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Work and Energy

The document provides an overview of work and energy, defining work as the energy transfer when a force moves an object, and energy as the capacity to do work. It explains the types of work (positive, negative, and zero), the work-energy theorem, and introduces concepts of power and the law of conservation of energy. Additionally, it includes numerical examples for calculating work, kinetic energy, and potential energy.

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2 views

Work and Energy

The document provides an overview of work and energy, defining work as the energy transfer when a force moves an object, and energy as the capacity to do work. It explains the types of work (positive, negative, and zero), the work-energy theorem, and introduces concepts of power and the law of conservation of energy. Additionally, it includes numerical examples for calculating work, kinetic energy, and potential energy.

Uploaded by

dakshkumarverma8a1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work and Energy - Class 9 Notes

Introduction
Work and energy are fundamental concepts in physics that help us understand how forces
interact with objects and how energy is transferred or transformed. Work is the measure of
energy transfer when a force moves an object, and energy is the ability to do work.

Work
Definition of Work

In physics, work is said to be done when a force is applied to an object, and the object moves in
the direction of the applied force.

Mathematical Expression of Work

Work (W) is given by the formula: W=F×d×cos⁡θW = F \times d \times \cos \theta where:

 WW = Work done (Joules, J)


 FF = Applied force (Newtons, N)
 dd = Displacement of the object (meters, m)
 θ\theta = Angle between the force and displacement

Conditions for Work to be Done

For work to be done, two conditions must be satisfied:

1. A force must be applied.


2. The object must move in the direction of the force.

Types of Work

1. Positive Work: When the force and displacement are in the same direction.

o θ=0∘\theta = 0^\circ and cos⁡0∘=1\cos 0^\circ = 1, so work is positive.


o Example: A person pushing a trolley forward.

2. Negative Work: When the force and displacement are in opposite directions.
o Example: Friction acting on a moving object.
o θ=180∘\theta = 180^\circ and cos⁡180∘=−1\cos 180^\circ = -1, so work is negative.
3. Zero Work: When force is applied, but there is no displacement or the force is
perpendicular to displacement.
o Example: A person pushing a wall.
o θ=90∘\theta = 90^\circ and cos⁡90∘=0\cos 90^\circ = 0, so work done is zero.
Work Done by a Constant Force

When a constant force is applied to move an object in a straight line, the work done is given by:
W=F×dW = F \times d if the force is in the same direction as displacement.

Energy
Definition of Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work. The SI unit of energy is the Joule (J).

Types of Energy

1. Kinetic Energy
o Energy possessed by a body due to its motion.
o Mathematically, kinetic energy (KE) is given by: KE=12mv2KE = \frac{1}{2}
mv^2 where:
 mm = mass of the object (kg)
 vv = velocity of the object (m/s)
o Example: A moving car, a flowing river, a thrown ball.
2. Potential Energy
o Energy possessed by a body due to its position or configuration.
o Mathematically, potential energy (PE) is given by: PE=mghPE = mgh where:
 mm = mass of the object (kg)
 gg = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²)
 hh = height of the object (m)
o Example: Water stored in a dam, a stretched rubber band.

Work-Energy Theorem

The Work-Energy Theorem states that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its
kinetic energy: W=ΔKE=KEf−KEiW = \Delta KE = KE_f - KE_i where:

 KEfKE_f = Final kinetic energy


 KEiKE_i = Initial kinetic energy

This theorem explains that work done on an object results in a change in its energy.

Power
Definition of Power

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. The formula for power is:
P=WtP = \frac{W}{t} where:
 PP = Power (Watt, W)
 WW = Work done (Joules, J)
 tt = Time taken (seconds, s)

Unit of Power

The SI unit of power is Watt (W), where: 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second

Commercial Unit of Energy

The commercial unit of energy is Kilowatt-hour (kWh). 1kWh=1000×3600=3.6×106J1 kWh =


1000 \times 3600 = 3.6 \times 10^6 J

Law of Conservation of Energy


Statement

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to
another, but the total energy remains constant.

Examples of Energy Transformation

1. Electric fan: Electrical energy → Mechanical energy


2. Electric bulb: Electrical energy → Light and heat energy
3. Solar panel: Solar energy → Electrical energy

Application of the Law in Free-Falling Bodies

 When a body is at height hh, it has maximum potential energy and zero kinetic energy.
 As it falls, potential energy decreases, and kinetic energy increases.
 Just before hitting the ground, kinetic energy is maximum, and potential energy is
minimum.
 The total energy remains the same at all points.

Numerical Problems
Example 1: Calculating Work Done

Q1: A force of 50 N is applied to move a box by 4 meters in the direction of the force. Calculate
the work done. Solution: W=F×dW = F \times d W=50×4W = 50 \times 4 W=200JW = 200 J

Example 2: Kinetic Energy Calculation


Q2: A car of mass 1000 kg is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. Find its kinetic energy.
Solution: KE=12mv2KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 KE=12×1000×(20)2KE = \frac{1}{2} \times 1000
\times (20)^2 KE=12×1000×400KE = \frac{1}{2} \times 1000 \times 400 KE=200,000JKE =
200,000 J

Example 3: Potential Energy Calculation

Q3: A stone of mass 2 kg is kept at a height of 10 m. Find its potential energy. Solution:
PE=mghPE = mgh PE=2×9.8×10PE = 2 \times 9.8 \times 10 PE=196JPE = 196 J

Conclusion
 Work is done when a force causes displacement.
 Energy is the ability to do work and exists in different forms like kinetic and potential
energy.
 The work-energy theorem relates work to changes in kinetic energy.
 Power is the rate of doing work and is measured in watts.
 The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed,
only transformed.

Understanding these concepts helps us analyze real-world phenomena like electricity generation,
vehicle motion, and machine efficiency.

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