140

LESSON 6.1 ANTIDIFFERENTIATION, INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Warm-up Examples: Differentiate each of the following.

1. f ( x) = x3 2. f ( x) = x3 −10 3. f ( x) = x3 + C
where C is any constant (number)

So what should you get when you antidifferentiate f ( x) = 3x 2 ? f ( x) = _______

 3x dx =
2
This problem can be written as

The symbol  is called an integral symbol and tells you to integrate (antidifferentiate) the
expression which follows it. That expression is called an integrand. dx indicates that you are
integrating with respect to the variable x but does not affect the integration process. C is called
the constant of integration and must be written as part of your answer when you are
antidifferentiating.

Integration Rules:
x n +1
 x dx = + C, n  −1
n
Power Rule:
n +1

Constant Rule: If k is any constant,  k dx = kx + C

Scalar Multiple Rule: If k is any constant,  k f ( x ) dx = k  f ( x ) dx
(Constants may be “factored out” of the integral expression.
NEVER “factor out” a variable.)

Sum Rule:  ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx =  f ( x ) dx +  g ( x ) dx

Examples: Evaluate (Integrate).

 x dx  2 dx  (t + 2) dt
3 4
4. 5. 6.

 3 1  x +1
 (2 y + 4 y + 1) dy   x − 
2
7. 8. 2  dx 9.
x2
dx
x
 141
Note: Put +C when you integrate, but never when you differentiate.

Sometimes an initial condition is given which makes it possible to solve for C .

Example 10: If f ( x ) = x −3 and f (1) = , find f ( x) .
3
2

 1 
  5
d
Example 11: Evaluate x−  dx
dx x2 

If we know the acceleration equation for an object, and if we are given initial conditions for the
object’s velocity and position, integration allows us to find the velocity and position equations for
the object.

Remember: Pos. → Vel. → Acc. (Differentiate), so Acc. → Vel. → Pos. (Integrate).

Example 12: The acceleration of a particle at time t is given by a(t ) = 4t − 3.

v(1) = 6 and s(2) = 5 .
a. Find the velocity equation. v(t ) =

b. Find the position equation. s(t ) =

Example 13: Given that on earth, the acceleration of an object due to gravity is approximately
−32 ft / sec2 (negative indicates downward), develop
a. the equation for the velocity of the object. b. the equation for the position of the object.
vo = initial velocity so = initial position

v (t ) = s (t ) =
 142

Note: The two equations v ( t ) = −32t + v0 and s ( t ) = −16t 2 + v0t + s0 may be used for any
motion affected only by the earth’s gravity.

ASSIGNMENT 6.1
For Problems 1-4, rewrite the integrand and then integrate.
1 2y
1. x 3
dx 2. 
4
t dt 3.  ( x + 1)( x − 2) dx 4.  y
dy

Evaluate (integrate) each integral in Problems 5-13.

1 1
 (2 x − x 2 + 1) dx  3x  (3x)
3
5. 6. 2
dx 7. 2
dx

 (3 − y ) dy  (5x )
1 −2
− x 3 dx  (3t − 10)
5 2 4 2
8. 9. 10. dt

11.
8x4 − 2 x2 + 1
 2 x 2 dx 12. 
2 t −1
t
dt 13.  (
y y 2 + 2 y dy )

14. If f ( x) = 3x 2 − 4 x + 2 and f (1) = −3, find f ( x).

dy −3
15. The derivative of a function is = 2 + 1 . If the graph of the function contains the point
dt t
(3, 10), find the equation of the function.

16. a. Find an equation for the family of functions whose derivative is y = 3 x.

b. Find the particular function from the family in Part a. whose curve passes through the
point (4, 0).
17. Find g ( x) , given that: g ( x) = 2 x − 3, g (0) = −5, and g(−1) = 2.

 (2 x − 1) dx .
d 3
18. Evaluate Hint: This is a derivative of an integral.
dx

19. The acceleration of an object moving along a horizontal path is given by the equation
a(t ) = 6t − 4 . The object’s initial velocity is 5, and its initial position is −2 .
a. Find a velocity equation for the object.
b. Find the velocity of the object when t = 2 .
c. Find a position equation for the object.
d. Find the object’s position when t = 2 .
 143
20. The velocity of an object moving along a vertical path is given by the equation
v(t ) = t + 1, t  0.
a. Find an equation for the object’s acceleration.
b. Find the acceleration of the object when t = 9.
c. The object’s position at t = 9 is 20. Find an equation for the object’s position.

21. A ball is dropped from a bridge which is 160 feet above a river. How long will it take the ball
to hit the water? Use the equation s(t ) = −16t 2 + vo t + so .

22. For the first 4 seconds of a race, a sprinter accelerates at a rate of 3 meters per second per
second (3 m/sec2). He then continues to run at the constant speed that he has attained for the
rest of the race.
a. Write a piecewise function to express the sprinter’s velocity v(t ) as a function of time.
b. Find v(2), v(4), and v(6).
c. Write a piecewise function to express the sprinter’s position s(t ) as a function of time.
d. How far does the sprinter run during the first 4 seconds of the race?
e. How long will it take the sprinter to run 100 m?

For Problems 23 and 24, the graph of the derivative ( f  ) of a function is given. Sketch a possible
graph of the function f .

23. f 24.
y y f
 

x x
−  − 

− −

f contains the point (0, 1)

25. List the domain, vertical asymptote(s), hole(s), x- and y-intercepts, end behavior, and type(s)
x2
of symmetry for the graph of y = 2 . Then sketch the graph without using a calculator.
x −1
2
26. Find an equation of a line tangent to the curve y = x 3 which is parallel to the line 2x − 6 y = 5 .

27. Find the cubic function of the form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d which has a relative maximum point
at (0, 2) and a point of inflection at (−1, −2) .

28. Find each of the following derivatives. It is very important that you know each of these without
referring to notes.
d x d d d d
a. e =? b. ln x = ? c. sin x = ? d. cos x = ? e. tan x = ?
dx dx dx dx dx
d d d d x d
f. cot x = ? g. sec x = ? h. csc x = ? i. a =? j. log a x = ?
dx dx dx dx dx
 144
LESSON 6.2 ANTIDIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIALS AND TRIG FUNCTIONS

The derivative rules from previous units can all be reversed to create the following corresponding
antiderivative rules (integration rules).

a xa x
 e dx = e + C  a adxdx= =lnlna a+ C+ C  cos x dx = sin x + C
x x x x

 sin x dx = − cos x + C  sec

 secx dx == x +x C
+C  csc x dx = − cot x + C
2 2 2
x dx tantan

 sec x tan x dx = sec x + C  csc

 cscx cot
x cot
x dx ==
x dx − csc
− csc
x +x C
+C

sin
The most common errors made with the trig functions are sign errors. antiderivatives

The simple diagram at the right, reminiscent of the unit circle, may aid − cos cos
in remembering rules for these two functions which are used far more derivatives
than any other trig functions. Rotate clockwise for derivatives. Rotate
counterclockwise (anticlockwise) for antiderivatives. − sin

Examples: Find the following antiderivatives.

1.  −3sin x dx 2.  (e
x
− 2 x ) dx 3.  (5
3
)
t 2 + 3cos t − 1 dt 4. 
sec y tan y
4
dy

5. If f  ( x ) = ( csc x ) and f
2
( ) = 3 , find f ( x ) .
5
4

ASSIGNMENT 6.2

Integrate as indicated without using a calculator.

 ( + 6sec  tan  ) d
cos x
 (sec  − 2) d 
2 2
1. 2. 3. dx
5
1  2  4 x 4 − xe x
4.  sin 2 y dy 5.   e− x + x  dx 6.  x dx
 2 3 + cos 2 x
7.  ( sin y − 2 cos y ) dy 8.   6 x − 4  dx
 x 
9.  cos2 x dx
1  53 x 
10.  sin x tan x dx 11.  9e 2 x dx 12.   52 x  dx
 145
13. The velocity of an object moving along a horizontal path is given by the equation
v(t ) = 4sin t + 3t 2 .
a. Find an equation for the object’s acceleration.
b. Find an equation for the object’s position if the initial position is 3.
c. Find the object’s position at t =  .

For Problems 14-17, write an equation for a line tangent to each curve at the given point. Do not
use a calculator.
14. f ( x) = − cos(2x) 15. g ( x ) = tan ( x 2 − 1)

Contains the point ( 

6
,−
1
2 ) at the point where x = 1

16. y = 2sin(− x) 17. f ( x ) = 4e x


at the point where x = at the point where x = 0
4

18. Use a calculator to write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f ( x ) = ln ( cos x + 2 )
at the point where x = .821.

Find the limits in Problems 19-21 without using a calculator.

 
 cos x  sin(2 x ) −2 cos 
19. lim  
20. lim 21. lim 
x→  x −
2 2 
x→ 0 sin( −5x ) →
2
e − 2 − 1

Find derivatives for Problems 22-27 without using a calculator.

2t − 3
22. y = 23. f ( x) = esec x
t
24. h( ) = 2 cos − sin ( 5 ) 25. g (t ) = −4 cot ( 3t 2 )
d
26. ln sin 3 x = 27. sin( y − 2 x ) = x 2 − 10
dx
dy
=
dx
t
28. Find the instantaneous rate of change for f (t ) = when t = 1.
t +1
t
29. Find the average rate of change for f (t ) = on [0, 2].
t +1
30. Which of the rates of change from Problems 28 and 29 represents:
a. the slope of a secant line for the graph of f (t ) ?
b. the slope of a tangent line for the graph of f (t ) ?
t
31. Find the value of c in [0, 2] such that f (c) = the average rate of change of f (t ) = on
t +1
[0, 2]. It is at this t-location that the slopes of what two lines are the same? (MVT).
 146
LESSON 6.3 REVERSE CHAIN RULE, u-SUBSTITUTION
Warm-up Examples:
Differentiate
1. d (1 + 5 x) 4 = sin (1 + 5 x ) =
d
2.
dx dx

Now, integrate
3.  5(1 + 5 x)3 dx = 4.  5cos (1 + 5x ) dx =
Note: You must insert the chain rule factor, the derivative of the inside function in Examples 1 and
2, so you had to delete the derivative of the inside function in Examples 3 and 4.
Each of the Integration Rules from the last lesson can now be generalized as Reverse Chain Rule
integrals.

x form u form (Reverse Chain Rule)

n +1
x u n+1
 x dx = n + 1 + C, n  −1  u udx = n + 1 + C, n  −1
n n
Power Rule:

 e dx = e +C  e udx = e +C
x x u u
Exponential Rules:
ax au
 a dx = +C  a udx = +C
x u

ln a ln a
Trig Rules:  cos x dx = sin x + C  cos u u  dx = sin u + C
 sin x dx = − cos x + C  sin u u  dx = − cos u + C
 sec x dx = tan x + C  sec u u  dx = tan u + C
2 2

 csc x dx = − cot x + C  csc u u  dx = − cot u + C

2 2

 sec x tan x dx = sec x + C  sec u tan u u  dx = sec u + C

 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C  csc u cot u u  dx = − csc u + C

Examples: Integrate.
6x2
 (3x − 1) dx  (3t + 2t )(t + t ) dt 
10
5. 6. 2 3 2
7. dx
4 x3 − 5

(y + 1) 2 dy  sin ( 4x )  3 cos  d

3 2
8. 9. dx 10.

 sin
2
11. x cos x dx
 147
u-Substitution

For more complicated integration problems, simple rules for integration might fail, and you may
have to make some type of substitution to be able to integrate. In this course, a common
substitution will be to let u = the radicand ( )
radicand part of the expression and to change the
variable throughout the integral before integrating. You should use this method of substitution
(called u-substitution) only when simpler methods don’t work. It should be your last resort.

Procedure for u-substitution: (for  ____ dx problems requiring the method)

▪ Let u = radicand, inside the symbol , or some other “inside” function.
▪ Solve for x (in terms of u).
▪ Differentiate the equation from Step 2.
▪ Find dx .
▪ Substitute u-expressions for x-expressions in the integral.
Note: Most often, dx  du . Don’t forget to substitute for dx .
▪ Integrate.
▪ Substitute back, so that your final answer is again in terms of x .
Sometimes it is easier to do Step 3 before Step 2. These two steps are reversible.

Examples: Integrate.
2x −1
12. x x − 1 dx 13.  ( 2 x + 3) 9
dx

ASSIGNMENT 6.3

Evaluate (integrate) in Problems 1-8.

x2
 3(3x − 2) 2.  (5t − 3) dt   y 2 − 3 y dy
8
1. 5
dx 3. dx 4.
4− x 3

5x 2
−3 x −1
5.  (x 3
+ 2)6
dx 6.  1− v
dv 7.  (2 x 2 − 3 x) 4 (4 x − 3) dx 8.  (2 x 2
− 4 x )5
dx
 148
Evaluate (integrate) in Problems 9-20.
( )
10
t −4 1
9.  t
dt 10.  3
5x
dx 11.  (2u + 1) 2 du 12. y 4
3 3 y4
dy

x2 − 3 3x 2 + x − 2 4

 15.   2 +  2 dx
1 1
13.
x2
dx 14.  x
dx
 x x
16.   sin ( ) d
1
csc2 t
 cot 4 t dt
ex
17.  2 dx 18.  sec ( 2 x − 1) tan ( 2 x − 1) dx 19.  tan  sec  d
5 2
20.
x

Use u-substitution to evaluate in Problems 21-23.

3x − 5
21.  30 x x + 1 dx  23.  (5 x − 8) (1 − x ) dx
11
22. dx
1
x −1
2
−4
24. If f ( x ) = x 3 , f (8) = , and f (27) = 5, find f ( x).
3
2
25. The derivative of a function is dy
dx
= 6 x x 2 − 3 . Find the function if ( 2,5) is a point on the
graph of the function.
26. If f  ( x ) = cos ( 3x ) and f ( ) = 2, find f ( x).

6

 (x
d
27. Evaluate 2
− 3) 4 dx.
dx

( )
2
1
28. The velocity of a particle moving along a vertical line is given by the equation v (t ) = t −1 .
3
The particle’s position at time zero is 4.
a. Find an equation for the particle’s acceleration a(t ) .
b. Find an equation for the particle’s position y(t ) .
c. At what time(s) is the particle at rest?
d. At what time(s) is the particle moving upward?
e. For what value(s) of t does the particle’s speed equal the particle’s velocity?
f. Find the total distance traveled by the particle from t = 3 to t = 9.
g. Find the interval(s) of time for which the speed of the particle is increasing.
29. Find an equation for the line tangent to the graph of y = 3x − 5 when x = 2.

30. Differentiate 2 x2 + y 2 = 4 y implicitly to find the point(s) where the curve has
a. horizontal tangents. b. vertical tangents.

31. (2, 7) is a point on the curve of f ( x) = x3 − 3x + 5. Use a tangent line to approximate f (2.1).
f
32. The graph of f ( x) is shown at right.
a. Use the given graph to make f  and f  number lines.
b. Sketch a graph of f which passes through the points (1, − 1) and ( −1, 1) .
− 
 149
33. Use the graph at right to find:  y
a. lim f ( x ) b. f (−2)
x →− 2 

c. lim f ( x ) d. f (2) x
x→ 2
− −   
e. lim f ( x ) f. f (3)
x→ 3 −

g. lim + f ( x ) h. f (−4)
x→ −4 −

34. Use the alternate form of the limit definition of the derivative to find f (2) for f ( x) = x2 + 1.

LESSON 6.4 DEFINITE INTEGRALS, CALCULATOR INTEGRATION,

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

A Definite Integral is written with upper and lower limits attached to an integration expression.
The value of a definite integral ( b

a )
f ( x ) dx may be thought of as a “signed area” from the lower
limit a (usually a left side boundary) to the upper limit b (usually a right-side boundary), and
between the curve of f ( x) and the x-axis. The value may be positive, negative, or zero.
Unlike the previous integration process which produced an indefinite integral (an antiderivative)
representing a family of curves, a definite integral represents a number value.

Calculator Integration: A TI-84 calculator can be used to find the value of a definite integral from
a to b by using  f ( x ) dx in the calculate menu or fnInt in the math menu. The calculate menu
shows a graphical representation of the “signed area” together with the value of the definite integral.

Examples:
Use the calculate menu to evaluate the following definite integrals.
1 5
 
6
1.
−3
( x 3 − 6 x) dx 2.  − 6
( x3 − 6 x) dx 3.
−5
x 3 − 6 x dx

The math menu only provides the value of the definite integral, but that is usually all that we need.
The math menu gives a more accurate answer. fnInt is recommended for all problems from now on.
Note: Newer operating systems have a MATHPRINT setting that simplifies this process.

Use the math menu to evaluate:

5
4.  −5
x 3 − 6 x dx = fnInt (abs(x3 − 6 x), x, −5,5)
This is the syntax for a TI83.
 150
3
5. Use the idea of “signed area” to evaluate  0
2 x − 1 dx without using a calculator.

y
6. Set up a definite integral which could be used to find
the area of the region bounded by the graph of 
y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 2
y = 2 x2 − 3x + 2 (shown at right), the x-axis, and the

vertical lines x = 0 and x = 2 .
x


Discovering the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

f  ( x ) dx b. Write an equation for f  ( x ) on 0,5 .
5
7. f ( x) a. Find  0


c. Find f ( x ) if f (1) = 4 . d. Find f ( 5) − f ( 0)

 

f  ( x ) dx b. Write an equation for f  ( x ) on  −2,1 .

1
8. 
f ( x)
a. Find  −2


c. Find f ( x ) if f (1) = 0 . d. Find f (1) − f ( −2)

−

−

9. Given x ( t ) = − t 2 + 4t − 3 is the position equation for an object moving on the x-axis.

1
2
a. Find the displacement of the object on the interval 1, 4  . b. Find the velocity equation.
v (t ) =

c. Sketch a graph of v ( t ) .  v ( t ) dt
4


d. Find
1

 

Notice for each of these, the answers to parts a and d are the same.
 151
b
If f  is a continuous function on [a, b], then  f ( x) dx = f ( x) = f (b) − f (a)
b
a
a

This relationship is known as the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Evaluate using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus without using a calculator.

 (2 )
4 1
10.
0
y + 1 dy 11.  0
(4t + 1)5 dt


x
cos ( 2x ) dx
5
12.  1
2x −1
dx 13.  0
2

START PLUS ACCUMULATION METHOD

f ( b ) = f ( a ) +  f  ( x ) dx .
b b
Since  a
f ( x) dx = f (b) − f (a ) , it follows that a

This means a function value at an endpoint can be found as a starting value plus a definite integral.
Although this is only a slight variation of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, it gives us a
different way to approach problems. This is an extremely common APTM Calculus type problem.

Examples:
14. If f  ( x ) = 3x2 + 3 and f ( 0) = 4, 15. If an object’s velocity is v ( t ) = 23t −5
2

find f ( 2) without a calculator. and s (1) = 8 find s ( 2 ) .

 152
ASSIGNMENT 6.4
The graph of the function y = f ( x ) consists of line 
y

segments and a semicircle as shown. Evaluate

the following using geometry formulas. x
−2
f ( x ) dx  f ( x ) dx
2

− 
1. 2.
−4 0

f ( x ) dx 4.  ( f ( x ) + 2 ) dx f ( x ) dx
3 2 3
3.  −4 −2
5.  −4 −

6. Show an integral setup and evaluate to  y

find the area shaded in the figure shown  y = x +2

without using a calculator. x

 

For Problems 7 and 8 sketch a graph for each function, and use the idea of “signed areas” to
evaluate these definite integrals using geometry formulas without using a calculator.
7. f ( x) = x −1 8. g ( x) = 2x + 3
2 2 0 0
a.  −2
f ( x) dx b.  −2
f ( x) dx a.  −2
g ( x) dx b.  −2
g ( x ) dx

Evaluate the definite integrals in Problems 9-22 without using a calculator.

 1 − 3x 4 
−1
x ( 4 x − 3) dx −2  x 2  dx
2 1 1
 (1 − 2 y ) dy  (t 2 − 1) 4 t dt 
2
9. 10. 11. 12.
0 0 0

2 x −1  23 −1
8 dx 
14.   u + u 3  du
2

4
13.  1
x
dx
1
 
15.
1
2 3x − 2
16.  0
sin x dx



4 3
 sec 2  d   36 x −1 dx
2
17. cos x dx 18. 3
 19. xe3 x dx 20.
0 − 0 1
3

( ) dx


 ( 3sin x + sin ( 2 x ) ) dx
 4
  x 2 − 4 dx
2 2x
21. sin 22. ** 23.
0 3 0 0

1 2x
 ( x + 1)
2
 x − 1 dx
3
*24. 6
dx * 25. x **(Hint: For Problem 23 sketch a
0 1
graph and split the integral into two
*(Hint: Problems 24 and 25
integrals without absolute value.)
require u-substitution.)

Use your calculator to evaluate the definite integrals in Problems 26-28. Express answers to 3 or
more decimal place accuracy.

1 6
 
12
 y + 1 dy sin 2  d
3 3
26. dx 27. 28.
1 x 0 0

29. Given f  ( x ) = 8sin (10 x ) ,

f  ( x ) dx . b. if f ( 0) = 3 , find f ( 4 ) .
4
a. use a calculator to find  0
 153

30. If an object’s acceleration is a ( t ) = cos t 2 and v (1) = 5 find v ( 3) .

ft
,
sec

31. x(t ) = t 3 − 3t 2 + 1 represents the position equation for a particle moving along the x-axis.
a. Find the velocity equation. b. Find the acceleration equation.
c. Find the velocity at t = 1 . d. Find the speed at t = 1 .
e. When is the particle’s velocity decreasing? f. Find the displacement on [1, 4].
g. Find the total distance traveled from t = 1 to t = 4 . (Show a velocity number line).
4
h. Find 1
v(t ) dt without using a calculator. Compare your answer to Part f.
4
i. Use your calculator to find 1
v(t ) dt . Compare your answer to Part g.

*You now have two ways to find displacement and total distance. Using definite integrals,
b b
displacement =  v(t ) dt and total distance =  v(t ) dt on the interval [a, b]. Given a
a a

choice of methods, always do total distance by evaluating a definite integral on your calculator.

32. Find the area between f ( x) = ln ( 2 x + 5) and the x-axis on the interval [1, 3]. Show an integral
set up, and evaluate using a calculator.

 f ( x ) dx = 3 and  g ( x ) dx = −2 find  ( 4 f ( x ) − 3g ( x ) ) dx .
4 4 4
33. If
0 0 0

 f ( x ) dx = 3 and  g ( x ) dx = −2 find  f ( x ) dx −  g ( x ) dx .
4 4 0 4
34. If
0 0 4 0

LESSON 6.5 THE SECOND FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

INTEGRATION INVOLVING THE NATURAL LOG FUNCTION

The following examples serve as an informal guide toward discovering the Second Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus.
x x
 f  ( t ) dt =  f  ( t ) dt =
d
1. 2. dx
10 10

Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

d x
For any constant a , 
dx a
f (t ) dt = f ( x) (if f is continuous from a to x ).
 154
Now find:
x2 x2
 f  ( t ) dt =  f  ( t ) dt =
d
3. 4.
0 dx 0

f  ( t ) dt = f  ( t ) dt =
2x 2x
 
d
5. 6.
x3 dx x3

Second Fundamental Theorem (Chain Rule Version):

d v
If u and v are functions of x , then 
dx u
f (t ) dt = f (v) v − f (u ) u 
(if f is continuous from u to v ). Note the “chain rule factors” v and u .

Examples: Find each of the following without integrating.

d 0 5
 
d
7. (2t − 3) dt = 8. (2t − 3) dt =
dx x dx 2

x3 3 x2
 10. If f ( x) =  (1 − t 2 )10 dt , then f ( x) =
d
9. (t 2 + 2t ) dt =
dx −1 0

Differentiation and integration are inverse operations.

1 1 u u
ln x = , then  dx = ln x + C , and if  u dx = ln u + C .
d d
So if ln u = , then
dx x x dx u

1 u
Log Rules:  x dx = ln x + C and  u dx = ln u + C
1 1 1
ln x = x= ,  x dx = ln x
d d
Note: Although it is true that both and ln only. Why?
dx x dx x
Examples: Integrate
−3 P sec2 x
11.  x dx 12.  P2 + 1 dP 13.  tan x dx

ln x 1
Example 14: Integrate  x
dx Example 15: Integrate  x(2 − ln x) 3
dx
 155
Examples: Rewrite as a fraction using a trig identity.
16. Integrate  cot x dx 17. Integrate  tan x dx

So,
 tan x dx = − ln cos x + C  cot x dx = ln sin x + C
 tan u udx = − ln cos u + C  cot u u dx = ln sin u + C
Example 18: Integrate  tan ( 2x ) dx

ASSIGNMENT 6.5

Use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate in Problems 1-6.

d x d x t 2 d 3
1. dx  (t 2 − t + 1) dt 2. dx  3 t 2 − 5t dt 3. d  dx , t  6 4. dx  (1 − t ) 4 dt
−3 2 dt 6 x − 5 x

d 3 4t a
  
d
5. (1 − t ) 4 dt 6. 2 x dx 7. t (3t 2 − 1)5 dt
dx x2 dt 3t 1

8. If g ( x ) =  f ( t ) dt find each of the following: y = f ( x)

2x

a. g  ( x ) b. g  ( 0) 
c. x-value(s) where g has a relative minimum. Justify.
d. x-value(s) where g has a point of inflection. Justify. − 

e. g  ()
1
4

Evaluate each integral in Problems 9-22 without using a calculator.

e2 3 4
1 x dx 10.  e
x 2 −1
9. dt 11. x dx
1 2t − 1

x x2 − 1 4y − 6
12.  2
x −1
dx 13. 
x
dx 14. y 2
− 3y + 2
dy

−1 3u ln x
15.  ( x + 1) 3
dx 16.  3
u2 + 1
du 17.  x
dx

2 cos y e2 y
18.  x(1 + ln x )5
dx 19.  sin y − 2 dy 20.  e2 y − 2 dy

 cot ( 5x ) dx  y tan ( y ) dy
2
21. 22.
 156

23. Use the substitution u = f ( x ) to rewrite f  ( x ) sin ( f ( x ) ) dx as an integral with respect to u

3
1

if f (1) = 4 and f ( 3) = 9 . Do not integrate.

24. If g  ( x ) = ln cos x 2 and g ( 4.23) = 5.192 find g ( 2.159) .

Differentiate in Problems 25-29 without using a calculator.

t
25. y = 26. f ( y ) = arctan ( 3 y ) 27. y = 32 x+1
ln t
29. y = 4 arcsin ( x 2 )
d
28. ln sin 3 x =
dx

30. Use the alternate form of the limit definition of the derivative to find f (3) , if f (t ) = 2t 2 − 3 .

31. Find a, b, and c for f ( x) = ax2 + bx + c , such that f (1) = 10 , and f ( x) has a relative
minimum at (−1, 2) .
2
32. If f ( x ) = ( x − 1) 3 , the Mean Value Theorem does not apply to which interval?
a. [0, 2] b. [1, 9] Why?

33. For Problem 32, use the interval on which the MVT does apply to find the
f (b) − f (a)
c-value(s) where f (c) =
b−a
Evaluate the following inverse trig functions:
34. tan −1 ( )=
−1
3
35. arcsin (1) = ( )=
36. sin −1 −
2
2
37. arctan1 =

LESSON 6.6 INTEGRATION INVOLVING INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS

ADVANCED INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

When integrating a fraction where the degree of the numerator  the degree of the denominator,
you will have to use long division (or creative thinking) to “split the fraction.”
x2 − 4 x + 2 1
Example 1:  dx Example 2:  dx
x +2
2
x −1
 157
d u d u
Since arcsin u = and arctan u = , it follows that
dx
1− u 2 dx 1 + u2

u u
 1− u 2
dx = arcsin u + C and  1+ u 2
dx = arctan u + C (where u is a function of x).

Extending these integration rules gives us these more general integration rules.

u u u 1 u
1.  a2 − u2
dx = arcsin
a
+C 2. a 2
+u 2
dx = arctan + C
a a

d d
Note: Since arcsin x and arccos x differ only in sign, it is not necessary to have a third
dx dx
integration rule which integrates into arccos x .
x
Warm-up Example: Differentiate y = arcsin .
2

Examples: Integrate.
1
1 dx 8
3.  4 − x2
dx 4.  4 x2 + 25 5.  0
2
3 + 4 x2
dx

8x 8x2 x+4
6.  3 + 4 x 2 dx 7.  3 + 4 x 2 dx 8.  4 − x2
dx

1
Example 9. Complete the square to find x 2
+ 4x + 8
dx .
 158
3− x 1
Example 10:  1− x 2
dx Example 11: e x
+1
dx

ASSIGNMENT 6.6 Do not use a calculator on this assignment.

Evaluate the integrals in Problems 1-6.

5
1
1 2 1 x2
1.  0
4

1 − 4 x2
dx 2.  0
3
9 x + 25
2
dx 3.  0 x +1
dx

8 w2 dx
4.  2 + (2t + 1)2 dt 5.  4−w 6
dw 6. x 16 − (ln x)2

Complete the square to evaluate Problems 7 and 8.

1 −1 1
7.  t 2 − 10t + 32 dt 8. −3 7 − x2 − 6 x dx

Evaluate the integrals in Problems 9-16.

arctan  5x 5x 2
9.  1 +  2 d 10.  x 2 + 1 dx 11.  x 2 + 1 dx
2 x2 − 4 2 3 − 4t
12.  x + 1 dx 13.  1 − e2 y dy 14.  t 2 + 9 dt
Hint: See Example 11 Hint: Split

e−2 v 2x
15.  3 + e−4v dv 16.  3
3x + 1
dx Hint: Think about the method of last resort.

Simplify the expressions in Problems 17-19.

t 5 1
  
d d 2
17. (−2 x + ln x) dx 18. sin(2t ) dt 19. xe x dx
dt 1 dx x2 0

Differentiate.
21. x2 + 2ln y = y (solve for
dy
20. g ( y ) = ln (1 − ln y) )
dx
 159
22. Sketch a possible graph for f ( x) , given the following characteristics:
f (0) = 1 , f (1) does not exist, f (2) = 2
f ( x)  0 for x  1 and 1  x  2, f ( x)  0 for x  2
f ( x)  0 for x  1, f ( x)  0 for x  1

23. A small dog kennel with 8 individual rectangular holding pens of equal size is to be
constructed using 144 ft of chain link fencing material. One side of the kennel is to
be placed against a building and requires no fencing, as shown in the figure below.
a. Find the dimensions (for each holding
pen) that produce a maximum area for
each pen.
b. What is that maximum area for each
holding pen?

Lesson 6.7 APPROXIMATING DEFINITE INTEGRALS WITH RIEMANN SUMS

Some functions cannot be integrated, and sometimes you are given data or a graph – but not an
actual function. It is still possible to approximate “areas.” One method of approximating a definite
integral is to add areas of rectangles. This is called a Riemann Sum.

Example 1:
10
Approximate  0
f ( x ) dx by adding y = f ( x)
the areas of the five rectangles shown. x f ( x)
y

0 0
This is a Midpoint Riemann Sum. 1 2
 2 4
x
3 5
     4 4
5 3
6 2
7 1
Example 2: y = f ( x) 8 2
10 9 3
Approximate  0
f ( x) dx by using 5  y 10 5
rectangles of equal width (n = 5) and

a Left Riemann Sum.
Draw rectangles on the figure.


x
    
 160
Example 3:
10
Approximate  0
f ( x) dx by using a Right Riemann Sum x 0 2 5 9 10
with four subdivisions using the data in the table. f ( x ) 3 8 2 −1 0

y

Example 4:
6 
Approximate  0
x 2 + 10 dx using a

Midpoint Riemann Sum with 3 equal subdivisions. x
  

5
Example 5: Approximate  −10
(2 x − 8) dx

y

by using five Right hand rectangles whose 
widths are determined by the intervals  x
separating the following x values: − − − − −  
−
x = −10, x = −4, x = 0, x = 2, x = 3, and x = 5. −

ASSIGNMENT 6.7 Show set ups on all Riemann Sum problems.

x f ( x)
1. Use the graph of y = f ( x) at right 0 0
8 y = f ( x)
to approximate  0
f ( x ) dx using
 y
1
2
1
2
a. a Midpoint Riemann Sum 3 3
with 4 equal subdivisions. 4 2

b. a Left hand Riemann Sum 5 1
with 8 equal subdivisions. 6 3
c. a Right hand Riemann Sum x 7 3
with 8 equal subdivisions.     8 3

2. Use the data in the table below to approximate the area between the graph of
f (t ) and the t-axis, from t = 1 to t = 13 , using a Midpoint Riemann Sum with
6 rectangles of equal width. Plot the data, sketch a graph, and draw rectangles first.

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
f (t ) 0 5 8 11 12 15 17 18 15 13 12 9 6 4
 161
3. Use the data in the table at right to
4
x
approximate  f ( x ) dx using a Midpoint 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
f ( x)
2
3 2 4 3 5
Riemann Sum with two equal subintervals.

 ( )
16
4. Approximate x + 1 dx using a Left Riemann Sum with 4 rectangles of equal width. Draw
0

an accurate sketch (without using a calculator if possible), and show your rectangles.

5. Is you answer from Problem 4 an underestimate or an overestimate of the actual value of the
integral? What characteristic of the square root function makes your answer true?

6. Would a Right Riemann Sum approximation of an integral of an increasing function be an

underestimate or an overestimate?

7. Approximate 
5

−3
( 3
x−
1
2 ) dx by using 4 Left rectangles whose widths are determined by the
intervals separating x = −3, x = 0, x = 1, x = 2, and x = 5.

8 1
8. Approximate  2 x
dx using a Right Riemann Sum with 3 equal subdivisions.

10
9. Approximate  0
f ( x) dx by using a Midpoint Riemann Sum x 0 2 4 7 10
with two unequal subdivisions using the data in the table. f ( x ) 7 −2 0 4 10

Use a calculator for Problems 10-12.

 ( 3x − 4 ) dx For f ( x) = sin 2 ( 3 x 2 ) , find f  (1.63 )

5 10
3
10. Evaluate 11.
−4

12. Find the area between f ( x) = ln (sin ( x ) + 1) and the x-axis on the interval 0,  .
First show an integral set up.

Evaluate the expressions in Problems 13-16 without using a calculator.

x2

x 0 d x
  
d d
13. t dt 14. t dt 15. t dt 16. t dt
dx 0 dx 2x dx 0 0

17. Find f ( 4 ) if f ( 2) = 3 and the graph of y = f  ( x ) is shown. 

y


x

   
 162
For Problems 18-20, set up definite integrals which could be used to find the areas of the regions
shown or described. Attempt to draw the graphs for Problems 19 and 20 without using a calculator.
You do not need to evaluate the integrals that you set up.

f ( x ) = 2 x 3 on  −3,3
2
18. 19. Region bounded by 20. Region bounded by
x
y y= , g ( y) = y 2 + 1 ,

x +1
2

y = f(x) x = 0, x = 4, and x = 0, y = −2, and

y=0 y =3


x
− 

Without a calculator, sketch graphs and use geometry to evaluate Problems 21and 22.

 ( 2 − x ) dx
4 1
21.  0
3 x − 2 dx 22.
−2

Evaluate the following without using a calculator.

0 1 4x x+5
23.  dx Hint: Comp. Sq. 24.  dx 25. x dx
−1
3 − x − 2x
2
1 − x4
2
+ 16

x −1 et cos et y
26.  x
dx Hint: Let u = x −1 27.  sin et dt 28.  y + 2 dy
29. A spherical balloon is expanding at the rate of 5 cm3 /sec. How fast is the diameter
of the balloon increasing when its volume is 36 cm3 ? (V = 4
3
 r3 )

LESSON 6.8 TRAPEZOIDAL APPROXIMATION, SUMMATION NOTATION

For most functions, using trapezoids to approximate “areas” is more accurate than using rectangles.

1
The area formula for a single trapezoid is A = h(b1 + b2 ) . Figure (below left).
2

b1
h h h1 h2
b2
w
Since trapezoids used in the approximations of “areas” are usually positioned vertically, we will
1
write the formula as A = w(h1 + h2 ) . Figure (above right).
2
To approximate the value of a definite integral using trapezoids, use the same strategy as you used
for Riemann Sums – but add the “areas” of trapezoids instead of rectangles.
 163
10
Example 1: Approximate  0
f ( x ) dx by adding  y
the areas of the 5 “trapezoids” shown in the graph
at the right. 


2 5
1 3 4 x
    

Note: The area formula for a trapezoid also works for a triangle (either h1 = 0 or h2 = 0) or a
rectangle (h1 = h2 ) .

If you forget the formula for a trapezoid, you can always draw your “areas” as rectangles and
triangles (and not even use trapezoids). You could also average the values from a Left and Right
Riemann Sum. In any case, make certain to show a clear set-up.

Example 2: Use these trapezoids x y

 y
with four equal subdivisions to 10 1.8
approximate the area shown.  20 2
 30 2.5
40 3.5

x 50 2.2
    

As the number of subdivisions increases, the accuracy of a Riemann Sum approximation improves.
To achieve perfect accuracy we need to approach infinitely many subdivisions. This is the limit
definition of a definite integral.
width

(( ) )
n n
f ( x ) dx = lim  ( f ( a + k x ) x )= lim  f a + k
b b −a b −a
a n →
k =1
n →
k =1
n n

where n is the number of subdivisions. right-hand heights

( ( ))
n
  
Example 4: Write lim  sin
4
Example 3: Write  1
x 5 dx as an infinite
n →
k =1
2
+k•
n n

Right Riemann Sum. as a definite integral.

Note: We will focus on Right Riemann Sums for these. A Left Sum would be the same except the
summation would be from k = 0 to n-1.
 164
ASSIGNMENT 6.8 Show set ups on Problems 1-9.  y
1. Use the trapezoids shown to approximate
7
1
f ( x) dx . 

x
      

2. The graph in the figure below was recorded by an instrument used to measure a physical
quantity. Approximate the area of the shaded region by using six trapezoids of equal width.
x y
 y
1 5
 2 12
3 28
 4 34

5 15
x 6 25
7 20
       

3. Approximate 
5

−3
( 3
x−
1
2 ) dx by using 4 trapezoids whose widths are determined by the
intervals separating x = −3, x = 0, x = 1, x = 2, and x = 5.
x y
4. The points shown are from a continuous function f . Use the 2.00 4.12
4

2.25 3.76
points in the table to approximate f ( x ) dx using two trapezoids 2.50 3.21
2
2.75 3.58
of equal width. 3.00 3.94
3.25 4.15
3.50 4.69
3.75 5.44
4.00 7.52
2
5. Use trapezoids with four equal subdivisions to approximate  −2
x 4 + 1 dx .
6. Look at a graph of the square root function from Problem 5 with a calculator. Is the trapezoidal
approximation an underestimate or an overestimate? What characteristic of the graph determines
this?
Use Riemann Sums to approximate the values of the definite integrals in Problems 7-9.
8 8
7.  0
f ( x) dx . Midpoint R.S. 8.  0
f ( x ) dx . Left hand R.S.
with 4 equal subdivisions with 2 equal subdivisions
f ( x ) = x2 − 8x + 17 f ( x ) = x2 − 8x + 17
 















       
       
 165
Write each Riemann Sum as a definite integral and each definite integral as a right Riemann Sum.
Do not evaluate.

(( )) ( ( ))
n n
k 
9. lim  f 2 + k • f ( x ) dx 12. lim  cos 0 +
5 4
 
3 3
10. 11. sin x dx
n → n n 1 2 n → n n
k =1 k =1

13. lim   3 +  (x + 1) dx
2
n

 ( x + 1)
2k 5 2 5
2
n
• 14. dx 15.
k =1  
n → n 4 0

Evaluate in Problems 16-18.

sin ( t 2 ) dt
2x 5 d 2t x 2
 x 
d d
16. sin 4 t dt 17. 2
18. 2 dx
dx 0 dx dt t


 sin ( 3x −1) dx .
3
19. Use a calculator to find (You must be in radian mode.)
2

Evaluate the integrals in Problems 15-18 without using a calculator.

22.  ( x 2 − 2 x ) ( x − 1) dx
3 1
21.  2 dt
2
20.  x 3 dx
5

−2 1 t

23.  y 1 − 1 dy
y ( ) 24.  2
8
2t − 8t + 58
dt 25. 
2 dx
9 + x2
e5 x − e x + 2 cos t 3 y +1
26. 
e2 x
dx 27.  25 − sin 2 t dt 28. 2 y − 1 dy
4  part of
  4 − x,
 0 x2 y = f(x)
29. Use geometry to find f ( x ) dx 
0
f ( x) =  
a circle
 4x − x ,
 2 x4
2
for the function shown at right. 

    
30. The “rate graph” at right represents the  v(t) A
velocity of a car during a 10 minute 
factory test drive along a straight path. velocity 
a. On what interval(s) of time was the in

car moving backward (reverse)? (ft/min)

forward? at rest? 
b. Write a sentence telling what Point A t
represents.   
−
c. Find the speed of the car at
t = 1, t = 2, and t = 4 min. time (in min)
d. Find the acceleration of the car on the time interval (3, 6).
e. On what time interval(s) is the car’s acceleration the greatest?
f. On what time interval(s) is the absolute value of the car’s acceleration the greatest?
g. On what time interval(s) was the car speeding up (increasing in speed)?
10 10
h. Find  0
v (t ) dt i. Find  0
v(t ) dt
10
j. Write a sentence telling what  0
v(t ) dt represents. Include numbers and units.
10
k. Write a sentence telling what  0
v(t ) dt represents. Include numbers and units.
 166
ASSIGNMENT 6.9 REVIEW

Integrate each of the following without using a calculator.

1
3x3 − 2 x 2 + 9
1.  3x(2 x + 1) 3 dx
2
2.  t 2t + 1 dt 3.  2
dx 4.  52 dx
x
7.  ( 2 + sec( − 1) tan( − 1) ) d
3 cos y
5.  2 dx 6.  dy
x − 6 x + 18 sin y − 2
4 e tan x −1
8.  dx 9.  dx 10.  sin(e
−t
) e − t dt
2+ x cos2 x

Evaluate the following without a calculator.

1 e 3 ln x

2
12. 
4 1
11.  4 3 x + 4 dx dt 13. dx 14.  3− x dx
−1 0 5 − 2t 2 x 0
 
1
 
2

4 3
15. sin(2 x) dx 16. 
3csc t cot t dt 17. dx
0 3 1
6
1− x 2
4

18. If f  ( x ) = sin x3 and f (1.2) = 6.25 , find f ( 3.6 ) .

y
area = 3

The graph shown is a graph of y = f  ( x ) . The two enclosed regions

y = f ( x)
have areas of 3 and 1 as shown. Use this figure for problems 19-21.
19. If f (1) = 4 , find f ( 5) . x

20. If f ( 3) = 4 , find f (1) .

   

21. If f ( 5) = 4 , find f (1) . area = 1

x
x
d
22. Find 3
cos 2 (2t + 1) dt .
dx

Antidifferentiate in Problems 23 and 24.

2t − 1
f ( x) = e x +5
x(t ) =
2
23. x 24. 2 −t
et

f ( x ) dx
14
25. Use the data in the table shown to approximate  x 2 7 9 10 14
f ( x) 0 3 8
2

with four subdivisions using: 2 −2

a. a right Riemann Sum. b. a left Riemann Sum. c. trapezoids.

Write each Riemann Sum as a definite integral and each definite integral as a right Riemann Sum.
Do not evaluate.

(( ( ) ) ) ( 2 x 2 + 5 x ) dx (( ( )) )
n n
k 
26. lim  3 28. lim  cos
7

k 1
+4 +2 27.
n → n n 2 n → 3n 3n
k =1 k =1
 167

29. Sketch graphs and show shaded areas representing the values of the following .
2 2 2 2
I.  −2
x 3 + x dx II.  −2
x 2 + 5 x + 6 dx III.  −2
x 2 + 5 x − 6 dx IV.  −2
x + 1 dx

Match each of the integrals to one of the descriptions below.

a. The integral can be evaluated geometrically using areas of triangles, so that no actual
integration is necessary.
b. Absolute value is not even necessary for the given limits of integration.
c. Use of symmetry for the graph allows the problem to be done using only one integral that
does not involve absolute value.
d. The integral can only be done by using more than one integral. That is, the
problem must be split into two or more integrals to eliminate the absolute value.

30. a. Set up integrals that do not involve absolute value which could be used to
integrate the integrals shown in Problem 29 I, II, and III.
b. Evaluate the integral in Problem 29 IV using areas of triangles.

Use a calculator for Problems 31-34. For Problems 31-34, f ( x) = 3x2 + ln x .

7
31. Find f (4) 32. Find 1
f ( x) dx 33. Solve 3x2 + ln x = 0
34. f is discontinuous when x = 0 . Is the discontinuity a hole, an asymptote, or a jump?
 168
UNIT 6 SUMMARY

Indefinite Integrals  f ( x ) dx = f ( x) + C You might have an initial condition and

be able to solve for C.
b
Definite Integrals (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus)  a
f ( x) dx = f ( x) ba = f (b) − f (a )

b
Start Plus Accumulation f (b) = f (a ) +  f ( x) dx
a

Second Fundamental Theorem (Chain Rule Version):

d v
If u and v are functions of x , then
dx u  f (t ) dt = f (v) v − f (u ) u 
(if f is continuous from u to v ). Note the “chain rule factors” v and u .

Reverse Chain Rule for Integrals

 f  ( u ) u dx = f ( u ) + C (Where u is a function of x)
Five Ways to Integrate
1. Term by term. 2. Reverse Chain Rule 3. u-Substitution
4. Long Division (numerator degree  denominator degree)
5. Complete the square in denominator

Procedure for u-substitution:

1. Let u = radicand (part inside the symbol) . 2. Solve for x .
3. Differentiate the equation from Step 2. 4. Find dx .
5. Substitute u-expressions for x-expressions in the integral. 6. Integrate.
7. Substitute back, so that your final answer is again in terms of x .

Calculator Integration Math 9 on a TI84

Integrals involving absolute value: draw a graph, use geometry.

Definite Integral  Infinite Riemann Sum

width

 f ( x ) dx = lim  ( f ( a + k x ) x )= lim  ( f ( a + k n ) n )
n n
b b −a b −a
a n → n →
k =1 k =1

where n is the number of subdivisions. right-hand heights

 169

x form u form (Reverse Chain Rule)

n +1
x u n+1
 x dx = n + 1 + C, n  −1  u udx = n + 1 + C, n  −1
n n
Power Rule:

 e dx = e +C  e udx = e +C
x x u u
Exponential Rules:
ax au
 a dx = +C  a udx = +C
x u

ln a ln a
Trig Rules:  cos x dx = sin x + C  cos u u  dx = sin u + C
 sin x dx = − cos x + C  sin u u  dx = − cos u + C
 sec x dx = tan x + C  sec u u  dx = tan u + C
2 2

 csc x dx = − cot x + C  csc u u  dx = − cot u + C

2 2

 sec x tan x dx = sec x + C  sec u tan u u  dx = sec u + C

 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C  csc u cot u u  dx = − csc u + C
1 u
Log Rules:  x dx = ln x + C  u dx = ln u + C
1 u u
Inverse Trig  1− x 2
dx = arcsinx + C  a −u 2 2
dx = arcsin
a
+C

1 u 1 u
 1 + x2 dx = arctan x + C  a 2 + u2 dx = a arctan a + C