UNIT – 1

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET: Introduction, Evolution of Internet, Internet

Applications, Internet Protocol -TCP/IP, UDP, HTTP, Secure Http(Shttp) Internet Addressing –
Addressing Scheme – Ipv4 & IPv6, Network Byte Order, Domain Name Server and IP Addresses,
Mapping . Internet Service Providers, Types Of Connectivity Such As Dial-Up Leaded Vsat Etc.
Web Technologies: Three Tier Web Based Architecture; Jsp, Asp, J2ee, .Net Systems

UNIT-II HTML CSS AND SCRIPTING: HTML - Introduction, Sgml, Dtd(Document Type
Definition, Basic Html Elements, Tags and usages, HTML Standards , Issues in HTML Dhtml:
Introduction Cascading Style Sheets: Syntax ,Class Selector, Id Selector Dom (Document
ObjectModel) &Dso (Data Source Object) Approaches To Dynamic Pages: Cgi, Java Applets, Plug
Ins, Active X, Java Script –Java Script Object Model, Variables-Constant – Expressions,
ConditionsRelational Operators- Data Types – FlowControl – Functions & Objects-events and event
handlers – Data type Conversion & Equality – Accessing HTML form elements

UNIT-III XML: What is XML – Basic Standards, Schema Standards, Linking & Presentation
Standards, Standards that build on XML, Generating XML data, Writing a simple XML File,
Creating a Document type definition, Documents &Data ,DefiningAttributes & Entities in the DTD
,Defining Parameter Entities & conditional Sections, Resolving a naming conflict,
UsingNamespaces, Designing an XML data structure, Normalizing Data, Normalizing DTDS

UNIT-IV INTERNET SECURITY & FIREWALLS: Security Threats From Mobile Codes, Types Of
Viruses, Client Server Security Threats, Data & Message Security, Various electronic payment
systems, Introduction to EDI, Challenges– Response System, Encrypted Documents And
Emails,Firewalls: Hardened Firewall Hosts, Ip- Packet Screening, Proxy Application Gateways, Aaa
(Authentication, AuthorizationAnd Accounting).

UNIT-V WEBSITE PLANNING & HOSTING: Introduction, Web Page Lay-Outing, Where To
Host Site, Maintenance Of Site, Registration Of Site On Search Engines And Indexes, Introduction
To File Transfer Protocol, Public Domain Software, Types Of Ftp Servers (Including
Anonymous),Ftp Clients Common Command. Telnet Protocol, Server Domain, Telnet Client,
Terminal Emulation. Usenet And Internet Relay Chat
Introduction of Internet:
Internet ek global network hai jo computers aur devices ko connect karta hai, jisse log duniya ke
kisi bhi kone se data exchange kar sakte hain. Internet ka full form hai Interconnected Network,
aur yeh TCP/IP protocol ka use karta hai.
Internet ka shuruaat ek military research project se hui thi, lekin aaj yeh duniya ke har aspect ka ek
important part ban chuka hai, jaise communication, education, business, aur entertainment.

Evolution of Internet:
1. ARPANET (1960s–1970s):
 Shuruaat: Internet ka janm ARPANET ke roop me hua, jo ki USA ke Defense Department
ke project ka hissa tha.
 Purpose: Military communication ke liye distributed network create karna.
 Pehla Milestone: 1969 me ARPANET ne first successful message transmit kiya.
2. Development of TCP/IP (1970s):
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) develop kiya gaya jo alag-alag
networks ko ek common protocol ke zariye connect karta hai.
 1983 me ARPANET ko TCP/IP protocol par migrate kiya gaya, jo modern internet ki
shuruaat thi.
3. Emergence of World Wide Web (1990s):
 Tim Berners-Lee ne 1989 me World Wide Web (WWW) develop kiya, jo internet ko
globally accessible banata hai.
 WWW ke sath URLs, HTML, aur web browsers ka bhi vikas hua.
 Pehla browser "Mosaic" (1993) ne web ko user-friendly banaya.
4. Commercialization of Internet (1990s):
 Internet ko research aur academic use se hata kar public aur business use ke liye open kiya
gaya.
 1995 me Amazon aur eBay jaise platforms ne e-commerce ki shuruaat ki.
5. Broadband and Wireless Era (2000s):
 Broadband technology ke aane se internet ki speed aur accessibility badhi.
 Wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G) ke karan internet portable aur mobile ban gaya.
6. Social Media and Web 2.0 (2000s–2010s):
 Web 2.0 ki wajah se interactive websites aur user-generated content popular hua.
 Social media platforms jaise Facebook, Twitter, aur YouTube ne global communication ko
badhava diya.
7. Modern Internet (2010s–Present):
  5G Technology: Faster connectivity aur real-time communication.
 IoT (Internet of Things): Devices (smartphones, home appliances) internet se connected ho
gaye.
 Cloud Computing: Data aur applications ko remotely access karna possible hua.
 AI aur Big Data: Internet ke zariye real-time analytics aur automation ka vikas.

Conclusion:
Internet ne 50+ saalon ke andar ek military tool se lekar ek global necessity ka roop le liya hai. Yeh
aaj ke zamane ka backbone hai, jo education, business, healthcare, aur communication ke har aspect
ko transform kar raha hai.
Key Milestones in Evolution:
1. ARPANET → TCP/IP → WWW
2. Broadband & Wireless → Social Media → IoT & AI
Internet ka vikas aane wale samay me aur zyada advanced technologies ko support karega, jaise 6G
networks aur metaverse.

Applications of Internet (Internet ke Prayog):

Internet ka istemal aaj har field me hota hai, aur yeh hamare daily life ka ek important hissa ban
chuka hai. Yahaan kuch important applications diye gaye hain:

1. Communication (Sanchar):
Internet ka sabse bada application communication hai. Log apne dosto, parivaar aur colleagues ke
saath asani se connect ho sakte hain.
 Examples:
o Email (Gmail, Yahoo Mail)
o Instant Messaging (WhatsApp, Telegram)
o Video Calls (Zoom, Google Meet, Skype)

2. Information Sharing (Jankari Ka Adan-Pradan):

Internet par kisi bhi topic ke baare me knowledge search kiya ja sakta hai. Education aur research ke
liye yeh ek bada resource hai.
 Examples:
 o Search Engines (Google, Bing)
o Educational Platforms (Khan Academy, Coursera, Byju’s)
o Wikipedia aur Online Forums

3. E-Commerce (Online Shopping):

Online shopping ke liye internet ka use badhta ja raha hai. Ab log ghar baithe apne liye products
kharid sakte hain.
 Examples:
o Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra
o Payment Gateways (Paytm, Google Pay, PhonePe)

4. Entertainment (Manoranjan):
Movies, music aur games ke liye bhi internet ka wide use hota hai. OTT platforms aur online
gaming ka craze badh raha hai.
 Examples:
o Streaming (Netflix, YouTube, Spotify)
o Online Gaming (PUBG, Call of Duty, Ludo King)

5. Online Banking aur Financial Transactions (Digital Payment):

Ab banking aur financial transactions bhi asaan ho gayi hain. Log ghar baithe fund transfer, bill
payment, aur investments karte hain.
 Examples:
o Internet Banking (SBI, HDFC)
o UPI Apps (Google Pay, BHIM, Paytm)
o Stock Market Apps (Zerodha, Groww)

6. Social Networking (Samajik Sampark):

Internet ke madhyam se log apne thoughts aur experiences share karte hain aur naye logon se milte
hain.
 Examples:
o Facebook, Instagram, Twitter
o LinkedIn (Professional Networking)
7. Online Education (E-Learning):
Pandemic ke baad online education kaafi popular ho gayi hai. Students internet ke madhyam se ghar
baithe education le sakte hain.
 Examples:
o Online Classes (Zoom, Google Classroom)
o E-Learning Platforms (Udemy, Coursera, Vedantu)

8. Healthcare (Telemedicine):
Doctors aur patients ke beech consultation ab online ho raha hai. Health monitoring apps aur
websites bhi popular hain.
 Examples:
o Practo, Apollo 24/7
o Health Tracking Apps (Fitbit, Google Fit)

9. Job Search aur Freelancing (Naukri Dhoondhna):

Internet ka use kar ke log apne liye naukri search karte hain aur freelancing kar ke paisa kamaate
hain.
 Examples:
o Job Portals (Naukri.com, Indeed)
o Freelancing Platforms (Fiverr, Upwork)

10. Cloud Computing aur Storage:

Internet ke zariye data ko secure aur remotely access karna possible hai. Cloud storage kaafi useful
hai.
 Examples:
o Google Drive, Dropbox
o Cloud Computing Services (AWS, Azure)

Conclusion:
Internet ka application har field me hai, jaise communication, education, entertainment, aur finance.
Yeh technology duniya ko chhoti banake hum sab ko ek doosre se jodne ka kaam kar raha hai.
Internet Protocol (IP) Kya Hai?
Internet Protocol (IP) ek communication protocol hai jo data packets ko ek device se doosri device
tak internet ke through bhejne me madad karta hai. Yeh ensure karta hai ki data sahi destination par
pahunch jaye. IP ko network layer protocol bhi kaha jata hai, jo OSI model ke 3rd layer par kaam
karta hai.

Kaise Kaam Karta Hai IP?

1. Data Packet Division: Jab aap internet par koi data bhejte ho (jaise ek file ya email), toh
woh chhoti-chhoti packets me divide ho jata hai.
2. Addressing: Har packet ke saath ek source address aur ek destination address hota hai (IP
addresses).
3. Routing: Routers in packets ko destination tak pahunchate hain, chahe unhe alag-alag routes
se jana pade.
4. Reassembly: Destination par yeh packets dobara assemble hoke original data banate hain.

IP Address Kya Hota Hai?

IP address ek unique number hota hai jo har device ko network par identify karne ke liye diya jata
hai.
 Example: 192.168.1.1 (IPv4), 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 (IPv6).

Types of Internet Protocols:

1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4):
o Ye purana version hai jo 32-bit address use karta hai.
o Example: 192.168.0.1
o Limit: Sirf 4.3 billion unique addresses support karta hai.
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6):
o Ye naya version hai jo 128-bit address use karta hai aur zyada unique addresses
provide karta hai.
o Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

Real-Life Example:
1. Website Access: Jab aap www.google.com open karte ho, aapka browser DNS server se
Google ka IP address (jaise 172.217.10.46) fetch karta hai. Uske baad aapka device Google
ke server se data packets exchange karta hai.
 2. Video Call: Jab aap video call karte ho, aapka aur samne wale ka device apne IP addresses
ke through ek doosre se connect hote hain.

Working Diagram:
User Device (192.168.1.2) ---> Router ---> Internet ---> Destination Server (172.217.10.46)
1. User device ka IP: 192.168.1.2
2. Server ka IP: 172.217.10.46
3. Router packets ko internet ke through sahi destination tak bhejta hai.

Advantages of IP:
1. Universal Communication: Har device ko ek unique IP milta hai.
2. Routing Efficiency: Routers IP addresses ke basis par packets ko best route ke through
bhejte hain.
3. Scalability: IPv6 ki wajah se unlimited devices internet se connect ho sakte hain.
Summary:
Internet Protocol ek backbone hai jo ensure karta hai ki internet par data safely aur efficiently
exchange ho sake. Iska use har internet-based service, jaise web browsing, email, aur streaming ke
liye hota hai.

Internet Protocol (IP) Kya Hai?

Internet Protocol (IP) ek communication protocol hai jo data packets ko ek device se doosri device
tak internet ke through bhejne me madad karta hai. Yeh ensure karta hai ki data sahi destination par
pahunch jaye. IP ko network layer protocol bhi kaha jata hai, jo OSI model ke 3rd layer par kaam
karta hai.

Kaise Kaam Karta Hai IP?

1. Data Packet Division: Jab aap internet par koi data bhejte ho (jaise ek file ya email), toh
woh chhoti-chhoti packets me divide ho jata hai.
2. Addressing: Har packet ke saath ek source address aur ek destination address hota hai (IP
addresses).
3. Routing: Routers in packets ko destination tak pahunchate hain, chahe unhe alag-alag routes
se jana pade.
4. Reassembly: Destination par yeh packets dobara assemble hoke original data banate hain.
IP Address Kya Hota Hai?
IP address ek unique number hota hai jo har device ko network par identify karne ke liye diya jata
hai.
 Example: 192.168.1.1 (IPv4), 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 (IPv6).

Types of Internet Protocols:

1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4):
o Ye purana version hai jo 32-bit address use karta hai.
o Example: 192.168.0.1
o Limit: Sirf 4.3 billion unique addresses support karta hai.
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6):
o Ye naya version hai jo 128-bit address use karta hai aur zyada unique addresses
provide karta hai.
o Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

Real-Life Example:
1. Website Access: Jab aap www.google.com open karte ho, aapka browser DNS server se
Google ka IP address (jaise 172.217.10.46) fetch karta hai. Uske baad aapka device Google
ke server se data packets exchange karta hai.
2. Video Call: Jab aap video call karte ho, aapka aur samne wale ka device apne IP addresses
ke through ek doosre se connect hote hain.

Working Diagram:
User Device (192.168.1.2) ---> Router ---> Internet ---> Destination Server (172.217.10.46)
1. User device ka IP: 192.168.1.2
2. Server ka IP: 172.217.10.46
3. Router packets ko internet ke through sahi destination tak bhejta hai.

Advantages of IP:
1. Universal Communication: Har device ko ek unique IP milta hai.
2. Routing Efficiency: Routers IP addresses ke basis par packets ko best route ke through
bhejte hain.
3. Scalability: IPv6 ki wajah se unlimited devices internet se connect ho sakte hain.
Summary:
Internet Protocol ek backbone hai jo ensure karta hai ki internet par data safely aur efficiently
exchange ho sake. Iska use har internet-based service, jaise web browsing, email, aur streaming ke
liye hota hai.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) Kya Hai?

UDP ek lightweight aur fast communication protocol hai jo Transport Layer (OSI Model) par
kaam karta hai. Yeh protocol connectionless hota hai, matlab yeh sender aur receiver ke beech pehle
se connection establish nahi karta. UDP real-time applications ke liye kaam aata hai jaha speed
zyada important hoti hai aur data loss acceptable hai.

Features of UDP:
1. Connectionless Protocol: Data packets (datagrams) ko directly send karta hai bina pehle
connection establish kiye.
2. Faster Transmission: Handshake nahi hota, isliye speed zyada hoti hai.
3. No Reliability: Yeh ensure nahi karta ki data sahi se pahucha ya nahi. Agar packet lost hota
hai, toh usse recover karna sender ka kaam nahi hota.
4. No Flow Control: UDP me flow control ka mechanism nahi hota.
5. Lightweight: Overhead kam hota hai, isliye zyada resources use nahi karta.

UDP Header Structure:

UDP header me 4 fields hoti hain, aur yeh total 8 bytes ka hota hai.

Field Size (bytes) Description

Source Port 2 Sender ki port number

Destination Port 2 Receiver ki port number

Length 2 Header + Data ka total size

Checksum 2 Error checking ke liye

Diagram:
+--------------------+--------------------+
| Source Port | Destination Port |
+--------------------+--------------------+
| Length | Checksum |
+--------------------+--------------------+
| Data (Payload) |
+-----------------------------------------+

Kaise Kaam Karta Hai (How UDP Works):

1. Sender data ko datagrams me todta hai aur destination IP address aur port ke through send
karta hai.
2. Receiver directly data receive karta hai bina confirmation ya retry ke.

Examples of UDP Usage:

1. DNS (Domain Name System):
Jab browser ek website ke domain name ka IP address find karta hai, toh DNS queries ke liye
UDP use hota hai kyunki speed zaroori hai.
Example: www.google.com ko IP me convert karna.
2. Live Streaming:
Video aur audio streaming apps (like YouTube, Netflix) UDP ka use karti hain kyunki yaha
data loss thoda acceptable hai, lekin speed critical hai.
3. Gaming:
Online multiplayer games UDP use karte hain real-time communication ke liye. Agar ek
packet lost ho jaye, toh game continue kar leta hai bina delay ke.
4. VoIP (Voice over IP):
Skype aur Zoom jaise applications UDP use karte hain audio/video calls ke liye.

Diagram (UDP Communication):

+-------------+ UDP Packet +-------------+
| Sender | -------------------------> | Receiver |
| (Client) | | (Server) |
+-------------+ +-------------+
1. Data split into packets 1. Packets received
2. Directly sent to IP + Port 2. No confirmation
3. No retransmission for lost packets 3. Process whatever arrives

Advantages of UDP:
1. Faster transmission.
 2. Low latency.
3. Best for real-time data transfer.
Disadvantages of UDP:
1. No error correction or retransmission.
2. Data loss possible.
3. Not suitable for sensitive data (e.g., financial transactions).

Summary: UDP fast aur lightweight protocol hai jo un scenarios me use hota hai jaha real-time
data transfer ki zarurat hoti hai, aur data loss ko tolerate kiya ja sakta hai.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

HTTP ek protocol hai jo web browsers aur web servers ke beech communication ke liye use hota
hai. Ye ek stateless protocol hai, yani har request independent hoti hai. Iska use web pages aur
resources (images, videos) ko access karne ke liye hota hai.

Features of HTTP:
1. Stateless Protocol: Server request ko yaad nahi rakhta.
2. Port: HTTP ke liye default port 80 hai.
3. Data Encryption: HTTP me data unencrypted hota hai, jo ise insecure banata hai.
4. Use Cases: Websites ke liye jo sensitive data nahi handle karti hain.

Example of HTTP:
Agar aap ek URL open karte ho, jaise http://example.com, to browser aur server ke beech HTTP
request-response hota hai:
 HTTP Request:
 GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
 Host: example.com
 HTTP Response:
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 Content-Type: text/html
 <html>
  <body>Hello World!</body>
 </html>

S-HTTP (Secure HTTP):

S-HTTP ek protocol hai jo HTTP ke upar kaam karta hai aur communication ko secure banata hai.
Isme encryption ka use hota hai, taaki data hackers ke liye readable na rahe.

Features of S-HTTP:
1. Encryption: S-HTTP requests aur responses ko encrypt karta hai.
2. Port: Default port 443 hai (par HTTP ke saath bhi use ho sakta hai).
3. Security: Secure transactions ke liye use hota hai (e.g., payment gateways).
4. Use Cases: Sensitive information transfer karte waqt, jaise online banking, e-commerce.

Example of S-HTTP:
Agar ek user secure website access karta hai, jaise https://secure.example.com, tab browser aur
server encrypted data exchange karte hain.
 Encrypted HTTP Request:
 GET /secure-page.html HTTP/1.1
 Host: secure.example.com
 (Encrypted Content)
 Encrypted HTTP Response:
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 Content-Type: text/html
 (Encrypted Content)

Diagram (HTTP vs S-HTTP):

HTTP Communication:
+---------+ Unencrypted Data +---------+
| Browser | -------------------------> | Server |
+---------+ +---------+

S-HTTP Communication:
+---------+ Encrypted Data (Secure) +---------+
| Browser | -------------------------> | Server |
+---------+ +---------+

Key Differences Between HTTP and S-HTTP:

Aspect HTTP S-HTTP

Data Security Unencrypted (Insecure) Encrypted (Secure)

Default Port 80 443

Use Cases General browsing Sensitive data (payments)

Data Integrity Vulnerable to attacks Protected from attacks

Real-World Example:
 HTTP: Browsing news websites like http://news.com.
 S-HTTP: Online shopping and payments at https://amazon.com.
S-HTTP ke wajah se sensitive data jaise credit card numbers, passwords, aur personal information
safe hoti hai.

Internet Addressing Kya Hai?

Internet addressing ka matlab hai internet par kisi device, website, ya resource ko uniquely identify
karna. Iske liye IP (Internet Protocol) addresses ka use hota hai. Har device ya resource ka ek unique
IP address hota hai jo communication ke liye zaroori hai.

Types of Internet Addressing:

1. IPv4 Addressing:
o IPv4 addresses 32 bits ke hote hain.
o Format: Dotted Decimal Notation (A.B.C.D) jisme 4 octets hote hain.
o Example: 192.168.1.1.
o Total addresses: Approximately 4.3 billion.
2. IPv6 Addressing:
o IPv6 addresses 128 bits ke hote hain, jo zyada devices ko address kar sakte hain.
 o Format: Hexadecimal Notation separated by colons (:).
o Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
o Total addresses: Practically unlimited.
3. Domain Names:
o Human-readable addresses jo IP address ke upar ek layer provide karte hain.
o Example: www.google.com is mapped to an IP address.
4. MAC Address:
o Physical address jo har network device (jaise ki NIC card) ke liye unique hoti hai.
o Example: 00-14-22-01-23-45.

Example of Internet Addressing:

 Aapne browser me www.google.com type kiya.
 Domain Name System (DNS) www.google.com ko uske IP address me translate karega, jaise
172.217.160.78.
 Is IP address ka use karke, aapka browser Google ke server se connect karega.

Diagram of Internet Addressing:

User Device (Browser)
|
v
Domain Name (www.google.com)
|
v
DNS Server (Resolves domain to IP)
|
v
IP Address (172.217.160.78)
|
v
Google Web Server
Explanation of Diagram:
1. User ek domain name dalta hai (e.g., www.google.com).
 2. DNS server domain name ko uske IP address me convert karta hai.
3. IP address ka use karke communication establish hoti hai.

Practical Example:
1. IPv4 Address: 192.168.0.1 (Commonly used for home routers).
2. IPv6 Address: 2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
3. Domain Name: www.youtube.com (Maps to IP: 142.250.190.14).
Is tarah internet addressing ka use devices aur servers ke beech communication ke liye hota hai.

IPv4 and IPv6 Explained in Hinglish

Internet Protocol (IP) ka use devices ko uniquely identify karne ke liye hota hai jo internet ya kisi
network se connected hote hain. IPv4 aur IPv6 IP ke do versions hain.

1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4):

 Definition: IPv4 ek purana aur widely used protocol hai jo 32-bit address scheme par kaam
karta hai.
 Address Format: IPv4 address 4 octets me likha jata hai, har octet ko dot (.) se separate kiya
jata hai.
Example: 192.168.1.1
 Total Addresses: 2³² (approximately 4.3 billion addresses).
 Limitation: Limited number of addresses hone ki wajah se yeh future demand ke liye
insufficient hai.
Example of IPv4 Address Usage:
 Ek home Wi-Fi router ka IPv4 address: 192.168.0.1

2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6):

 Definition: IPv6 ek updated version hai jo 128-bit address scheme par kaam karta hai, jisme
zyada devices ko connect karne ki capacity hai.
 Address Format: IPv6 address hexadecimal format me hota hai aur colons (:) se separate
hota hai.
Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
 Total Addresses: 2¹²⁸ (340 undecillion addresses, practically unlimited).
  Advantage: Larger address space, improved security, and better support for modern
networks.
Example of IPv6 Address Usage:
 Ek data center ke servers ka IPv6 address: 2401:db00:3020:70c9::1

Comparison Table: IPv4 vs IPv6

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address Size 32-bit 128-bit

Address Format Decimal (e.g., 192.168.1.1) Hexadecimal (e.g., 2001::1)

Address Space 4.3 billion Virtually unlimited

Security Less Secure Built-in security (IPSec)

Speed Slower routing Faster routing

Usage Older networks Modern and future networks

Diagram Representation
+-----------------+ +--------------------+
| IPv4 Address | | IPv6 Address |
+-----------------+ +--------------------+
| 192.168.0.1 | | 2001:0db8::1 |
| 10.0.0.1 | | 2401:db00:3020::1 |
| 172.16.254.1 | | 2001:0db8:85a3::1 |
+-----------------+ +--------------------+

(32-bit) IPv4 -> |---NETWORK---|---LIMITED ADDRESSES---|

(128-bit) IPv6 -> |---FUTURE-PROOF, SCALABLE ADDRESSES---|

Use Case Example:

1. IPv4 Usage:
Aapka home network ka IP address 192.168.1.2 hota hai jab aap apna mobile connect karte
hain Wi-Fi se.
2. IPv6 Usage:
A large-scale company like Google apne servers ke liye IPv6 use karti hai, jaise:
2607:f8b0:4005:805::200e.
Conclusion:
IPv4 still widely used hai, lekin IPv6 zyada scalable aur future-ready solution hai modern devices
aur networks ke liye.

Network Byte Order Kya Hai?

Network byte order ek standardized format hai jo data ko network me transfer karte waqt use kiya
jata hai. Yeh format Big-Endian hota hai, jisme Most Significant Byte (MSB) ko pehle bheja jata
hai, aur Least Significant Byte (LSB) ko baad me.
Need for Network Byte Order:
Different systems data ko different byte orders me store karte hain:
1. Big-Endian (Network Byte Order): Most significant byte pehle store hoti hai.
2. Little-Endian (Host Byte Order): Least significant byte pehle store hoti hai.
Network communication me consistency maintain karne ke liye, data ko Big-Endian format me
convert kiya jata hai, taki alag-alag systems data ko correctly interpret kar saken.

Example:
Host Byte Order (Little-Endian):
Agar ek system me data 0x12345678 store hai:
 Memory layout: 78 56 34 12
 LSB (78) sabse pehle store hoti hai.
Network Byte Order (Big-Endian):
Same data 0x12345678 ko network pe bhejne se pehle convert karte hain:
 Memory layout: 12 34 56 78
 MSB (12) sabse pehle bheji jaati hai.

Conversion Functions in Programming:

Languages jaise C me byte order convert karne ke liye predefined functions hote hain:
1. htonl(): Host to Network Long (32-bit).
2. htons(): Host to Network Short (16-bit).
3. ntohl(): Network to Host Long.
4. ntohs(): Network to Host Short.
Diagram:
Host (Little-Endian) Network (Big-Endian)
+-----------+ +-----------+
| 78 | LSB | 12 | MSB
| 56 | | 34 |
| 34 | | 56 |
| 12 | MSB | 78 | LSB
+-----------+ +-----------+

Use Case:
Scenario:
Ek little-endian machine se data send kiya gaya hai, jo ek big-endian machine ko receive karna
hai. Agar byte order same nahi hoga, to data corrupt ya galat interpret ho sakta hai.
Example:
1. Sender (Little-Endian Machine):
Data: 0x12345678 (stored as 78 56 34 12). Before sending: Convert to Big-Endian (12 34 56
78).
2. Receiver (Big-Endian Machine):
Data received in Big-Endian (12 34 56 78).
Interpreted correctly as 0x12345678.

Conclusion:
Network byte order ensures that machines with different architectures (Big-Endian, Little-Endian)
can communicate without data misinterpretation. It’s especially useful in protocols like TCP/IP for
reliable data transfer.

Internet Service Provider (ISP) Kya Hai?

Internet Service Provider (ISP) ek aisi company ya organization hoti hai jo individuals aur
businesses ko internet access provide karti hai. ISP ke through aap internet ke services jaise
browsing, emailing, streaming, aur gaming ka use kar sakte ho.

ISP ke Main Features:

 1. Internet Access: ISP broadband, fiber-optic, DSL, satellite, ya dial-up ke through internet
connectivity provide karta hai.
2. IP Address Allocation: Har user ko ek unique IP address assign karta hai.
3. Email Services: Kai ISPs email accounts (e.g., [email protected]) bhi dete hain.
4. Hosting Services: Websites aur servers ko host karne ke liye space provide karta hai.
5. Customer Support: Connectivity issues solve karne ke liye support system available hota
hai.

Types of ISPs:
1. Dial-Up ISPs: Old technology, slow speed, telephone lines use karta hai.
2. Broadband ISPs: High-speed internet via DSL, cable, ya fiber-optic.
3. Mobile ISPs: 4G/5G services jo mobile network providers offer karte hain.
4. Satellite ISPs: Remote areas me internet provide karte hain.

Examples of ISPs:
1. India: Jio, Airtel, BSNL, ACT Fibernet.
2. Global: Comcast, AT&T, Verizon, Spectrum.

ISP Ka Diagram:
Internet Backbone (Global Network)
|
----------------
| |
ISP 1 ISP 2
(Jio) (Airtel)
| |
----------------------------
| | |
Home Business Mobile Users
Users Users (4G/5G)
Explanation of Diagram:
1. Internet Backbone: Yeh world-wide interconnected servers aur networks ka global
infrastructure hai.
 2. ISPs: Jio aur Airtel jaise companies backbone se connect hokar users ko internet provide
karte hain.
3. End Users: ISPs ke customers jo home, business, ya mobile devices ke through internet
access karte hain.

Example in Real Life:

1. Home User: Ek student Airtel ka broadband use karta hai online classes ke liye.
2. Business User: Ek office JioFiber ka use kar raha hai high-speed data ke liye.
3. Remote Area User: Ek village BSNL ke satellite internet se connected hai.

Conclusion:
ISP ek mediator ki tarah kaam karta hai jo aapko internet backbone se connect karta hai. Har ISP
apni speed, services, aur pricing ke basis par different hota hai, aur users apne requirement ke hisaab
se ISP choose karte hain.

Dial-up Connection aur Leased Line VSAT ka Explanation

1. Dial-up Connection:
Dial-up ek traditional internet connection hai jo telephone lines ka use karta hai data transfer ke liye.
Isme ek modem ka use hota hai jo analog signal ko digital me convert karta hai aur vice-versa.
Features of Dial-up:
 Connection Establishment: Har bar call karke connection establish karna padta hai.
 Speed: Bahut slow hoti hai, maximum speed ~56 kbps tak hoti hai.
 Cost: Usage-based billing (jitna time use karte ho, utna charge lagta hai).
 Suitability: Personal ya small-scale use ke liye.

Diagram for Dial-up:

[Computer] ---> [Modem] ---> [Telephone Line] ---> [ISP Server] ---> [Internet]
Example:
 Ek chhoti office jo sirf email check karna ya light browsing ke liye internet use karti hai.
 Pehle ke zamane me ghar me dial-up kaafi common tha.
2. Leased VSAT Connection:
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) ek satellite-based communication system hai jo remote
locations me internet provide karta hai. Leased VSAT ek dedicated line provide karta hai jo
hamesha active rehti hai.
Features of Leased VSAT:
 Always On: Leased line hamesha active hoti hai, dial karne ki zarurat nahi hoti.
 High Speed: Compare to dial-up, zyada speed aur stability provide karta hai.
 Coverage: Remote aur rural areas me bhi available hota hai.
 Cost: High cost, kyunki dedicated bandwidth allocate hoti hai.
 Suitability: Large-scale businesses, banks, aur remote offices ke liye suitable hai.

Diagram for VSAT:

[User's Device] ---> [VSAT Antenna] ---> [Satellite] ---> [Hub Station] ---> [Internet]
Example:
 Ek bank jo apne remote branches me real-time transactions ke liye leased VSAT use karta
hai.
 Oil and gas companies jo remote sites par communication ke liye satellite use karti hain.

Comparison Table (Dial-up vs Leased VSAT):

Feature Dial-up Leased VSAT

Speed ~56 kbps (low) High (Mbps range)

Connection Type On-demand (dial karna) Always-on

Cost Low High

Coverage Limited (telephone line) Global (satellite-based)

Use Case Small-scale, personal Large-scale, remote areas

Conclusion:
 Dial-up: Simple aur low-cost solution, par outdated hai.
 Leased VSAT: Reliable aur fast solution jo aaj bhi rural aur inaccessible areas ke liye
relevant hai.
Both technologies apne-apne use cases ke liye kaam aati hain, but modern scenarios me dial-up ko
mostly broadband aur leased VSAT ne replace kar diya hai.
JSP (Java Server Pages) aur ASP (Active Server Pages) Kya Hain?
1. JSP (Java Server Pages):
JSP ek server-side technology hai jo Java programming language use karke dynamic web pages
banata hai. JSP ka use web applications ke frontend aur backend ke beech ka interaction manage
karne ke liye hota hai.
 Developed by: Sun Microsystems (ab Oracle).
 Language Used: Java.
Features of JSP:
 HTML aur Java code ko mix karke likha jata hai.
 Platform-independent hai.
 JSP files ka extension .jsp hota hai.

2. ASP (Active Server Pages):

ASP ek Microsoft ki technology hai jo dynamic web pages banata hai aur backend logic implement
karta hai.
 Developed by: Microsoft.
 Language Used: VBScript aur JScript.
Features of ASP:
 Windows environment ke liye optimized hai.
 ASP files ka extension .asp hota hai.
 IIS (Internet Information Services) ke sath kaam karta hai.

Comparison Between JSP and ASP:

Feature JSP ASP

Developer Sun Microsystems (Oracle) Microsoft

Language Java VBScript, JScript

Platform Platform-independent Windows-based

File Extension .jsp .asp

Ease of Use Java experts ke liye asaan Beginners ke liye suitable

Server Dependency Apache Tomcat, WebLogic IIS (Internet Information Services)

Examples:
JSP Example: Hello World Page
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World from JSP!</h1>
<%
// Backend logic in Java
String message = "Welcome to Java Server Pages!";
out.println("<p>" + message + "</p>");
%>
</body>
</html>

ASP Example: Hello World Page

<%@ Language="VBScript" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>ASP Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World from ASP!</h1>
<%
' Backend logic in VBScript
Dim message
message = "Welcome to Active Server Pages!"
Response.Write("<p>" & message & "</p>")
%>
</body>
</html>

Diagram (Comparison):
+---------------------+ +---------------------+
| JSP | | ASP |
+---------------------+ +---------------------+
| Uses Java | | Uses VBScript |
| Runs on Apache | | Runs on IIS |
| .jsp files | | .asp files |
+----------+----------+ +----------+----------+
| |
| |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| Web Server | | Web Server |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| |
v v
+----------------+ +----------------+
| Dynamic Web | | Dynamic Web |
| Page Response | | Page Response |
+----------------+ +----------------+

Use Cases:
 JSP:
o Enterprise-level applications (e.g., banking systems).
o Cross-platform web applications.
 ASP:
o Microsoft ecosystem applications.
o Small to medium web projects on Windows servers.
J2EE and .NET Systems in Hinglish
J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) aur .NET dono hi enterprise-level applications banane ke
liye platforms hain. Yeh alag-alag technologies ko support karte hain, aur large-scale applications
me use hote hain, jaise banking systems, e-commerce websites, aur CRM tools.

1. J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition):

J2EE ek platform hai jo Java-based applications banane ke liye use hota hai. Isme enterprise
applications ke liye required tools aur APIs diye gaye hain.
Features of J2EE:
1. Platform Independent: Java "Write Once, Run Anywhere" principle follow karta hai.
2. Multitier Architecture: Client, server, aur database ko alag-alag tiers me divide karta hai.
3. Scalability: Large applications ko handle karne ke liye suitable hai.
4. APIs Support: Servlets, JSP (Java Server Pages), EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans), JDBC (Java
Database Connectivity) ka support karta hai.
Example of J2EE Application:
 E-commerce platforms like Amazon where users interact via a web interface and backend
processes handle inventory, payments, etc.
Diagram of J2EE Architecture:
+-------------------+
| Client Tier | (Browser / Mobile App)
+-------------------+
|
+-------------------+
| Web Tier | (Servlets / JSP)
+-------------------+
|
+-------------------+
| Business Tier | (EJB / Business Logic)
+-------------------+
|
+-------------------+
| Data Tier | (Database)
+-------------------+
2. .NET (Dot Net):
.NET Microsoft ka framework hai jo applications banane ke liye use hota hai. Yeh mainly Windows-
based systems ke liye design kiya gaya hai.
Features of .NET:
1. Language Interoperability: Multiple languages (C#, VB.NET, F#) ko support karta hai.
2. Rich Libraries: .NET ke paas bahut saari pre-built libraries hain jo development process ko
asaan banati hain.
3. Cross-Platform (with .NET Core): Modern .NET Core framework cross-platform
(Windows, Linux, Mac) applications banane ke liye use hota hai.
4. Web, Desktop, and Mobile Support: ASP.NET web development ke liye, aur WPF aur
Xamarin desktop aur mobile development ke liye.
Example of .NET Application:
 Online banking systems where user authentication, transactions, and notifications are
managed seamlessly.
Diagram of .NET Architecture:
+-------------------+
| Client Tier | (Browser / Desktop App)
+-------------------+
|
+-------------------+
| Presentation Tier | (ASP.NET / WPF)
+-------------------+
|
+-------------------+
| Business Tier | (C# / VB.NET)
+-------------------+
|
+-------------------+
| Data Tier | (SQL Server / Oracle)
+-------------------+

Comparison Between J2EE and .NET:

Feature J2EE .NET

Platform Platform-independent Windows-focused (with .NET Core cross-platform)

Languages Java C#, VB.NET, F#, etc.

Web Framework Servlets, JSP ASP.NET

Database Any database (via JDBC) SQL Server, Oracle, etc.

Usage Large-scale enterprise apps Enterprise apps, Windows apps

Real-World Use Cases:

1. J2EE: Flipkart backend is J2EE-based, handling millions of transactions daily.
2. .NET: Many banks like ICICI and HDFC use .NET-based systems for online banking
portals.
Yeh dono systems enterprise-level solutions ke liye kaafi popular hain, aur dono ke apne advantages
aur limitations hote hain, jo application requirements par depend karte hain.

Internet Mapping Kya Hai?

Internet mapping ka matlab hai, internet pe jo different networks aur devices hain, unka structure
aur unke connections ko visualize karna. Yeh process internet ke network topology ko samajhne
mein madad karta hai, jaise kaunse servers, routers, aur computers kaise ek dusre se connected hain.
Internet Mapping ki Importance:
1. Network Structure ka Understanding: Internet mapping se humein pata chalta hai ki
networks kaise interconnected hain, kaunse routes data follow karte hain, aur kaunse devices
kaunse networks mein hain.
2. Troubleshooting aur Security: Agar network mein koi issue ho, toh internet mapping se
identify karna easy hota hai ki problem kis part mein ho rahi hai.
3. Optimizing Performance: Mapping se yeh samajhna aasan hota hai ki data ka flow kis tarah
ho raha hai, jisse performance ko optimize kiya ja sakta hai.

Example of Internet Mapping:

Suppose hum ek local network ka internet mapping samajhna chahte hain jisme computers aur
servers connected hain.
1. Home Network:
 o Aapke ghar mein ek Wi-Fi router hai jo aapke computer, mobile, aur smart devices
ko connect karta hai.
o Router ka internet connection ISP (Internet Service Provider) se hota hai.
o ISP ke through aapka network bigger internet se connected hota hai.
Internet mapping ka process yeh dikhaega ki router ka IP address kis network se connect hai, kis
path se aapka data home network se leke global internet tak jaa raha hai.
2. Corporate Network:
o Ek company ka network kaafi complex hota hai. Isme multiple servers, datacenters,
aur branch offices ho sakte hain.
o Mapping se yeh samajh aata hai ki company ke servers kaise interlinked hain aur kaise
users unko access karte hain.

Diagram of Internet Mapping:

Home Network Example:
+---------------------+
| Internet |
| (Global Network) |
+---------------------+
|
+--------------+
| ISP Network |
+--------------+
|
+--------------+
| Wi-Fi Router |
+--------------+
/ \
+--------+ +--------+
| Laptop | | Mobile |
+--------+ +--------+
Corporate Network Example:
+------------------------+
| Internet |
 | (Global Network) |
+------------------------+
|
+---------------------+
| ISP Network |
+---------------------+
|
+--------------------+
| Company Router |
+--------------------+
/ \
+-----------------+ +----------------+
| Web Server | | Database |
| (Hosting) | | Server |
+-----------------+ +----------------+
| |
+-------------+ +-------------+
| Branch 1 | | Branch 2 |
| Network | | Network |
+-------------+ +-------------+

Explanation of the Diagram:

1. Home Network:
o Internet (Global Network): The global internet to which the network is connected.
o ISP Network: Your internet service provider’s network that connects your home to
the internet.
o Wi-Fi Router: It connects your home network to the ISP network, distributing
internet to your devices like laptops and mobiles.
2. Corporate Network:
o Internet (Global Network): Represents the broader internet to which the company is
connected.
o ISP Network: The company’s internet provider.
 o Company Router: The central device that manages all internal and external
communications of the company network.
o Web Server/Database Server: The company's internal servers.
o Branch Networks: Multiple branch offices connected to the company’s central
network.

Real-World Example of Internet Mapping:

1. Traceroute Command (Internet Mapping Tool):
o A common tool used to map internet routes is Traceroute. Yeh tool aapko dikhaata
hai ki aapka data kaise hop-by-hop different routers aur servers ke through travel karta
hai. Example:
 Agar aap "traceroute google.com" command run karte hain, to yeh aapko step-
by-step routers aur hops dikhaega jo aapka data Google tak pahuchne ke liye
follow karta hai.
2. Google Maps of Internet (Visual Mapping):
o Internet mapping ka ek aur example hai Google Maps of the Internet, jisme
networks aur connections ko visualize karke dikhaya jata hai. Yeh map internet ke
global network ko show karta hai.

Is tarah, internet mapping internet ke vast structure ko samajhne aur analyze karne ka powerful tool
hai.

Three-Tier Web-Based Architecture:

Three-tier architecture ek popular design pattern hai jo web-based applications ke liye use hota hai.
Yeh architecture data processing, presentation, aur logic ko alag alag layers me divide karta hai, jo
ki system ko efficient, scalable, aur maintainable banata hai.
Three-Tier Architecture Components:
1. Presentation Layer (Client Tier):
o Yeh layer users ke interactions ke liye responsible hoti hai, jaha users apni browser ya
mobile app ke through data dekhenge ya input karenge.
o Examples: Web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari), Mobile apps (like Flipkart,
Amazon).
2. Business Logic Layer (Application Tier):
o Yeh layer data processing, business rules, aur application logic manage karti hai.
 o Examples: Web servers (like Apache Tomcat, Microsoft IIS), Application servers
(like Java EE, .NET).
3. Data Layer (Database Tier):
o Yeh layer data storage aur retrieval ke liye responsible hoti hai. Yeh layer data ko store
aur manage karti hai.
o Examples: Databases (like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle).

Diagram of Three-Tier Web-Based Architecture:

+------------------+ +------------------+ +------------------+
| Presentation Layer | | Business Logic Layer | | Data Layer (Database) |
| (Client Tier) | | (Application Tier) | | (Database Tier) |
+------------------+ +------------------+ +------------------+
Explanation:
 Client Tier (Presentation Layer):
This layer represents the user interface where users interact. It includes web browsers or
mobile apps that allow users to view data and submit information.
 Application Tier (Business Logic Layer):
This layer contains the application servers and business logic, where data processing,
validation, and business rules are applied. It communicates with the database layer to fetch or
store data.
 Database Tier (Data Layer):
This layer involves database servers where data is stored. It manages data retrieval and
storage, typically using databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Oracle.

Example:
Let’s consider a simple e-commerce website, like Amazon:
1. Presentation Layer (Client Tier):
o A user uses a web browser to access Amazon’s website to browse products, search,
add to cart, and checkout.
2. Business Logic Layer (Application Tier):
o Amazon’s web servers run application logic, like calculating product prices, user
authentication, inventory management, and payment processing.
o Application servers (like Java EE or .NET) process the logic and interact with the
database layer.
3. Data Layer (Database Tier):
 o Amazon stores product, customer, order, and inventory data in databases (like MySQL
or Oracle).
o When a user makes a purchase or searches for products, the application tier interacts
with the database tier to fetch data and send it back to the presentation layer.
This three-tier architecture helps Amazon scale to millions of users, handle large amounts of data,
and maintain fast response times.

Domain Name Server (DNS) Kya Hai?

DNS (Domain Name System) ek system hai jo domain names ko IP addresses me convert karta
hai. Jab hum internet par koi website visit karte hain, toh hum URL (jaise google.com) type karte
hain, lekin computers ko actual me IP address (jaise 8.8.8.8) chahiye hota hai taaki wo us server se
connect kar sake. DNS ka kaam hai URL ko uske corresponding IP address me translate karna.

DNS ka Kaise Kaam Karta Hai?

Jab hum koi website URL type karte hain (jaise google.com), toh DNS system ye steps follow karta
hai:
1. Browser Request: Hum apne browser me google.com type karte hain.
2. DNS Resolver: DNS resolver (usually a server provided by your ISP) query bhejta hai DNS
server ko.
3. Query Processing: DNS server domain name ko IP address me translate karta hai.
4. Response: DNS server IP address ka response wapas bhejta hai DNS resolver ko.
5. Access Website: Ab browser us IP address ko use karke website ko load kar leta hai.

DNS Ke Types:
1. Recursive DNS Resolver: Yeh server client ke liye DNS query ko resolve karta hai. Agar
kisi DNS record ka jawab uske paas nahi hota, toh yeh dusre DNS servers se query bhejta
hai.
2. Authoritative DNS Server: Yeh server ek specific domain ke liye authoritative hota hai.
Matlab, yeh domain ka correct IP address provide karta hai.
3. Caching DNS Server: Yeh server recently queried data ko store karta hai, taaki future me jab
wahi request aaye, toh result jaldi mil sake.

Example:
Scenario 1:
Aap "www.amazon.com" ko apne browser me type karte hain.
1. Browser DNS resolver ko request bhejta hai ki "amazon.com" ka IP address chahiye.
2. DNS resolver, authoritative DNS server ko query karta hai.
3. Authoritative DNS server "amazon.com" ke liye IP address (e.g., 205.251.242.103) deta hai.
4. DNS resolver IP address ko browser ko bhejta hai.
5. Browser us IP address ko use karke Amazon ki website ko load kar leta hai.

DNS Ka Diagram:
+-----------------------+
| User's Browser |
| (www.amazon.com) |
+-----------+-----------+
|
v
+-----------------------+
| DNS Resolver | (Finds out the IP address of amazon.com)
| (ISP's DNS Server) |
+-----------+-----------+
|
v
+----------------------------+
| Authoritative DNS Server | (Contains actual DNS records)
| (amazon.com DNS server) |
+----------------------------+
|
v
+-----------------------+
| Browser with IP |
| (205.251.242.103) |
+-----------------------+
|
 v
+-----------------------+
| Website Loaded |
| (Amazon Website) |
+-----------------------+
Explanation of Diagram:
1. User's Browser: User "www.amazon.com" type karta hai.
2. DNS Resolver: Yeh request ko DNS server ko bhejta hai.
3. Authoritative DNS Server: Yeh domain "amazon.com" ka IP address provide karta hai.
4. Website Loaded: IP address milne ke baad, browser website ko load kar leta hai.

DNS ka Importance:
 Human-readable URLs: DNS system se hum complex IP addresses ke bajaye easily
readable domain names use kar sakte hain.
 Fast Internet Navigation: DNS caching aur fast resolution se browsing experience smooth
aur fast hota hai.
 Scalability: DNS system globally scalable hai, jisme har website ka unique address manage
hota hai.

In short, DNS humare liye internet browsing ko bahut easy banata hai, jahan hum apni favourite
websites ko domain names ke through access kar sakte hain without needing to remember complex
IP addresses!

IP Address Kya Hai?

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) ek unique numerical label hai jo kisi device (jaise computer,
smartphone, server) ko network pe identify karne ke liye diya jata hai. Yeh address internet ya local
network par data packets ko sahi destination tak bhejne me help karta hai.
Types of IP Addresses:
1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4):
o IPv4 ka format hota hai: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (where each "xxx" is a number from 0 to
255).
o Example: 192.168.1.1
o Yeh abhi tak sabse zyada use hota hai, lekin IPv4 addresses ki supply limit ho gayi
hai, kyunki total 4.3 billion unique addresses available hain.
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6):
 o IPv6 ka format thoda complex hota hai aur isme zyada addresses hote hain, jise 8
groups of 4 hexadecimal numbers ke roop me likha jata hai.
o Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
o IPv6 ka use future me ho sakta hai jab IPv4 addresses khatam ho jayenge.

IP Address ka Function:
 Unique Identification: Har device ko ek unique IP address milta hai jisse wo internet par
easily identify kiya ja sakta hai.
 Data Routing: Jab aap kisi website ko access karte hain, to aapka device apne IP address ka
use karta hai taaki data sahi server tak pahunch sake.

IP Address Categories:
IP addresses ko do major categories me divide kiya ja sakta hai:
1. Public IP Address:
o Ye address internet pe devices ko identify karta hai. Har device jo directly internet se
connected hai, uska ek public IP hota hai.
o Example: 8.8.8.8 (Google's DNS server)
2. Private IP Address:
o Ye address sirf internal networks (like home or office) ke liye hota hai. Internet par
directly accessible nahi hota.
o Example (for home networks): 192.168.0.1, 10.0.0.1

IP Address ka Use Case:

 Accessing a Website: Jab aap www.google.com type karte hain, to domain name system
(DNS) aapke request ko Google ke server ke IP address (jaise 8.8.8.8) me convert karta hai.
 Home Network: Agar aap apne home Wi-Fi network pe connected device ko access karna
chahte hain, to aapko devices ka private IP address (e.g., 192.168.1.10) pata hona chahiye.

Diagram of IP Addressing:
+------------------+
| Computer A |
| IP: 192.168.1.2 |
+------------------+
|
 |
+----------------------+
| Router (Private) |
| IP: 192.168.1.1 |
+----------------------+
|
|
+------------------+
| Internet Router |
| Public IP: 203.0.113.5 |
+------------------+
|
|
+------------------+
| Website |
| IP: 8.8.8.8 |
+------------------+
Explanation of Diagram:
 Computer A: Apna private IP address (192.168.1.2) use karta hai local network me.
 Router: Local network ko internet se connect karta hai, iska apna private IP address
(192.168.1.1) hota hai.
 Internet Router: Yeh router internet pe connected hota hai aur ek public IP address
(203.0.113.5) use karta hai.
 Website: Jab aap website visit karte hain, to aapke request ko website ka public IP address
(8.8.8.8) par route kiya jata hai.

Example in Real Life:

1. Home Wi-Fi Network: Aapka Wi-Fi router private IP address 192.168.0.1 use karta hai. Jab
aap apne laptop se internet access karte ho, to aapka laptop 192.168.0.10 IP address use karta
hai.
2. Public IP Address: Agar aap internet pe browsing kar rahe ho, to aapka router apne public
IP ka use karta hai, jisse aap ka device internet pe accessible ho.