PLANE GEOMETRY

→ Polygons – geometric figure formed by three or more straight lines; they are named according to the
number of sides.

• Regular polygon – polygons having equal length of all sides.

Name sides Name sides

Triangle 3 Tridecagon 13
Quadrilateral 4 Tetradecagon 14
Pentagon 5 Pentadecagon 15
Hexagon 6 Hexadecagon 16
Heptagon 7 Heptadecagon 17
Octagon 8 Octadecagon 18
Nonagon 9 Enneadecagon 19
Decagon 10 Icosagon 20
Undecagon 11 Hectagon 100
Dodecagon 12 Chiliagon 1000

θ = internal angle apothem – a line from the

center of a regular polygon
at right angles to any of its
sides

α = external angle
α
d = number of diagonals

𝑛 180(𝑛 − 2)
𝑑 = (𝑛 − 3) ; 𝜃 = ; α = 180ᵒ − 𝜃
2 𝑛
θ

Sum of interior angle = n𝜃

Sum of exterior angles = nα = 360ᵒ

Sample Problems:

1. How many sides a polygon has if the sum of the interior angles is 2160ᵒ?
2. If an interior angle of a rectangular polygon measures 108ᵒ, find the external angle.
3. If a certain polygon has 35 diagonals, determine the name of a polygon.
4. Given the external angle of 45ᵒ, how many diagonals in a polygon?

Prepared by: Engr. Reden C. Vilchez Jr.

 PLANE GEOMETRY
→Areas of Regular Polygons (n-sides)

• Given the length (x) of one side

x
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝒏𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( )
𝑨 = 𝒏
𝟒

• Area of n-sides polygon circumscribed a circle (inscribed in a polygon)

𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑨 = 𝒏𝒓𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) r
𝒏

• Area of n-sides polygon inscribed in a circle

𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝒏𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒏 ) r
𝑨 =
𝟐

Sample Problems:

1. The length of each side of a hexagon is 6m. Determine the area.

2. Find the area of a pentagon if the length of the apothem is 20.
3. A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 19 inches. Find the area of the octagon.
4. What is the area of a regular pentagon inscribed in a circle of radius 1.5m?
5. What is the length of each side of an octagon inscribed in a circle whose area is 125 sq.in.
6. The area of a regular heptagon is 70sq.m. Find the radius of the circumscribed circle.

Non-Polygon Regions
• Parabolic Segment

2
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
3

• Ellipse

𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 ; 𝑃 = 2𝜋√ 2

Prepared by: Engr. Reden C. Vilchez Jr.

 PLANE GEOMETRY
Sample Problems:

1. A parabolic segment whose edges touches the side of a rectangle, its base lies on a smaller side
of a rectangle whose length is 7mm and whose altitude measures 10mm. Find the area of the
excess part between rectangle and a parabolic segment.
2. What is the perimeter of an ellipse if the length of the major and minor axis are 10cm and 8cm
respectively.

→Common terms related to a circle

• Circle

𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 r

𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓

• Sector of a circle

1 2
𝐴 = 2
𝑟 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 ; 𝑃 = 2𝑟 + 𝑆

𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑

• Segment of a circle

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

1 2
𝐴 = 𝑟 (𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
2

Sample Problems:

1. Find the arc length of a 36ᵒ in a circle whose circumference is 45π.

2. The area of a sector of a circle having a central angle of 60ᵒ is 24π. Find the perimeter of the
sector.
3. Find the area of the smaller segment of a circle bounded by a chord 16cm long at a distance of
6cm from the center.
4. The area of a circle is 153.92 in2. What is the circumference?
5. A circle having an area of 452sqm. Is cut into two segments by a chord which is 6m from the
center of the circle. Compute the area of the bigger segment.

Prepared by: Engr. Reden C. Vilchez Jr.

 PLANE GEOMETRY
6. A circle with radius 6cm has half its area removed by cutting off a border of uniform width. Find
the width of the border.

→Triangle and Circle relation

𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝑨𝑻 =
𝟒𝒓

𝑨𝑻 = 𝒓𝒔

𝑨𝑻 = 𝒓(𝒔 − 𝒂)

Sample Problems:

1. Triangle ABC has sides 3, 4 and 5cm. What is the radius of the escribed circle with respect
to the longest side.
2. A circle is inscribed in a triangle that has no equal side. The sides of a triangle is 5, 7 and
11cm respectively. Find the radius of a circle.
3. Given the triangle whose area is 26.98 sq.in is inscribed in a circle whose radius is 5 inch.
What is the product of all sides of a triangle?

→Quadrilateral – a four-sided polygon, having four edges (sides) and four corners (vertices).

• Square

𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑃 = 4𝑎

• Rectangle

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 2

Prepared by: Engr. Reden C. Vilchez Jr.

 PLANE GEOMETRY
• Parallelogram

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

• Rhombus

1
𝐴 = 𝑑 𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2 1 2

• Trapezoid

1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)h
2

Sample Problems:

1. A square lot has a total fence of 25meters. Find the total area of a lot.
2. The diagonal of a rectangle measures 15mm, the shorter side has 2/3 of the other side. Find
the perimeter.
3. Find the area of a trapezoid.

• Trapezium or General Quadrilateral

𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠 =
2

𝐴 + 𝐶 𝐵 + 𝐷
𝜃 = =
2 2

• Quadrilateral Inscribed in a circle (Cyclic Quadrilateral)

𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)

√(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)

𝐴 =
4𝑟

Prepared by: Engr. Reden C. Vilchez Jr.

 PLANE GEOMETRY
• Quadrilateral Circumscribed a circle

𝐴𝑞
𝑟 =
𝑠

𝐴𝑞 = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑

Sample Problems:

1. A quadrilateral having sides 10cm, 5cm, 14cm and 15cm respectively. If the sum of the opposite angles
is equal to 225, find its area.
2. In a cyclic quadrilateral, their sides measure 5, 6, 7 and 8mm. Find the length of the radius of the circle.
3. A circle whose radius is 5inches is inscribed in a quadrilateral whose area is 105 sq. inch. Calculate the
sum of the sides of a quadrilateral.

Complicated Sample Problems:

- Find the area of the shaded portion.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3. 6.

Prepared by: Engr. Reden C. Vilchez Jr.