Name: Muhammad Abdullah Roll No: 2022-EE-019

EE-322L Analog and Digital Communication Marks Obtained:

Lab Report
Experiment No. 4
Amplitude Modulation

Objective
To build a simple unbalanced Amplitude Modulator.

Technical Background
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a modulation technique mainly used for radio carrier wave-based
message transmission. Amplitude Modulation (AM) modifies the amplitude of carrier wave according to
the message signal. AM is the oldest and simplest technique to modulate a signal for the purpose of high
range transmission. It alters the amplitude of the carrier wave to convey the information which can easily
be restored at receiving point. Amplitude Modulated waveform is attached below for better
understanding:

Figure 1. General depiction of AM (Image taken from geektogeek.com)

Expressions
Here, the message signal
m(t)=A m cos(2 π f m t)
And carrier signal
c (t )=A c cos(2 π f c t)
Here, Am and Ac are amplitudes of message and carrier signals, respectively.
Then the modulated signal becomes

s ( t )=[ A ¿ ¿ c+ A m cos ( 2 π f m t ) ]cos ( 2 π f c t ) ¿

Procedure:

As per the objective of this experiment, we must build an Amplitude Modulator which circuit is provided
in the lab manual.

The circuit is comprised of various components which are listed below in Table.1. For practical
implementation, we’ll ignore the resistance which is connected in series with the inductor in BP filter
section as it doesn’t contribute to the circuit as much.
1) Firstly, we’ll find the resonant frequency f o of the Bandpass filter (which is basically an RC parallel circuit).
This BP filter is of most importance because it removes the high frequency of the carrier signal and
allows only low frequency component to pass through for the output and smooths the signal by reducing the
ripples to present a better representation of signal.

Figure 2. Circuit Diagram of Amplitude Modulator

Using the resonant frequency formula:

1
f o=
2 π √ LC
By putting the known values of the components as mentioned above, we get,

f o=7957.74 Hz ≈ 8000 Hz

2) Now, we’ll set one of sinusoidal source’s frequency to this calculated resonant frequency f o. From the
characteristics of AM, we know that the signal with higher frequency is always carrier signal which is used
to carry the information over a distance. As this is a signal with high frequency, we’ll call it carrier signal.

3) The other sinusoidal source’s frequency will be set in accordance with the carrier signal. Since the second signal is a
message signal, we’ve to set its frequency 100 times less than carrier signal’s frequency. This can be understood
from the transmission of the Radio signal which are of kHz-MHz range typically. For AM radio, a carrier frequency
of kHz-MHz is used which voice or music frequency is of 20-20kHz range only.

4) We’ll implement the circuit on breadboard using the required component for the purpose of the observation of out
output.
We’ll use the DSO (Digital Oscilloscope) to plot output signal to understand the modulation properly. Connecting
one probe of DSO across BP Filter will produce modulated signal,
 The following waveform will appear on the screen of the DSO of which snap is attached below:

Figure 3. Generated Signals on the screen of DSO

5) Conclusion

In this experiment, we successfully implemented an unbalanced Amplitude Modulator and visualized the
AM signal on the oscilloscope. The modulated waveform displayed a high-frequency carrier with an
amplitude that varied in sync with the lower-frequency message signal.
Output Waveform:
The output waveform shown on the DSO consists of two parts:

Carrier Signal: Represented by the high-frequency oscillations, this is the signal used to carry information
over long distances.

Message Signal (Envelope): The slow variation in the amplitude of the carrier signal represents the
message signal. This envelope is the information that modulates the carrier.

The modulated waveform is characterized by a rapid oscillation (carrier) whose amplitude is governed by
the shape of the message signal.
Methodology:
 Carrier Signal Generation: The sinusoidal source was set to the resonant frequency (8 kHz) to act as
the high-frequency carrier.
 Message Signal Generation: The second sinusoidal source was set to a frequency 100 times less
than the carrier, representing the message signal.
 Modulation Process: As the message signal varied, it modulated the amplitude of the carrier wave.
The modulated signal was captured using the DSO and displayed for analysis.
Components Used
Table 1. Components Required

Components Quantity
Resistor (20kΩ) 1 Nos.
Resistor (10kΩ) 2 Nos.
Capacitor (0.04µC) 1 Nos.
Inductor (10mH) 1 Nos.
Diode (1N4148) 1 Nos.
 Rubrics for Experiment No.
Performance Exceeds Meets expectation Does not meet Marks
expectation (0.5)/(1)/(1) expectation
(1)/(2)/(2) (0)/(0)/(0)

R1: Knowledge of Has required Has partial Has no knowledge

required functions knowledge for code knowledge for code for code
for code design.
Marks: 0-1
R2: Simulation of Simulates all the Needs guidance to Incapable to simulate
experiment tasks correctly by simulate the tasks the tasks correctly by
Marks: 0-2 himself correctly himself even with
guidance
R3: Demonstrate Correct results are Results are provided Results are provided
proper results with provided with with minor errors with major errors
justification required and/or with little and/or with no
Marks: 0-2 justification justification justification
Performance Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet Marks
(0.5)/(0.5)/(0.5) (-)/(0.25)/(0.25) expectation
(0)/(0)/(0)

R1: Timely The submission is on --- Late submission

submissionMa time
rks: 0-0.5

R2: Report All relevant All the relevant Most of the relevant
completeness calculations, calculations, graphs, results,
Marks: 0-0.5 specifications, code, specifications, code, calculations,
graphs, and results are graphs and results specifications, and code
provided with proper are provided but are missing, as well as
explanation. with little their proper explanation
explanation and and justification is
justification. missing

R3: Error-free The submitted Some parts of the The submitted

writeup assignment is submitted assignment is mostly
Marks: 0-0.5 without any assignment contain plagiarized and contain
plagiarism and formatting errors formatting errors.
formatting errors. and plagiarized
material.
Rubrics for Lab Manual No.