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The document outlines the components of a database system, including indices, statistical data, and query processor components such as the DML compiler and query evaluation engine. It categorizes database users into naive, application programmers, sophisticated, and specialized users, while also detailing the responsibilities of database administrators. Additionally, it provides a brief history of database systems, highlighting the evolution from punch cards to modern databases.

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10 views3 pages

Test 1

The document outlines the components of a database system, including indices, statistical data, and query processor components such as the DML compiler and query evaluation engine. It categorizes database users into naive, application programmers, sophisticated, and specialized users, while also detailing the responsibilities of database administrators. Additionally, it provides a brief history of database systems, highlighting the evolution from punch cards to modern databases.

Uploaded by

govindanm223
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Indices

which provide fast access to data items that hold particular


values.
 Statistical data
Which stores statistical information about the data in the
database.
b. Query Processor Components
 DML compiler
It translates DML statements in a query language into low level
instructions that a query evaluation engine understands.

DML Compiler

Query language Low level


Instructions

(Input) (Output)

 Embedded DML Precompiler


It converts DML statements embedded in an application program
to normal procedure calls in the host language .The precompiler
must interact with DML compiler to generate appropriate code.
 DDL interpreter
It interprets DDL statements and records them in a set of tables
containing meta data.
 Query Evaluation Engine
It executes low level instructions generated by the DML compiler.

1.12 DATABASE USERS AND ADMINISTRATORS


Primary goal of database system is to retrieve information from
stored database. A person who is working with database can be
categorized into two types.
 Database Users
 Database Administrators
Database Users:-

Database system users classified into four types:-

 Naïve users
 Application programmers
 Sophisticated users
 Specialized users
Naïve Users:-
 They are unsophisticated users.
 They interact with the system by invoking the application programs.
Application programmers:-

 They are computer professionals who are specialized in writing,


developing or maintaining application programs.
Sophisticated Users:-
 These types of users are interacting with the system without writing
programs.

 They form their request in a database query language.


 Analyst comes under this category.
 They use two types of tools for their analysis task.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP): This tool simplifies analyst’s tasks


by viewing summaries of data in different views.
Data mining: This tool helps to find the certain kinds of patterns in data.
Specialized Users:-

They are sophisticated users who write specialized database


applications that do not fit into the traditional data-processing framework.
Database Administrators:-

A person who is responsible for the design, development, operation


protection, management, maintenance, and use of a database is called
database administrator. The functions of DBA includes:
Schema Definition:-
It creates the original database schema and executing a set of data
definition statements in the DDL. Storage structure and Access – method
Definition
A DBA creates appropriate storage structure and access methods by
writing a set of definitions, which is a translated by data-storage and data
definition language compiler.
Schema and physical organization modification:-
DBA carries changes to the schema and physical organization to reflect
changes needed by organization.
Granting of authorization for data access:-
The authorization information is kept in a special system structure.
The database system consults whenever someone attempts to access the
data in the system.
Routine maintenance:-
 Ensuring that enough free disk space is available for normal operations
and upgrading space as required Periodically backing up the data.
 Monitoring jobs.

1.13 HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEM


 Database Management System allows a person to organize, store, and
retrieve data from a computer. It is a way of communicating with a
computer’s “stored memory.” In the very early years of computers,
“punch cards” were used for input, output, and data storage.
 Punch cards offered a fast way to enter data, and to retrieve it.
Herman Hollerith is given credit for adapting the punch cards used for
weaving looms to act as the memory for a mechanical tabulating
machine, in 1890. Much later, databases came along.
Databases (or DBs) have played a very important part in the recent evolution
of computers. The first computer programs were developed in the early
1950s, and focused almost completely on coding languages and algorithms

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