heap, then starting at the hole at the root, find a path down to a leaf by

taking the minimum child. The requires roughly log N comparisons. To find the correct place where to move

the hole, perform a binary search on the log N elements. This takes O(log log N) comparisons.

(b) Find a path of minimum children, stopping after log N − log log N levels. At this point, it is easy to

determine if the hole should be placed above or below the stopping point. If it goes below, then continue

finding the path, but perform the binary search on only the last log log N elements on the path, for a total of

log N + log log log N comparisons. Otherwise, perform a binary search on the first log N − log log N

elements. The binary search takes at most log log N comparisons, and the path finding took only log N − log

log N, so the total in this case is log N. So the worst case is the first case.

(c) The bound can be improved to log N + log*N + O(1), where log*N is the inverse Ackerman function (see

Chapter 8). This bound can be found in reference [17].

6.14 The parent is at position (i + d − 2) d  . The children are in positions (i − 1)d + 2, . . . , id + 1.

6.15 (a) O((M + d N) logd N).

(b) O((M + N) log N).

(c) O(M + N2).

(d) d = max(2, M/N). (See the related discussion at the end of Section 11.4.)

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
6.16 Starting from the second most signficant digit in i, and going toward the least significant digit, branch left for

0s, and right for 1s.

6.17 (a) Place negative infinity as a root with the two heaps as subtrees. Then do a deleteMin.

(b) Place negative infinity as a root with the larger heap as the left subheap, and the smaller heap as the right

subheap. Then do a deleteMin.

(c) SKETCH: Split the larger subheap into smaller heaps as follows: on the left-most path, remove two

subheaps of height r − 1, then one of height r, r + 1, and so one, until l − 2. Then merge the trees, going

smaller to higher, using the results of parts (a) and (b), with the extra nodes on the left path substituting for

the insertion of infinity, and subsequent deleteMin.

6.19

6.20

6.21 This theorem is true, and the proof is very much along the same lines as Exercise 4.20.

6.22 If elements are inserted in decreasing order, a leftist heap consisting of a chain of left children is formed. This

is the best because the right path length is minimized.

6.23 (a) If a decreaseKey is performed on a node that is very deep (very left), the time to percolate up would be

prohibitive. Thus the obvious solution doesn’t work. However, we can still do the operation efficiently by a

combination of remove and insert. To remove an arbitrary node x in the heap, replace x by the merge of its

left and right subheaps. This might create an imbalance for nodes on the path from x’s parent to the root that

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 would need to be fixed by a child swap. However, it is easy to show that at most logN nodes can be affected,

preserving the time bound.

This is discussed in Chapter 11.

6.24 Lazy deletion in leftist heaps is discussed in the paper by Cheriton and Tarjan [10]. The general idea is that if

the root is marked deleted, then a preorder traversal of the heap is formed, and the frontier of marked nodes is

removed, leaving a collection of heaps. These can be merged two at a time by placing all the heaps on a

queue, removing two, merging them, and placing the result at the end of the queue, terminating when only

one heap remains.

6.25 (a) The standard way to do this is to divide the work into passes. A new pass begins when the first element

reappears in a heap that is dequeued. The first pass takes roughly 2*1*(N/2) time units because there are N/2

merges of trees with one node each on the right path. The next pass takes 2*2*(N/4) time units because of the

roughly N/4 merges of trees with no more than two nodes on the right path. The third pass takes 2*3*(N/8)

time units, and so on. The sum converges to 4N.

(b) It generates heaps that are more leftist.

6.26

6.27

6.28 This claim is also true, and the proof is similar in spirit to Exercise 4.20 or 6.21.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
6.29 Yes. All the single operation estimates in Exercise 6.25 become amortized instead of worst-case, but by the

definition of amortized analysis, the sum of these estimates is a worst-case bound for the sequence.

6.30 Clearly the claim is true for k = 1. Suppose it is true for all values i = 1, 2, . . . , k. A Bk + 1 tree is formed by

attaching a Bk tree to the root of a Bk tree. Thus by induction, it contains a B0 through Bk − 1 tree, as well as the

newly attached Bk tree, proving the claim.

6.31 Proof is by induction. Clearly the claim is true for k = 1. Assume true for all values i = 1, 2, . . . ,k. A Bk + 1

k 
tree is formed by attaching a Bk tree to the original Bk tree. The original thus had   nodes at depth d. The
d 

 k 
attached tree had   nodes at depth d−1, which are now at depth d. Adding these two terms and using a
 d − 1

well-known formula establishes the theorem.

6.32

6.33 This is established in Chapter 11.

6.38 Don’t keep the key values in the heap, but keep only the difference between the value of the key in a node

and the value of the parent’s key.

6.39 O(N + k log N) is a better bound than O(N log k). The first bound is O(N) if k = O(N/log N). The second

bound is more than this as soon as k grows faster than a constant. For the other values (N/log N) = k = (N),

the first bound is better. When k = (N), the bounds are identical.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
A flattering covenant twixt Ministers and Masse Priests.And
whensoever these parties
meete, their parting is Dane-like from a Dutch Pot, and the Minister stil purse
bearer defrayeth all charges for the Priest: Arguments of Religion, like Podolian
Polonians they succumbe; their conference onely pleading mutuall forbearance;
the Minister affrayed of the Priests Wood-Carnes, and the Priests as fearefull of
the Ministers apprehending, or denoting them; contracting thereby a Gibeonized
covenant, yea, and for more submissions sake, hee will give way to the Priest to
mumble Masse in his Church, where hee in all his life made never Prayer nor
Sermon.

Loe there are some of the abuses of our late weake, and stragling Ecclesiasticks
there, and the soule-sunke sorrow of godlesse Epicures and Hypocrites.

To all which, and much more have I beene an occular Testator, and sometimes a
constrayned consociat to their companeonry; yet not so much inforced, as
desirous to know the behaviour and conversation of such mercenary Jebusites.

Great God amend it, for it is great pitty to behold it, and if it continue so still, as
when I saw them last; O farre better it were! that these ill bestowed Tythes, and
[X. 436.]Church-wall Rents, were distributed to the poore, and needy, than to
suffocate the swine-fed bellies of such idle and prophane Parasits.

And here another generall abuse, I observed that whensoever any Irish dye, the
friend of the defunct (besides other fees) paying twenty shillings to the English
Curat, shall get the corpes of the disceased to be buryed within the Church, yea
often, even under the Pulpit foote: And for lucre interred in Gods Sanctuary
when dead, who when alive would never approach, nor enter the gates of Sion;
to worshipe the Lord, nor conforme themselves to true Religion.

Truely such and the like abuses, and evill examples of lewd lives, have beene the
greatest hinderance of that Lands conversion; for such like wolves have beene
from time to time, but stumbling blocks before them; regarding more their owne
sensuall and licentious ends, than the glory of God, in converting of one soule
unto his Church.

Ministeriall offices strangely abused.Now

as concerning the conscionable carriage of
the Hybernian Clergy, aske mee, and there my reply: As many of them (for the
most part) as are Protestant Ministers, have their Wives, children, and servants
invested Papists; and many of these Church-men at the houre of their death (like
dogges) returne backe to their former vomit: Witnesse the late Viccar of Calin
(belonging to the late and last, Richard, Earle of Desmond,) who being on death
bed, and having two hundred pounds a yeare; finding him selfe to forsake both
life and stipend, send straight for a Romish Priest, and received the Papall
Sacrament: Confessing freely in my audience, that hee had beene a Romane
Catholick all his life, dissembling [X. 437.]onely with his Religion, for the better
maintaining of his wife and children. And being brought to his buriall place, hee
was interred in the Church, with the which hee had played the Ruffian all his
life; being openly carryed at mid-day with Jesuits, Priests, and Friers of his owne
Nation, and after a contemptible manner in derision of our profession, and
Lawes of the Kingdome.

Infinite moe examples of this kind could I recite, and the like resemblances of
some being alive; but I respectively suspend (wishing a reformation of such
deformation) and so concludeth this Clergicall corruption there. Yet I would not
have the Reader to thinke that I condemne all our Clergie there, no God forbid,
for I know there are many sound and Religious Preachers of both Kingdomes
among them, who make conscience of their calling, and live as Lanthorns to
uncapable ignorants, and to those stragling Stoicks I complayne of,
condemnatory Judges; for it is a grievous thing to see incapable men, to jugle
with the high mysteries of mans salvation.

My departure from Ireland to France.And

now after the fastidious ending of a
tempestuous raine-sacking toyle, I imbarked at Yoghall in Munster, February 27.
1620. in a little French Pinke bound for St. Mallo in Bretagne. Where, when
transported, I set face to Paris, where I found the workes of two scelerat and
perverst Authors: the one of which had disdainefully wrot against the life and
raigne of Queene Elizabeth of sempiternall renowne: the other ignominiously,
upon the death of our late Queene Anne of ever blessed memory. The
circumstances whereof, I will not avouch, since Malaga detaineth the notes of
their abjured names, and perfidiat paines.

[X. 438.]A just

reward (may I say) refounded, upon these fond conceites, you
have of the fantasticke French: Especially these superstitious straglers heere;
who, when they have sucked the milke of their selfe ends, and your lavish
Liberalities without desert; returne a kicke with their heeles (like to the Colt of
an Asse) in your teeth agayne. And there your meritorious thankes, and their
shamefull slaunders, in acquittance of your vayne Expence.
The fantastick foolery of the French.Tell
me, if you be tyed like Apes to imitate their
ever-changing humours? and can you draw from them (in any Art or cariage) a
greater draught, then they draw from the Italian, for first they be Imitators; next,
Mutators; thirdly, Temptators; and lastly, your Plantators, in all the varieties of
vanity. Have you a desire to learne modestly to Daunce, skilfully to Fence,
dexteriously to manage Great Horses, view Forraine sights, learne Languages,
Humane policies, and the like conducements:

Then rather reach, the Fountaine, whence they flow,

Whence Science, Arts, and Practise lively grow;
Than sucke the streames, of separate distasts,
He well derives, his labour never wasts;
Fond Fooles affect, what foolery Fooles effect,
The sequell sight, than sense, doth more infect.

Besides these two infamous Authors, what hath Edee, the Idea of a Knave, (and
Gentle man of the French Privy Chamber) done; who like a Wood weather
cocke, and giddy headed Foole, (full of deficient Vapours) hath shamefully
stayned with his shamelesse Pen, the light of this Kingdome, which now I omit
to avouch till a fitter time.

Thus, they fondly Write, thus they pratle, thus they [X. 439.]sing, thus they
Daunce, thus they brangle, thus they dally in capritziat humours, and thus they
vary, in the fleering conceite of sa, sa, sa, sa, sa, far beyond the inconstancy of
all female inconstancies.

But to conclude this Epitome of France, three things Certaine caveats for strangers,
that goe to France.I wish the way-faring man to prevent there: First, the eating of
Victuals, and drinking of Wine without price making; least (when he hath done)
for the stridor of his teeth his charges be redoubled. Next to choose his lodging
(if it fall out in any way-standing Taverne) far from palludiat Ditches, least the
vehemency of chirking frogs, vexe the wish’d-for Repose of his fatigated body,
and cast him in a vigilant perplexity.

And lastly, unlesse earely hee would arise, I never wish him to lye neere the
fore-streetes of a Towne; because of the disturbant clamours of the Peasant
samboies or nayle-woodden shoes: whose noyse like an æquivox, resembleth the
clashing armour of Armies; or the clangour of the Ulyssen-tumbling Horse to
fatall Troy.
But now to my purpose, leaving Paris behind me, I arrived at Pau in Bearne.
This Province is a principality of it selfe, anciently annexed to the Kingdom of
Navarre: lying betweene the higher Gascony of Guyan, and the Pyrhenei
Mountaynes of Baske, bordering with the North parts of Navarre: Both of which,
belongeth to the French King, except a little of Baske toward the Columbian
Alpes, and that the Spaniard commandeth.

Pau is the Justice seate of Bearne, having a goodly Castle, situate on an artificiall
Rocke; and in this place was that Martial Henry du Burbone la Quatriesme
borne, than King of Navarre.

Here be the finest Gardens in Christendome, the Gardens of Pretolino (5. miles
from Florence) only excepted. [X. 440.]Yet for faire Arbors, spacious over-siling
walkes, and incorporate Trees of interchanging growths, it surpasseth Pretolino:
but the other for the variety of fructiferous Trees, rare and admirable ponds,
artificial fountaynes; Diana, and her Allabaster Nymphly-portrayed trayne, the
counter-banding force of Agvadotti, and the exquisite banqueting Roome,
contrived among sounding unseene waters, in forme of Gargantus body, it much
excelleth Pau.

Biscai in Spayne is a scurrile Countrey.Hence,

I discended the River of Orthes to
Baion, and crossing the River Behobia, which divideth France and Spaine, I
entered in Biscai June 19. 1620. This is a Mountaynous and invincible Countrey,
(of which Victoria is the chiefe City) being a barren and almost unprofitable
Soyle. The speciall commodities whereof, are Sheep, Woole as soft as silke,
Goates, and excellent good Iron: Cornes they have none, or little at all, neither
wine, but what is brought from Navarre in Pelagoes or Swineskins, carried on
Mulets backes.

Leaving Biscai, I entred Navarre, and came to Pampelona its Metropolitane

Citty: Here I found the poorest Viceroy (nomen sine re) with the least meanes to
maintaine him, that ever the World affoorded such a stile. Navarre is but a little
Kingdome, amounting in length (with the South Pendicles of the high Pirhenese)
to twenty three leagues: That is, betweene Porto di St. Joanne in Baske, and
Grono upon the River Hebro, dividing the old Castilia and Navarre. In breadth it
extendeth to seaventeene Leagues, that is betweene Varen in Biscai, and
Terrafranca in Arragon: The soyle is indifferent fertile of Cornes and Wines.
From thence I set East-ward to Syragusa, the Capitall Seate of Arragon.
[X. 441.]Arragon, hath Navarre to the West, South Valentia Kingdome, East, and
South-east Catalogna; and on the North the Alpes Pyrhenese. It is an auncient
and famous Kingdome, under whose Jurisdiction, were both the petty
Kingdomes of Valentia, & Barselona: And not long ago traduced to the Castilian
King by marriage. For although Castilia hath the language, they have the lineall
dissent of the Romans; the Inhabitants whereof being instinctively endued with
all humane affabilities. From thence returning through the old Castilia, or
Kingdome of Burgos, in the way to St. Iago of Compostella in Galitia: It was my
fortune, at St. Domingo to enter the Towne-Church: accompanied with two
French Puppies, mindfull to shew me a miraculous matter.

Where, when come, I espied over my head opposit to the great Altar, two milke
white Hennes, enraveled in A leying miracle.an iron Cage, on the inner side of the
Porches Promontore. And demanding why they were kept? Or what they
signified? Certaine Spaniards replyed come along with us, and you shall see the
Storie, and being brought to the (Choro) it was drawne thereon as followeth. The
father and the sonne, two Burboneons of France; going in Pilgrimage to St.
James, it was their lot to lodge here in an Inne: Where supper ended, and
reckoning payed, the Host perceiving their denariat charge, he entered their
Chamber, when they were a sleepe, and in bed, conveying his owne purse in the
young mans Budget.

To morrow earely; the two innocent Pilgrimes, footing the hard bruising way,
were quickly over-hied by the Justice; where the Host making search for his
purse, found it in the sonnes bagge. Whereupon instantly, and in the same place
hee was hanged, and left hanging there, seazing on their money be a sententiall
forfeiture.

[X. 442.]The sorrowfull Father (notwithstanding) continued his Pilgrimage to

Compostella. Where, when come, and devotion made, our Lady of Mount Serata
appeared to him saying: Thy prayers are heard, and thy groanes have pierced my
heart, arise, and returne to Saint Domingo for thy sonne liveth. And hee
accordingly returned, found it so, and the sonne-hanged Monster, after 30. dayes
absence, spoke thus from the Gallowes, Father, goe to our Host, and shew him I
live, then speedily returne. By which direction the old man entred the Towne,
and finding the Host at Table, in breaking up of two roasted Pullets, A damnable
delusion of a divellish miracle.told him, and sayd: My sonne liveth, come and see. To
which the smiling Host replyed, he is as surely alive on the Gallowes, as these
two Pullets be alive in the dish. At which protestation, the two fire-scorched
fowles leapt out suddainly alive, with heads, wings, feathers, and feet, and
kekling, tooke flight thrice about the Table. The which amazing sight, made the
astonished Host to confesse his guiltines; and the other relieved from the rope,
he was hung up in his place, allotting his house for an Hospitality to Pilgrimes
for ever.

There are still two Hennes reserved here, in memory of this miracle, and aye
changed, as they grow fat for the Priests chops, being freely given to the place.
And I dare swearing say, these Priests eate fatter Hennes, than Don Phillipo him
selfe, they being fed by the peoples devotion, at their enterance to the morning
and evening sacrifices, and are tearmed holy Hennes. Infinite paper could I blot,
with relating the like absurdities, and miraculous lies of the Romane Church, but
leaving them till a fitter occasion, I proceed. From thence traversing a great part
of the higher Asturia, I entred in Galitia, and found the Countrey [X. 443.]so
barren, the people so poore, and victuals so scarce, that this importunate
inforcement, withdrew me from S. Jacques, to Portugale: Where I found little
better, or lesser reliefe, their soyles being absolute sterile, desartuous, and
mountainous.

The Kingdome of Portugale.Portugale was formerly called Lusitania, and Hispania,

ulteriora: It is in length 320. miles, large 68. and sometimes under: In the
Moorish domination it was divided in two Kingdomes, the one reserveth the
name of all; the other was called Agarbas: A word Arabick that signifieth the part
Occidentall: And were divided with the River Guadion, and the two Castles
Odebera, and Aleotino: Agarbas was toward the South, & Portugale Northward.

Portugale is now confined on the South, and South-East with Andolusia: West
and South-West, the maine Ocean. Galitia to the North: And Eastward the old
and new Castilia. After twenty dayes fastidious climbing in this Kingdome, I
returned to Salamancha in Castilia Vecchia; the Sacerdotall University of Spaine,
whence springeth these Flockes of Studientes, that over-swarme the whole land
with rogueries, robberies, and begging. From thence traversing the Alpes of
Siera de Caderama, (which divide the two Castilias) I discended the South side
of the mountaines, and arrived at the Escurial; where then late King Phillip the
third, had his residence.
The palace of Escuriall.This
Pallace standeth alone, and founded upon the skirt of a
perpendicular hill of Caderama, squared out from a devalling steepnesse, having
a large prospect Southwardly towards the Evenise mountaines beyond Toledo.
This palatiat cloyster is quadrangled foure stories high, the uppermost whereof,
is window-set in the blew tecture: The stone worke below, having three rankes of
larger windowes, incircling the whole quadrangles, and French-like [X. 444.]high
rigged. At every spacious squadrat corner, there is an high Turret erected, above
the coverture, whose tops beare each of them a golden Globe. In the middle
court standeth a round incorporate Church, arising outward in a rotundo, with a
wide leaden top, and on each side thereof a squadrat Steeple, higher then the
round, making a goodly shew. It hath neither outward walles nor gates, but the
two selfe doores of the eleven incloystered petty Courts, save onely some office
houses without, and they stand alone by the hill broken side. Escurial is rather a
Monastery than Palace.I may rather tearme it a Monastery, then a Kingly Pallace,
having a hundred and fifty Monkes, Chartuzians, of St. Hieronimoes order living
within it; the King onely remaining in a private corner, at his comming thither.
Nay at that instant, he was so private that before I saw his face, I could not
beleeve, that the Patrone of so great a Monarchy, could be so quiet; yea, as quiet
as a Countrey Baron is with us, and had lived so nine weekes before. The house
it selfe I confesse, excelleth in beauty, that Constantinopolitan Seralia, of the
great Turke: though not in divisions, and ground distances, yet for a maine
incorporate house, and was builded by King Philip the second, standing seven
leagues from Madrile, to which I arrived.

Here is the residence of the Court though formerly at Valladoli: Madrid or

Madrile, is the Center or middle part of Spaine, situate in the Kingdome of
Toledo, the new Castilia. And distant from Lisbone in Portugale Westward one
hundred leagues: From Sevilia in Andoluzia ninety leagues: From Grenada
Southward, sixty eight leagues: Barselona in Catalogna, East, South-eastward
one hundred leagues: From Valentia fifty leagues: From Siragusa in Arragon
Eastward fifty three leagues: From Saint Sebastian in Biscai North-westward
seventy [X. 445.]leagues: And from Pampelona in Navarre, North-eastward, forty
nine leagues. Spaine generally, is a masse of mountaines, a barren ill manured
soyle: Neither well inhabited nor populous: Yea, so desartuous that in the very
heart of Spaine, I have gone eighteene leagues, (two dayes journey) unseeing
house or Village, except two Ventas, Tavernes. And commonly eight leagues
without any house: Villages be so farre distant, the Rockie Seraes or Alpes so
innumerable.
It is miserable travelling in Spaine.It
is miserable travelling, lesse profitable, in these
ten Provinces, or petty Kingdomes, hard lodging and poore, great scarcity of
beds and deare: And no ready drest diet, unlesse you buy it raw; and cause
dresse, or dresse it your selfe, buying first in one place your fire, your meate
from the Butcher, your bread from the Baker, your Wine from the Taverne, your
Fruites, Oyle, and Hearbes from the Botega, carying all to the last place, your
bed-lodging: Thus must the weary Stranger toile, or else fast: And in infinite
places for Gold nor money can have no victuals; but restrained to a relenting
jejunation. The high-minded Spaniard and their high topped mountaines, have an
infused contention together. The one through arrogant ambition, would invade
the whole earth to inlarge his dominions: The other by a steepe swolne hight,
seeme to threaten the Heavens to pull down Jupiter from his throne. And as I
take it, the Spaniard being of a low stature, borroweth his high-minded breast
from the high topped mountaines, for the one in quality, and the other in
quantity, be extraordinarily infounded.

Certaine it is, as the Spaniard in all things standeth mainely upon his reputation
(but never to avouch it with single combat) so he vaunteth not a little of his
antiquity, [X. 446.]deriving his pedegree from Tubal, the Nephew of Noe. But
(especially as they draw it) how often hath the Line of Tubal, beene bastarded,
degenerated, and quite expelled, by invasions of Phænicians, oppressions of the
Greekes, incursiones of the Carthaginians, the Conquest and planting of
Provinces, and Colonies of the Romanes, the general deluge of the Gothes,
Hunnes, and Vandales: and lastly, The long captivity of the Spaniards under the Mores.by
the long and intolerable Tyranny of the Moores, whose slavish yoake and
bondage in 800. yeares, hee could scarcely shake off; his owne Histories beare
sufficient testimony and Record. Then it is manifest, that this mixture of
Nations, must of necessity make a compounded Nature, such as having affinity
with many, have no perfection in any one.

Their Manners are conformable to their discent, and their conditionall Vertues
semblable to their last and longest Conquerors, of whom they retayne the truest
stampe.

The most penurious Peasants in the World be heere, whose Quotidian moanes,
might draw teares from stones. Their Villages stand as wast like as the Sabunck,
Garamont, or Arabian Pavilleons, wanting Gardens, Hedges, Closses, Barnes, or
Backe-sides: This sluggish and idle husbandry, being a natural instinct of their
neighbour or paternal Moores.

As for industrious Artes, Inventions, and Vertues, they are as dull thereof, as
their late Predecessours: and truely I confesse for the Spanish Nunne, she is
more holy then the Italian; the former are onely Reserved to the Friers, and
Priests: The latter being more Noble, have most affinity with Gentle-men. The
Spaniard is of a spare dyet and temperate, if at his owne cost he spend; but if
given Gratis, he hath the longest Tuskes that ever stroke at Table.

[X. 447.]After
a doubtfull and dangerous departure from Madrid (as Sir Walter
Aston his Majesties Ambassador can testifie with his Followers, as some of his
people have already here done the same,) being the drift of my owne Country-
men, I came to Toledo twelve Leagues distant from thence: This Citty is situate
on a ragged Rocke upon the River Tagus, being an Arch-bishops seate, the
Primat and Metropolitan Sea of all Spaine: Yet a miserably impoverished and
deformed place.

Naked ambition conferred upon poore Toledo.And

although the Spaniard, of all Townes
in Spaine, braggeth most of Toledo, it is neyther (doubtlesse I know) for beauty,
bounds, nor Wealth, if not for the Intrado belongeth to it, amounting yearely (as
they affirme) to 200000 Duckats; for there is no other Episcopal Seate, in all
Castilia, or Kingdome of Toledo. Giving backe to Toledo, I crossed the crossing
Siera de Morada, (which divideth the Kingdome of Grenada, from the Mansha
of the new Castilia) and arrived at Grenada, the Capital of Andolusia.

Here had the Moores their last residence in Spaine, and was magnanimously
recovered, Anno 1499. yeares, by Ferdinando the Castilian King, and his wife
Isabella. It standeth at the foote of Siera de Nevada (the Snowy Alpes,) who
reserve continually Snow on their tops, and partly inclosed betweene two Snow-
melting Rivers. In this Citty is the principall Seate, and Colledge of Justice, of
all South Spaine: As Valladoli is for the North of Spaine, the high Court of
Madrid having Prerogative over both.

It hath a spacious and strong Castle, which was builded by the Moores, and
indeede a Kingly mansion: Where I saw the Hals and Bed-Chambers of the
Moorish Kings, [X. 448.]most exquisitly, over-siled, and indented with Mosaicall
worke; excelling farre any moderne industry whatsoever.
The Emperour Charles the fift, and King of Spaine; after his returne from that
misfortunate voyage of Algier, left a monument here, never likely to have beene
accomplished, that is, the foundation of an admirable worke advanced two
stories high: without it is quadrangled, and within round; having two degrees of
incircling promontores, supported by Marble pillars, and Allabaster arches.

Being dismissed here, it was my fortune at Antecara to Mr. Woodson a London

Merchant.encounter with a Merchant, (M. Woodson a Londoner,) newly come
from Venice, and bound to Malaga. With whom desirously accompanied, the day
following being Sunday, with sore travayle wee came within night to Malaga,
and thereafter parting to our severall Lodgings, the next morning I addressed my
selfe to the shoare side; where I had notice given me, of a French ship belonging
to Tolon in Provance, that was lying in the Mould, and shortly bound for
Alexandria: And finding that Transportation most convenient for my designe
(my safest course lying through Ægypt and the Red Sea, for Prester Jehans
Dominions and Court) I presently made bargaine with the Ships-master, for my
passage and Victuals.

And now attending my departure thence, uppon the fift day after my comming
hither Anno 1620. October 27. the English Fleete that went agaynst the Pyrats of
Algier, gave Anchor at mid-night in the Roade: Whose suddaine comming,
yeelded no small feare to the affrighted Towne, mistaking them for Turkes; for
the two Castle-bells Ringing backe-ward, the thundring Drums resounding, [X.
449.]and the Towne all the latter night in Armes, bred such Malaga affrighted with the
English Fleet.disturbant despaire to their families, and distraction to themselves,
that their wives and children fled to the higher Castle without the Towne; and I a
stayd Consort with the Defendants till day light. But morning come, and the
English Colours discovered, Don Jaspar Ruiz de Peredas the Governour, went
aboord of the English Generall Sir Robert Maunsell; where after congratulating
complements, he being returned a shoare, dismissed the Burgers and their
Armes. In that afternoone, and the day following beeing Satturday, there came
hundreds a shoare of my speciall friends, and olde familiars, Londoners, and
Courtiers, with whom desirously met, we were joviall together, till Sunday
morning: where then I went aboord of the Lyon, his Majesties ship, and saluted
the Generall, who kindly intertained mee to the next day, that the Fleete was
divided in three Squaders, and he under Sayle, and then unhappily came I a
shoare in a Fisher boate, to my deare bought destruction, beeing sore agaynst the
Generals will, but that I should have gone with him to Algier: Save onely that
my Linnen, Letters, and Sacket was lying in my hostery, and so could not go: but
what shal I say?

Quod fortuna dedit, nemo tollere potest.

And so now followeth the sorrowfull Relations of my Tragicall sufferings, which

as briefly as I may, I shall succinctly avouch, although the larger, the better to be
understood.

Sad soule mixe truth, with grave and prompe discourse

Let passiones be, this Tragicke stile must rest
On Faith and Patience, Columnes of secourse,
Which underprop’d my sufferings here exprest:
Lord weigh my words, with wisdome, give me grace
In all this Worke, to give thy glory place.

[X. 450.]I
was no sooner entred the Towne, and drawing up a private way to my
lodging, to shunne company and acquaintance, for that night was I to have
imbarked for Alexandria, but I was suddenly surprised in that narrow
depopulated street, with nine Alguozilos, Sergeants, who inclosing mee on both
sides layd violent hands on mee, wrapping me up in a blacke frizado cloake, and
gripping my throat to stop my crying, they carryed me on their armes to the
governours house, and inclosed me in a low Parlour.

A sad request to a mercilesse Governour.To

which when the Governour came, for I was
acquainted with him before I sadly spoke, saying, My most noble Governour,
and worthy Lord, I humbly beseech your goodnes to shew me, for what offence
or cause, I am thus violently brought before you, knowing that in me, and from
my carriage, there is no injury committed. Whereat, without answer, and shaking
his head, he caused inclose mee in a little Cabinet within the Parlour, till he went
for Masse, commanding them with all possible dilligence to fetch hither, the
Captaine of the Towne Don Francesco, di Cordova, the Alcade major, and the
States Scrivan, enjoyning them to conceale my apprehending till further tryal
under the paine of death.

At last he from the Masse, and they come hither, the Sergeants were dismissed,
the doores made fast, and I was brought forth before these foure Cavalliers, all
placed in chayres, and the Scrivan-table set, with pen and paper to write my
confession. Where after long silence, the Governour asked mee of my Nation,
and how long, and how often I had beene out of my Country: and whether I was
bound? and how long I had beene in Spaine.

To whom I punctually returned my dividuat answers:

[X. 451.]Whereupon being inclosed in my former Cabinet, within a while Don

Francesco entred my roome, demanding mee if I had beene in Civilia, or was
come from it; and clapping my cheeks with a Judas-smile made this entreaty. My
deare brother, and gallant Companion, confesse freely that you have beene in
Civilia, for your countenance bewrayeth, there are some hidden purposes in the
closet of your breast; and Para fuyr mas malo, you had best in time relate to mee
the trueth.

Whereat I saying no, as truth acquired, he went back, resolving them of my stiffe
denyall, and they therewith incensed, I was invited to their former presence, and
maine accusations ensuing. A tyrannical constrayned Oath.First the Governour made
me sweare and hold up my hand, that I should tell the particular trueth of every
thing hee was to demand of mee; which indeed I did according to my
knowledge.

Then he inquired if the English Generall, was a Duke, or great Signior, and what
could be the reason, that he refused to come a shoare there; for that was the first
impression of their false conceived jealousie. Next; he asked mee, if I knew his
name, and the other Captaines and what their names were? and what their
intention was? or if I had knowne of their comming abroad, or preparation for it,
before my departure from England.

The Scrivan writing downe meanewhile every word he spoke and what I
answered: well; to all the former particulars giving condigne satisfaction, and to
the last, denying that I knew of the forth comming of the fleet, they all foure
gave a shout in the contrary. Whereupon the Governour swearing, cursed and
said, thou leyest like a Villane, thou art a spy and a traytor, and camest directly
from England of purpose to Spaine; and hath beene lying [X. 452.]nine moneths
in Sivilia, getting sure intelligence, when the Spanish Navy was looked for from
the Indies; and that thou expressely heere, came to meete with the English
Armado, (knowing of their dyet) to give them credible knowledge thereof: And
that by thy information, they might the more readily compasse their endes, and
thus thy treachery and subtilty, hath beene imployed.
Whereat I being astonished, and seriously answering for the intention of the
English Fleete, and my owne The English acquaintaynce, my greatest
hinderance.innocency concerning them: He threatning sayd, I was seene familiar a
Boord and a shoare, with the whole Captaines, and knowne to be of their speciall
acquaintance: besides three hundred other Gentle-men, and Mariners with
whom, and they with thee, were so inward, that it far exceeded the kindnes of
accidentall meeting.

All this we saw, and hourely remarked (sayd hee) and thou art newly come from
the Generall, when thou wast taken, where consulting with their Counsell of
Warre this morning, (concerning what they assigned thee to accomplish) thou
hast delivered thy opinion, and the expectation of Sivilia, touching the returne of
his Majesties Armado di Plato; and therefore thou art a Spiono, a Traytor, and a
scelerate Velacco: for wee are not ignorant (sayd he) of the burning of St. Thome
in the West Indies; for there and then, wee had a certaine evidence of the English
infidelity, and treacherous exploytes in time of Peace: Wherefore these
Lutheranes and Sonnes of the Divell, ought not from us good Catholickes to
receive no credit.

Whereupon I besought him, to send for some sufficient English Factors, there
sojourning, who would testifie the [X. 453.]contrary in my behalfe, their
Countrey, and their Fleete, but that he would not, for my being discovered. At
last seeing his damnable opinion, and to cleare my selfe of such false
imputations: I requested him to send a Sergeant to my Posado or Lodging for my
Clogbag, where hee should see a more evident Testimony of my carriage and
honest purpose, and thereupon the approbation of my Prince.

This demaund liked him well, thinking thereby to finde out all the secrets and
practises of my Negotiation with the English Fleete: Whereupon forthwith, and
with close Circumspection he had it brought unto him, my hostage His Majesties
Letters and Seales misregarded.House not knowing where I was. The Clogbag I
opened my selfe, and showing him his Majesties Letters in parchment, and under
his Hand and Seale, dated at Theobals 1619. July 17. and compiled and wrot by
M. Thomas Red, then Secretary for the Latine Tongue, done in my behalfe, and
my intended Resolution for Æthiopia, the Kings safe Conduct he mis-regarded,
giving it neyther Respect nor trust.
After which, I show’d him divers Patents, Seales, and the great Seale of
Jerusalem, Pasports, and my Booke of Armes, called Liber amicorum, wherein, I
had the hand-writs, and Armes of sundry Kings, Dukes, Princes, Vice-Royes,
Marquesses, Earles, Lords, and Governors, &c. done in Prose and Verse, in
Greeke, Latine, or their maternall tongues, being as propitious pledges of their
favour, in commendation of me, and of my Travailes.

But all these would not satisfie him, nay, rather confirming a greater jealousie of
his former suspition: whereupon misconstruing all, they seased absolutely upon
my Clog-bag, viewing, and detayning all I had at their [X. 454.]pleasure;
including me the third time. This done, and within night, beeing Represented
againe, the Governour commaunded me to subscribe my Confession, which I
voluntarily obeyed; though they still urged me further and further to confesse.
Meanewhile these foure Complices consulting about my Imprisonment, the
Alcalde or chiefe Justice would have had me along with him to the Town Jayle,
but the Corrigidor refused saying, Para non star visto con sus Pesanos: That hee
may not bee seene by his Country-men, it behoveth me to have a care of his
concealement: and I warrant you (sayd he) I shal lodge him well enough.

An injust robbery by unjust Judges.Upon

the knowledge of this, that I was secretly to
be incarcerate in the Governours Palace, entred the M. Sergeant, and begged my
mony, and Lycence to search it: and liberty granted hee found in my pockets
eleaven Philippoes or Ducatons; and then uncloathing me before their eyes, even
to my shirt, and searching my breeches, he found in my Doublet necke, fast shut
betweene two Canvesses, 137. double peeces of gold. Whereat the Corrigidor
arose and counting my gold, being 548. duccats, he sayd to the Sergeant, cloath
him againe, and inclose him there in the Cabinet till after Supper. Meanewhile
the Sergeant got the 11. duccatons of Silver; and my gold, which was to take me
for Æthiopia, the Governour seased upon; giving afterwards 200. Crownes of it
to supply the new layd Foundation of a Capuschine Monastery there, reserving
the rest (being 348. duccats) for his owne avaricious ends.

This done, and mid-night come, the Sergeant and two Turkish slaves releasing
mee from the inferiour Roome, brought mee through certayne ascending
passages, to a chamber, in a sequestrate side of the Palace, toward the [X.
455.]Garden, and right above his Summer Kitchen: Where there, and then, the
Sergeants, and the two slaves, thrust And here is the embleme of my misery.on every
ancle an heavy bolt, my legs being put to the full stride, by a mayne gad of iron
far above a yard long, upon the endes of which the two bolts depended, that were
[X. 456.]fastned about my legs. Insomuch, that I could never sit up, nor walke,
nor stand, nor turne me; but lay continually on my backe, the irons being thrice
heavier then my body.

A miserable & helplesse Lamentation.Whereuponbeholding my inevitable misery, and

such monster-made irons my sighing soule deplored thus: Alas Sergeant, and
you two Slaves, remarke in me the just Judgements of God; and loe how the
Heavens have reducted me to this meritorious reward, and truely deserved; for I
have dearely and truly bought it; that I whose legges and feete the whole
Universe could scarcely contayne, now these bolts and irons keepe them fast, in
a body length, of a stone-paved Floore. O foolish pride, O suppressing ambition!
and vaporous curiosity! woe worth the fury of your aspiring vanities; you have
taken mee over the face of the earth, and now left me in a Dungeon hole: My
soule, O my soule is leager unto this Proverbe, Man proposeth, and God
disposeth: O happy had I beene, thrice happy in a Shepheards life.
 The Author in irons in the Governour’s Palace at Malaga

Thus, and more lamenting the destiny of nature, they left mee with solacious
words, and straight returned againe with Victuals; being a pound of boyl’d
Mutton, a wheat bread, and a small Pint of Wine: which was the first, the best,
and the last of this kinde, that ever I got in that woefull Mansion. The Sergeant
leaving me (never seeing him more, till a more unwelcomed sight) hee directed
the Slaves, that after I had contented my discontented appetite, they should locke
the doore, and carry the keyes to Areta, a Spaniard and keeper of the silver plate.

A little while after he was gone, the other Drudge left me also, who was newly
turned Christian: where being alone with Hazier the naturall Turke, who was to
attend [X. 457.]me, feede me, and keepe me, lying nightly a constrayned
Centinell, without the doore of my imprisonment; hee demanded me for what
cause I was committed, and what malefact I was guilty of? to whom I answered,
onely for a naked suspition, mistaking the honorable intention of the English
Armado, I am as a spy apprehended, and falsely accused.

The mourning of Hazier a Turkish slave.Whereupon the silly Slave falling downe on
his knees, held up his hands, crying, Hermano, Hermano, es muy grand
menester, par a tomar pacenza, &c. Brother, Brother, it is much needfull for you
to take all in patience, for it is impossible now you can escape, some fearefull
tryall, and thereupon a horrible punishment even unto death; and alasse to
relieve you, if I durst, (as I dare not under death) to discover you to your
Countrey-men, I would doe it upon my knees, and leaving me with a weeping
good night, he made fast the doore, and transported the keyes, as he was
directed.

The day following the Governour entered my Prison alone, intreating me to

confesse that I was a spy, and he would be my friend, and procure my pardon,
neither should I lacke (interim) any needfull thing: But I still attesting my
innocency, hee wrathfully swore I should see his face no more, till grievous
torments should make me doe it; and leaving mee in a rage, he observed too well
his condition.

But withall in my audience, he commanded Areta, that none should come neare
mee except the slave, nor no food should be given mee but three ounces of
moosted browne bread, every second day, and a Fuleto or English Pint of water,
neither any bed, pillow, or coverlet to be allowed mee: And close up sayd he, this
window in his roome, with lyme and stone, stop the holes of the doore with
double [X. 458.]Matts, hanging another locking to it; and to withdraw all visible
and sensible comfort from him, let no tongue, nor feet be heard neare him, till I
have my designes accomplished: And thou Hazier I charge thee, at thy
incommings to have no conference with him, nor at thy out-goings abroad to
discover him to the English Factors, as thou wilt answer upon thy life, and the
highest torments can be devised.

These directions delivered, and alas too accessary to me in the performance: my

roome was made a darke-drawne Dungeon, my belly the anatomy of mercilesse
hunger, my comfortlesse hearing, the receptacle of sounding Bells, my eye
wanting light, a loathsome languishing in despaire, and my ground lying body,
the woefull mirrour of misfortunes: every houre wishing anothers comming,
every day the night, and every night the morning.

A speedy expedition for a mercilesse mischeife.And

now being every second or third day
attended with the twinckling of an eye, and my sustenance agreeable to my
attendance, my body grew exceeding debile and infirme; insomuch that the
Governour (after his answers receaved from Madrile) made haste to put in
execution, his bloody and mercilesse purpose before Christmas Holy-dayes:
least ere the expiring of the twelfth day, I should be utterly famished, and unable
to undergoe my tryall, without present perishing, yet unknowne to me, save
onely in this knowledge, that I was confident to dye a fearefull and unacquainted
death: for it is a current custome with the Spaniard, that if a stranger be
apprehended upon any suspicion, he is never brought to open tryall, and
common Jayle, but clapd up in a Dungeon, and there tortured, impoysoned, or
starved to death: Such meritorious deeds, accompany these onely titular
Christians: for the Spaniard [X. 459.]accounteth it more to be called a Christian,
than either to beleeve what hee professeth, or to conforme him selfe to the life of
Christianity: yea, I sparingly avouch it, hee is the worst and baddest creature of
the Christian name; having no more Religion (and lesse respective to devotion)
than an externall presumptuous show; which perfiteth this ancient Proverbe, The
Spaniard; est bonus Catholicus, sed malus Christianus.

In end, by Gods permission, the scourge of my fiery tryall approaching; upon the
forty seventh day after my first imprisonment, and five dayes before Christmas;
about two a clocke in the morning, I heard the noyse of a Coach in the fore-
street, marvelling much what it might meane.

My transportation from prison to the fields to be racked.Within

a pretty while I heard the
locks of my Prison-doore in opening; whereupon bequeathing my soule to God, I
humbly implored his gracious mercie and pardon for my sinnes: for neither in
the former night nor this, could I get any sleepe, such was the force of gnawing
hunger, and the portending heavinesse of my presaging soule.

Meanewhile the former nine Sergeants, accompanied with the Scrivan, entered
the roome without word speaking, and carrying mee thence, with irons and all,
on their armes through the house, to the street, they layd mee on my backe in the
Coach: where two of them sat up beside mee, (the rest using great silence) went
softly along by the Coach side.

Then Baptista the Coach-man, an Indian Negro droving out at the Sea-gate, the
way of the shoare-side, I was brought Westward almost a league from the
Towne, to a Vine-presse house, standing alone amongst Vineyards, [X. 460.]where
they inclosed mee in a roome till day light, for hither was the Racke brought the
night before, and privately placed in the ende of a Trance.

And all this secresie was used, that neyther English, French, or Flemings, should
see or get any knowledge of my Tryall, my grievous Tortures, and dreadfull
dispatch, because of their treacherous and cruel proceedings.

At the breach of day the Governour, Don Francesco, and the Alcalde, came
foorth in another Coach: where when arrived, and I invited to their presence, I
pleaded A stranger ought not to be accused with strangers without an Interpreter.for a
Trench man, being against their Law, to accuse or condemne a Stranger, without
a sufficient Interpreter. The which they absolutely refused, neyther would they
suffer or grant mee an Appellation to Madrid.

And now after long and new Examinations, from morning to darke night, they
finding my first and second Confession so runne in one, that the Governour
swore, I had learned the Arte of Memory: Saying further, is it possible hee can in
such distresse, and so long a time, observe so strictly in every manner the poynts
of his first Confession, and I so often shifting him too and fro.

Well, the Governours interrogation and my Confession being mutually

subscribed: He and Don Francesco besought me earnestly to acknowledge and
confesse my guiltinesse in time: if not, he would deliver me in the Alcaldes
hands there present: Saying moreover, thou art as yet in my power, and I may
spare or pardon thee; providing thou wilt confesse thy selfe a Spie, and a
Traytour against our Nation.
But finding mee stand fast to the marke of my spotlesse innocency, he, invective,
and malicious hee, after many [X. 461.]tremenduous threatnings, commanded the
Scrivan to draw up a Warrant for the chiefe Justice: And done, he set his hand to
it, and taking me by the hand, delivered me and the Warrant in the Alcalde
Majors hands, to cause mee bee Tortured, broken, and cruelly Tormented.

Whence being carried along on the Sergeants armes, to the end of a Trance or
stone Gallery, where the Pottaro or Racke was placed: The Encarnador or
Tormentor, begunne to disburden me of my irons, which beeing very hard
inbolted he could not Ram-verse the Wedges for a long time: Whereat the Chiefe
Justice being offended, the malicious Villaine with the Hammer which he had in
his hand, stroake away above an inch of my left heele with A mercilesse hurt, before
they begun to Racke mee.the Bolt. Whereupon I grievously groaning, beeing
exceeding faint, and without my three ounces of bread, and a little Water for
three dayes together: The Alcalde sayd, O Traytor all this is nothing, but the
earnest of a greater bargaine you have in hand.

Now the irons being dissolved, and my Torments approaching, I fell prostrate on
my knees, crying to the Heavens:

O Great and Gracious GOD, it is truely knowne to thy all-seeing Eye, that I am
innocent of these false and fearefull accusations, and since therefore it is thy
Good will and pleasure, that I must suffer now by the scelerate hands of
mercilesse men: Lord furnish mee, with Courage, Strength, and Patience least by
an impatient Minde, and feebling Spirit, I become my owne Murtherer, in
Confessing my selfe guilty of Death, to shunne present punishment. And
according to the Multitude of thy Mercies, O Lord, bee mercifull to my sinfull
soule, and that for Jesus thy Sonne and my Redeemer his sake.

[x. 462.]After
this, the Alcalde, and Scrivan, being both chaire-set, the one to
examine, the other to write downe my Confession and Tortures: I was by the
Executioner stripped to the skin, brought to the Racke, and then mounted by him
on the top of it: Where eftsoones I was hung by the bare shoulders, with two
small Cords, which went under both mine armes, running on two Rings of iron
that were fixed in the Wall above my head.

Thus being hoysed, to the appoynted height, the Tormentor discended below, and
drawing downe my Legs, through the two sides of the three-planked Racke, hee
tyed a Cord about each of my ancles: And then ascending upon the Racke, hee
drew the Cords upward, and bending The hammes and lids of my knees were both
broken.forward with maine force, my two knees, against the two plankes; the
sinewes of my hammes burst a sunder, and the lids of my knees beeing crushed,
and the Cords made fast, I hung so demayned, for a large houre.

At last the Encarnador, informing the Governor, that I had the marke of
Jerusalem on my right arme, joyned with the name and Crowne of King James,
and done upon the Holy Grave. The Corrigidor came out of his adjoyning stance,
and gave direction, to teare a sunder, the name, and Crowne (as hee sayd) of that
Hereticke King, and arch-enemy to the Holy Catholicke Church: Then the
Tormentor, laying the right arme above the left, and the Crowne upmost, did cast
a Cord over both armes, seaven distant times: And then lying downe upon his
backe, and setting both his feete on my hollow-pinched belly, he charged; and
drew violently with his hands, making my Wombe support the force of his feete,
till the seaven severall Cords combind in one place of my arme, (and cutting the
Crowne, sinewes, and flesh to the bare [X. 453.]bones) did pull in my fingers
close to the palme of my hands: the left hand of which is Lame so still, and will
be for ever.

Now mine eyes begun to startle, my mouth to foame and froath, and my teeth to
chatter like to the doubling of O cruell and inhumane murder.Drummers stickes. O
strange inhumanity of Men-monster Manglers! surpassing the limits of their
nationall Law; three score Tortures beeing the tryall of Treason, which I had, and
was to indure: yet thus to inflict a seaven-fold surplussage of more intolerable
cruelties: And notwithstanding of my shivering lippes, in this fiery passion, my
vehement groaning, and blood-springing fonts, from armes, broake sinewes,
hammes, and knees; yea, and my depending weight on flesh-cutting Cords; yet
they stroke mee on the face with Cudgels, to abate and cease the thundring noyse
of my wrestling voyce.

At last being loosed from these Pinnacles of paine, I was hand-fast set on the
floore, with this their incessant imploration: Confesse, confesse, confesse in
time, for thine inevitable torments ensue: where finding nothing from me, but
still innocent, O I am innocent, O Jesus! the Lambe of God have mercy upon
mee, and strengthen mee with patience, to undergoe this barbarous murder.
 The Author in the Racke at Malaga

Here begun my mayne tortures.Then

by command of the Justice, was my trembling
body layd above, and along upon the face of the Racke, with my head downe-
ward, inclosed within a circled hole, my belly upmost, and my heeles upward
toward the top of the Racke: my legs and armes being drawne a sunder, were
fastned with pinnes and Cords, to both sides of the outward plankes; for now
was I to receive my maine torments.
Now what a Pottaro or Racke is (for it stood by the [X. 464.]wall declining
downe-ward) it is made of three plankes of Timber, the upmost end whereof is
larger then a ful Loe here is the manner how I was mainly Racked.stride; the lower end
being narrow, and the three planks joyning together, are made conformable to a
Mans shoulders: in the downe-most end of the middle planke there was a hole,
wherein my head was layd: in length it [X. 465.]is longer than a man, being
interlaced with small cords from planke to planke, which divided my supported
thighes from the middle plank: Through the sides of which exteriour planks there
were three distant holes in every one of them; the use wherefore you shall
presently heare.

The manner how my body was first fastned to the Racke before my tortures were inflicted.Now
the Alcalde giving commission, the executioner layd first a cord over the calfe of
my leg, then another on the middle of my thigh, and the third cord over the great
of my arme; which was severally done, on both sides of my body receaving the
ends of the cords, from these sixe severall places through the holes made in the
outward planks, which were fastned to pinnes, and the pinnes made fast with a
device: for he was to charge on the out side of the planks, with as many pinnes,
as there were holes and cords; the cords being first laid meet to my skin: And on
every one of these sixe parts of my body, I was to receave seven severall
tortures: each torture consisting of three winding throwes, of every pinne; which
amounted to twenty one throwes, in every one of these sixe parts.

Then the Tormentor having charged the first passage about my body (making
fast by a device each torture as they were multiplied) he went to an earthen Jarre
standing full of water, a little beneath my head: from whence carrying a pot full
of water; in the bottome whereof, there was an incised hole, which being stopd
by his thumb, till it came to my mouth, hee did powre it in my bellie; the
measure being a Spanish Sombre, which is an English Potle: The first and
second services I gladly receaved, such was the scorching drouth of my
tormenting payne, and likewise I had drunke none for three dayes before.

But afterward, at the third charge, perceiving these [X. 466.]measures of water to
be inflicted upon me as tortures, O strangling tortures! I closed my lips, gaine-
standing that eager crudelity.

A cruelty beyond cruelties.Whereat

the Alcalde inraging, set my teeth asunder with a
payre of iron cadges, detayning them there, at every severall turne, both mainely
and manually; whereupon my hunger-clungd bellie waxing great, grew Drum-
like imbolstered: for it being a suffocating payne, in regard of my head hanging
downeward, and the water reingorging it selfe in my throat with a strugling
force; it strangled and swallowed up my breath from youling and groaning.

And now to prevent my renewing griefe (for presently my heart fayleth and
forsaketh me) I will onely briefly avouch, that betweene each one of these seven
circular charges, I was aye reexamined, each examination continuing halfe an
houre; each halfe houre a hell of infernall paine, and betweene each torment, a
long distance of life quelling time.

A hellish and insupportable payne.Thus

lay I sixe houres upon the Racke, betweene
foure a clocke afternoone, and ten a clocke at night, having had inflicted upon
me three score seven torments: Neverthelesse they continued me a large halfe
houre (after all my tortures) at the full bending; where my body being all
begored with blood, and cut through in every part, to the crushed and bruised
bones, I pittifully remayned, stil roaring, howling, foaming, bellowing, and
gnashing my teeth, with insupportable cryes, before the pinnes were undone, and
my body loosed.

True it is, it passeth the capacity of man, either sensibly to conceave, or I

patiently to expresse the intollerable anxiety of mind, and affliction of body in
that dreadfull time I sustayned.

[X. 467.]At last my head being by their armes advanced, and my body taken from
the Rack, the water regushed abundantly from my mouth; then they recloathing
my broken, bloody, and cold trembling body, being all this time starke naked, I
fell twice in a sounding trance: which they againe refreshed with a little Wine,
and two warme Egges, not for charity done, but that I should be reserved to
further punishment; and if it were not too truely knowne these sufferings to be of
trueth, it would almost seeme incredible to many, that a man being brought so
low, with starving hunger, and extreame cruelties, could have subsisted any
longer reserving life.

And now at last they charged my broken legs, with my former eye-frighting
irons, and done, I was lamentably carryed on their armes to the Coach, being
after mid-night, and secretly transported to my former Dungeon without any
knowledge of the Towne, save onely these my A lamentable remembrance of inhumane
cruelty.lawlesse,
and mercilesse Tormentors: where, when come, I was layd with
my head and my heeles alike high, on my former stones.

The latter end of this woefull night poore mourning Hazier the Turke, was set to
keepe me, and on the morrow, the Governour entred my roome threatning me
still with moe tortures to confesse, and so caused he every morning long before
day, his Coach to be rumbled at his gate, and about me where I lay, a great noyse
of tongues, A dreadfull affrighting for more tortures.and opening of doores: and all this
they did of purpose to affright and distract me, and to make me beleeve I was
going to be rackt againe, to make me confesse an untrueth; still thus they
continued every day of five dayes till Christmas.

Upon Christmas day Mariana the Ladies Gentlewoman got permission to visit
me, and with her licence, she [X. 468.]brought abundance of teares presenting me
also with a dish of Honey and Sugar, some confections, and Rasins in a great
plenty to my no small comfort, besides using many sweet speeches for
consolations sake.

Shee gone, and the next morning of Saint Johns day come, long ere day the
Towne was in Armes, the Bells ringing backward, the people shouting, and
Drummes beating; whereat my soule was over-joyed, thinking that the Moores
had seazed upon all: And in the after noone the Turke comming to me with bread
and water, being by chance the second day, I asked him what the fray was? Alas
too good newes not to have been true.who replyed, be of good courage, I hope in God
and Mahomet, that you and I ere long shall be set at liberty; for your Countrey-
men, the English Armado, and mine the Moores, are joyned together, and
comming to sacke Malaga: And this morning Post came from Allagant to
premonish the Governour thereof; whereupon he and the Towne have instantly
pulled downe, all the Cowper shops, and dwelling houses that were builded
without by the shoare side, adjoyning to the Townes Wall: But yet sayd he it is
no matter, the Towne may easily be surprised, and I hope we shall be merry in
Algier, for there is above a hundred sayle seene comming hither; and therewith
kissing my cheeke, hee kindly left mee.

Indeed, as for such newes from Allagant; the detriment of twenty eight houses,
the shoare-planted Cannon, the suspicion they had of the English, and the Towne
foure dayes in Armes were all true, save onely the confederacy of the English
with the Moores, that was false.
Witnesse Sir Richard Halkins, and the Captaines of his Squader, who a little
after Christmas, comming to the Road, went to the Governour to cleere himselfe,
and the [X. 469.]Fleete of that absurd imputation layde to their charge. The
twelfth day of Christmasse expired, they beganne to threaten me on still with
moe Tortures, even till Candlemasse: In all which comfortlesse time, I was
miserably afflicted with the beastly plague of gnawing Vermin, which lay
crawling in lumps, within, without, and about my body: yea, hanging in clusters
about my beard, my lips, my nostriles, and my eye-browes, almost inclosing my
sight.

And for a greater satisfaction to their mercilesse mindes, the Governour caused
Areta, his silver plate keeper, to gather and swipe the Vermine upon me twice in
eight dayes, which tormented me to the death, beeing a perpetuall punishment;
for mine armes being broake, my hands lucken and sticking fast to the palmes of
both hands, No payne so grievous, as a lame man to be still tormented with gnawing
vermine.by reason of the shrunke sinewes; I was unable to lift mine armes, or stir
my fingers, much-lesse to avoyde the filthy Vermine: neyther could my legges
and feete performe it beeing impotent in all. Yet I acknowledge the poore
Infidell, some few times, and when opportunity served, would steale the keyes
from Areta, and about mid-night would enter my Roome, with stickes and
burning oyle, and sweeping them together in heapes, would burne the greatest
part, to my great Releafe; or doubtlesse I had beene miserably eaten up, and
devoured by them.

And now some eight dayes before Candlemasse, the slave informed me that an
English Seminary Priest, borne in London, and belonging to the Bishops
Colledge of Malaga; and a Scottish Cowper, named Alexander Ley, borne in
Dunbar, and there married; were in Translating all my Bookes and Observations
out of English, in the [X. 470.]Spanish tongue, bringing every other day numbers
of wrot Papers to the Governour, and for their paines had thirty duccats allowed,
and that they were saying, I was an Arch-Hereticke to the Pope and the Virgin
Mary.

Having redounded him concealed thankes, I was assured of their bloody

Inquisition, preparing my selfe in God, with Faith, and Patience to Receive and
gane-stand it: for my spirituall Resolution, was surely founded, being sightlesse
of company, and humane faces, I had intirely the light of my Soule celebrate to
God Almighty.
A politick enquiry of a damnable inquisition.And
hereupon the second day after
Candlemas, the Governour, the Inquisitor a Canonicall Priest, entered my
Dungeon, accompanied with two Jesuites, one of which was Predicator, and
Superiour of the Tiatinean Colledge of Malaga: Where being Chaire set, Candle-
lighted, and doore locked; the Inquisitor after diverse frivolous questions,
demaunded me if I was a Romane Catholicke, and acknowledged the Popes
Supremacy. To whom I answered, I was neyther the one, nor did the other. And
what power (sayd I,) have you to challenge me of my Religion, since it is a
chiefe Article, of the former concluded peace, that none of our Kings subjects
should be troubled by your Inquisition; but as you have murdered me for
alledged Treason; so you meane to Martyre me for Religion.

And you Governour, as you have Tortured and hunger-starved this helplesse
body, consumed with cold and vermine to the last of my life; the Almighty God
who revealeth the secrets of all things (although I bee never relieved) will
certainely discover it, to my Countrey and to the World. And is this the best of
your good deeds? you repay to our mercifull King, who then being onely [X.
471.]King of Scotland, in the time of your just over-throw of Eighty Eight, gave
secourse to thousands of your Shipwracked people for many moneths; and in the
end, caused transport them safely to their desired Ports. Leaving to the Worlds
memory an eternall stampe of Christian Bounty, Mercy, and royall Charity, and
your acquittance to him, is an imputation of Treachery to his Fleete, detayning
and mis-regarding his Letters and Seales, and now imposing to a tormented
Innocent, your lawlesse Inquisition.

To which the Governour answered, all that was true, but it was done more
through feare then love, and therefore deserved the lesser thankes; but (interim)
wee will follow the utter-most of our ends. And the Jesuite Predicator to
confirme his words, sayd, there was no faith to be kept with Heretickes, which
directly or indirectly is the sublime policy of Conquerours, which our mighty
and invincible Nation evermore taketh notice of and observeth.

A damnable Inquisitor applying false attributs to our blessed Lady.Then

the Inquisitor
arrising, expressed himselfe thus: Behold the powerfull majesty of Gods mother,
Commaunder of her Sonne, equall to the Father, Wife to the Holy Ghost, Queene
of Heaven, Protector of Angels, and sole Gubernatrix of the earth, &c. How thou
being first taken as a Spye, accused for Treachery, and innocently Tortured (as
we acknowledge we were better informed lately from Madrile of the English
intention) yet it was her power, her Divine power, which brought these
judgements upon thee; in that thou hast wrot calumniously against her blessed
miracles of Loretta: and against his Holinesse, the great Agent, and Christs
Viccar on earth: Therefore thou hast justly fallen into our hands, by her speciall
appointment; thy Bookes and papers, are miraculously [X. 472.]Translated by her
speciall providence with thy owne Countrey-men: wherefore thou maist clearely
see, the impenetrable Misteries of our glorious Lady in punishing her offenders:
and for a humble satisfaction, Repent thee of thy wickednesse, and be converted
to the Holy mother Church. And after many such like exhortations of all the
foure, the Inquisitor assigned me eight dayes for my Conversion: Saying, that
hee, and the Tiatines would twice a day visite mee in that time, intreating me to
be advised againe the next morning, of these doubts and difficulties that
withstood my Conscience.

A Sicophaniticall Oration from a jugling Jebusite.Then

in leaving mee, the Jesuite
Predicator making a a Crosse upon my crossed breast, sayd, My sonne, beholde
you deserve to be burnt quicke, but by the grace of our Lady of Loretta, whom
you have blasphemed, wee will both save your Soule and Body: Spewing forth
also this Fæminine Latine; Nam mansueta et misericordiosa est Ecclesia, O
Ecclesia Romana! extra quem non est salus: They gone and I alone, all this
night, was I instant with my God, imploring his Grace, to Rectifie my thoughts,
illuminate my understanding, confirme my confidence, beatifie my memory, to
sanctifie my knowledge, to expell the servile feare of Death, and to save my
soule, from the intangling corruption of any private ends, illusions, or mundane
Respects whatsoever.

The next morning, the three Ecclesiastickes returned, and being placed with
Chaires and Candles, the Inquisitor made interrogation, of what difficulties,
errors, or mis-beliefe I had. To whom ingenuously I answered I had none,
neyther any difficulty, errour, nor mis-beliefe; but was confident in the promises
of Jesus Christ, and assuredly believed his Revealed will in the Gospell,
professed [X. 473.]in the Reformed Catholicke Church; which being confirmed by
Grace, I had the infallible assurance in my Soule, of the true Christian Faith.

To these words, he answered, thou art no Christian, but an absurd Hereticke, and
without Conversion, a member of perdition. Whereupon I replied, Reverend Sir,
the nature of Charity and Religion, doe not consist in opprobious speeches;
wherefore if you would convert me (as you say) convince mee by Argument: if
not, all your threatenings of fire, Death, nor Torments, shall make me shrinke
from the truth of Gods Word in Sacred Scriptures. The fury of a mad inquisitor to have
almost slain me.Whereupon the mad Inquisitor clapd mee on the face with his
foote, abusing me with many Raylings, and if the jesuites had not intercepted
him, he had stobbed me with a knife; where, when dismissed, I never saw him
more.

The third day insuing (and having broake their promise) the two Jesuites
returned, and after a frowning silence, the Superiour asked me of my Resolution:
I told him I was Resolved already, unlesse hee could show me good Reasons in
the contrary. Whereupon having past with me some few superficial Arguments
of their seaven Sacraments, Intercession, Transubstantiation, Images, Purgatory,
Miracles, Merit, &c. he begun to brag of their Church her Antiquity,
Universality, and Uniformity. Auncient no (sayd I) for the Profession of my
Faith, hath beene ever since the first time of the Apostles; And Christ had ever
his owne Church (howsoever obscure) in the greatest time of your darknesse.

So Rome foure hundred yeares and upward, was the true Church; but afterward
falling in apostacy by meanes of her corrupt leaders, wee have left her in
nothing, but what shee hath left her former selfe. Universall no; although shee
assumeth a Catholicke name, was not the [X. 474.]Church in the East, a greater
Church than yours in the West for hundreds of yeares, and I pray you what are
now the Orientall Churches in Asia, (besides the Greeks) and the Æthiopian
Affricans that doe not so much as know, or heare of your Pope, far lesse his
profession.

With no small adoe, Boniface the third, obtained of Phocas the Emperour to be
called universall Bishop: which was asisted afterward by Puppin the French
King, and ratified by Paleologus, the father of Constantine who lost
Constantinople: The Romish Church falls short of true antiquity, universality, and
uniformity.And what long contraversies about this new power, was betweene your
Popes, and the counsells of Carthage, Calcedon, Ephesus, Alexandria, and Nice.
Uniformable no; some of your Priests give the Sacrament onely in Bread, for
reall flesh and blood, some in Wine without Bread, and some in both.

The Bavarians in their owne language sing the Psalmes in prose at their Masses,
and not else where done: The second Commandement goeth current amongst
some of your Catholicks in France, yet not in Bretagne, nor Provance; so doth it
in Austria and Bavaria, but not in Italy and Spaine.

It is most evident, what your former Popes have confirmed, the succeeding
Popes have disanulled, and dayly doe, as their present lives, and your auncient
Histories beare a true record.

And was there not at one time, three Popes in three severall places? and
oftentimes two at once: One professing one Heresie, and another Atheisme:
What mutinies and malice, are dayly among your Monasteries, each envying
anothers priviledge, anothers preferment, anothers wealth: And your order
(father) by all the other Monasticks, is hated and vilipended to death; besides
diversities of Doctrine, betweene your professors and the Dominicans: [X.
475.]and hundreds of like disunities you have both in ceremony and order which
now I suspend: So I pray you (father) where your uniformity, much lesse your
universality, and worst of all your antiquity.

Having thus concluded, the fiery fac’d Jesuits, with boisterous menacings left
mee; and the eight day thereafter, being the last day of their Inquisition, they
returned againe, in a more milder disposition: where after divers arguments on
both sides, the two Jesuits with teares distilling from their eyes, solidly
protested, they were sorry from their heart, for that terrible death I was to
undergo, and above all the loosing of my soule: The Jesuits last allurements for my
conversion to their sect.And falling downe on their knees, cryed, convert, convert, O
deare brother! for our blessed Ladies sake convert: To whom I replyed, that
neither death nor fire I feared; for I was resolved for both, yet thinking my selfe
unworthy to suffer for Christ and the Gospells sake, considering my vildnesse
and my owne unworthinesse: yet the Spirit of God assureth my faith, it is his
divine pleasure it should be so that I must suffer. Wherefore if I should divert,
trust mee not, for I would but dissemble with you (through feare, flattery, or
force) to shunne present death.

Whereupon they called the Governour, and after their privy consulting, hee thus
spoke; Deare brother, my greatest desire is, to have thee a good Christian, a
Romane Catholick, to which if thy conscience will yeeld, I will shew thee as
great courtesie, as thou hast receaved cruelty: for pitty it were, that such an
invincible spirit, and endued with so many good parts, should perish in both
worlds for ever. Plucke up thy heart, and let the love of our blessed Lady enter in
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