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Chapter 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

Section 2.1 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity

(1)1. A body moves along a straight line. Its position from the origin at time t is given
by the equation: x = 2t2 – 8t + 5, where x is in meters and t is in seconds.
Find the average velocity of the body in the interval from t = 0 to t = 2 s.
(2)2. The position-time graph of a particle is shown below. What is the average velocity
of the particle in the time interval [2.0 s, 6.0 s]?

Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity

(3)3. A body moves along a straight line. Its position from the origin at time t is given
by the equation: x = 2t2 – 8t + 5, where x is in meters and t is in seconds.
Find the velocity of the body at t = 2 s.
(4)4. The position-time graph of a particle is shown below. What is the velocity of the
particle at t = 5.0 s?

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Section 2.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

(5)5. A car accelerates from rest to 108 km/h in 12.0 s. What is the average
acceleration of the car over these 12 seconds?
(6)
6. A body moves along a straight line. Its position from the origin at time t is given
by the equation: x = 2t2 – 8t + 5, where x is in meters and t is in seconds.
What is the acceleration of the body at t = 2 s?
(7)7. The velocity-time graph of a particle is shown below. Find the average
acceleration of the particle in the interval [2.0 s, 6.0 s].

Section 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration

(8)
8. The speed of a bus traveling due South is uniformly reduced from 54.0 km/h to
36.0 km/h in a distance of 62.5 m.
a. What are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration?
b. If the bus keeps decelerating at the same rate,
i. how long does it take to come to rest from 54.0 km/h?
ii. what distance does the bus cover before coming to a stop?
(9)9. On a long straight road, a car accelerates uniformly from rest, reaching a speed
of 25.0 m/s in 20.0 s. The car maintains that speed for 90.0 s while moving behind a
truck. The car then accelerates uniformly to 35.0 m/s in an additional 20.0 s. After
maintaining that speed for 4.00 minutes, the car uniformly decelerates at 4.00 m/s2
and comes to a stop.
a. Calculate the total distance traveled by the car.
b. What is the average speed of the car in the first 130 s?
c. What is the average acceleration of the car in the first 130 s?

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Section 2.5 Freely Falling Bodies

(10)10. The top of a cliff is 160 m above the beach. A stone dropped from the top of
the cliff falls freely from rest with a uniform acceleration of 9.80 m/s2 directed
vertically downward.
a. Calculate the speed with which the stone hits the beach.
b. Find the time the stone needs before it hits the beach.

Section 2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration

(11)
11. A particle moving along a straight line starts at time t = 0 with a velocity 4.0
m/s. At any instant t (s), the acceleration of the particle is expressed by: a(t) = (6.0
m/s3)t − (8.0 m/s2).
a. What is the expression of the particle’s velocity?
b. Give the expression of the particle’s position.

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Chapter 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

Section 3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors

(12)1. The position coordinates of a moving particle are given by x = 4t − 3, y = 3t2 +

5, and z = 7, where x, y, and z are expressed in m and t in s.
a. What is the position vector of the particle?
b. What is the displacement between t = 1 s and t = 2 s?
c. Find the magnitude of the average velocity between t = 1 s and t = 2 s.

2. The position coordinates of a moving particle are given by x = 2t3 − 5t + 3, y =

(13)

3t + 4t − 5, and z = −t3 + 2t2 − 6, where x, y, and z are expressed in m and t in s.

2

a. What is the velocity of the particle at t = 1 s?

b. What is the speed of the particle at t = 1 s?

Section 3.2 The Acceleration Vector

3. A particle is moving with the coordinates x = 2t3 − 5t + 3, y = 3t2 + 4t − 5, and z

(14)

= −t3 + 2t2 − 6, where x, y, and z are expressed in m and t in s. What is its acceleration
vector at t = 2 s?
(15)
4. A particle is moving uniformly along a curved path. Along which direction is its
acceleration vector directed?

Section 3.3 Projectile Motion

(16)
5. A shell is shot with a muzzle velocity of 150. m/s at an angle of 53 above the
horizontal. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.
a. What is the velocity vector of the shell after 3.00 s?
b. Find the position vector of the shell after 3.00 s.

Use the given below to answer the following three questions.

A ball rolls off the edge of a tabletop 1.40 m above the floor with a horizontal velocity
of 1.50 m/s, as shown in the below figure. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

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(17) 6. How much time does it take the ball to hit the floor?

A. 0.530 s
B. 0.290 s
C. 0.380 s
D. 0.550 s
E. 0.430 s
(18) 7. What is the horizontal distance covered by the ball?

A. 0.600 m
B. 0.700 m
C. 0.800 m
D. 1.20 m
E. 1.40 m
(19) 8. What is the velocity of the ball as it hits the ground?

A. 3.70 m/s
B. 6.40 m/s
C. 6.70 m/s
D. 5.40 m/s
E. 4.90 m/s

(20)
9. A gun fires a shell with a velocity of 770. m/s at an angle of 18.0 above the
horizontal. By modeling the shell as a particle, find its range.

Section 3.4 Motion in a Circle

(21)10. A car initially traveling eastward from A turns north by traveling along a
circular path ABC at a uniform speed, as shown in the diagram. The length of the arc
ABC is 235 m, and the car completes the turn in 36.0 s.

a. What is the magnitude of the car’s acceleration?

b. What is the acceleration vector when  = 35?

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Section 3.5 Relative Velocity

(22)
11. John cycles to the North at 20.0 km/h with respect to the ground and Kate
cycles to the North at 25.0 km/h. What is the velocity of Kate with respect to John?
(23)12. A boat is traveling upstream at 14.0 km/h with respect to a river that is flowing
at 6.00 km/h (with respect to the ground). A man runs directly across the boat, from
one side to the other, at 6.00 km/h (with respect to the boat). What is the speed of the
man with respect to the ground?
A. 10.0 km/h
B. 14.0 km/h
C. 18.5 km/h
D. 21.0 km/h
E. 26.0 km/h

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Chapter 4 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Section 4.1 Force and Interactions

(24)1. An object is subjected to the action of two forces, F1 of magnitude 5.00 N and
F2 of magnitude 10.0 N, as shown below. What is the resultant of the two forces?

Section 4.2 Newton’s First Law

(25)2. Car A is moving at 20.0 m/s, car B at 35.0 m/s, while car C is at rest. On which
of the three cars is the net force greater?

Section 4.3 Newton’s Second Law

(26)3. A particle of mass m1 accelerates at a1 under the action of a single constant

force F. When the same force acts on a second particle of mass m2, the second particle
accelerates at a2. Given that m1/m2 = 3, what is the value of the ratio a2/a1?
(27)4. Two forces, one with a magnitude of 3 N and the other with a magnitude of 5
N, are acting on a box of a certain mass. For which orientations of the forces shown in
the diagrams below is the magnitude of the acceleration of the box the least? Justify
your answer.

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(28) 5. [G]
a. State Newton’s second law of motion.

b. Under the action of a constant force of 10 N, a body moves linearly such that the
dependence of its coordinate x on time t is described by the equation x = t 2 − 2t + 3 ,
where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine the mass of the body.

Section 4.4 Mass and Weight

(29)6. A 145 g baseball is dropped from the top of a building. Neglect the effects of air
resistance and take g = 10.0 m/s2.
a. What is the weight of the baseball?
b. What is the acceleration of the falling ball?
c. How does the net force acting on the ball vary?

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Chapter 5 Applying Newton’s Laws

Section 5.1 Using Newton’s First Law: Particles in Equilibrium

(30)1. A trunk of weight 600.0 N is placed on the loading ramp of a mover’s truck. The
ramp is smooth and has a slope of 35.0. What is the magnitude of the force F needed
to move the trunk with a constant velocity up the ramp?

(31)2. [G] A load hangs in equilibrium from two cables that form an angle of 120º, as
shown below. The force of gravity acting on the load is 519 N. Determine the tension
forces acting on AC and CB.

(32)
3. [G] A 1,500 kg car is held in place by a light cable on a frictionless ramp. The
cable makes an angle of 25° with the surface of the ramp, and the ramp itself rises at
10° above the horizontal. Find the tension in the cable and the normal reaction of the
support acting on the car.

Section 5.2 Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles

(33)4. A block of mass 5.00 kg is suspended from one end of a spring attached to the
ceiling of a lift. The lift accelerates upwards at a rate of 2.00 m/s2. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

a. What is the magnitude of the tension in the spring?

b. If the spring is part of a spring balance calibrated in newtons, what will it read?
c. The value found in b is called the apparent weight. When this quantity is equal
to the real weight, what would the acceleration of the lift be?

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d. If the apparent weight is zero, what is the direction and magnitude of the
acceleration of the lift?
(34)
5. A massless inextensible string carrying two masses m1 and m2—one at each end—
passes through the groove of a massless pulley that rotates without friction around a
horizontal axis through its center. Assume that m1 > m2 and take g = 10.0 m/s2.

a. What forces act on each block? Draw the free-body diagram of each block.
b. What can be said about the tensions in either part of the string? Explain.
c. What can be said about the accelerations of the blocks? Explain.
d. What is the acceleration of m1?

(35)6. [G] From a thread thrown over a fixed pulley, two loads of masses 0.75 kg and
0.85 kg are suspended. Within 2.0 s after the start of movement, each load traveled a
distance of 1.2 m. Based on experimental data, find the acceleration of gravity.

Section 5.3 Friction Forces

(36)
7. A person is pulling a 20.0 kg crate by means of a rope hung over his shoulder
such that the rope forms an angle of 30 with the horizontal. The man pulls the rope
with a force of 100 N, thereby moving the crate with a constant speed along the floor.
Take g = 10.0 m/s2.
a. What forces act on the crate?
b. Draw the free-body diagram of the crate.
c. What is the magnitude of the friction exerted on the crate?
d. What is the magnitude of the normal push exerted by the surface on the crate?
(37)
8. A rope is attached to a box of mass 35 kg at rest on a flat surface. The
maximum force, parallel to the surface, that the rope can exert on the box before it
begins to move is 200 N. What is the coefficient of static friction between the surface
and the box? Take g = 10.0 m/s2.
(38)9. A 75.0 kg skydiver falls through air. When he spreads his hands in the spread-
eagle position, the numerical value of the constant D is 0.25 kg/m. What is the
terminal velocity of the skydiver? Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

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(39)10. [G] A 60 kg skier descends from a hill. At the bottom of the hill, the speed of
the skier is 10 m/s. At that moment, the skier continues to move horizontally for 40 s
before stopping. Determine the friction force and the coefficient of friction along the
horizontal stretch. Take g = 10 m/s2.

Section 5.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion

(40)11. A car moves round a bend, which is banked at a constant angle of 10° to the
horizontal. When the car is traveling at a constant speed of 18 m/s, there is no
sideways frictional force on the car. The car is modeled as a particle moving in a
horizontal circle of radius R meters.
a. What are the forces acting on the car?
b. What is the value of R?
(41)12. [G] A small car of mass 0.800 kg travels at a constant speed on the inside of a
track that is a vertical circle with radius 5.00 m. If the normal force exerted by the
track on the car when it is at the top of the track (point B) is 6.00 N, what is the
normal force on the car when it is at the bottom of the track (point A)? Take g = 10
m/s2.
(42)
13. [T] A paper cup of mass m is dropped from a high location with an initial
downward velocity u. The magnitude of the drag force acting on the cup is modeled by
D = –kv, where k is a constant and v is the speed of the cup.

a. The dot in the diagram below represents the paper cup. Complete the diagram to
show the forces acting on the paper cup immediately after it has been released.

b. Derive, but do not solve, the differential equation describing the motion of the paper
cup.

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c. Solve the differential equation showing how the speed of the paper cup varies with
time.

d. Draw the velocity-time graph (v-t) in the coordinate system below. Label the
intercepts and the asymptotes in terms of the given. Label the graph v1. On the same
coordinate system, show the variation of the velocity of another identical paper cup that
has been released from the same height with zero initial speed. Label this graph v2.

e. The paper cup reaches its terminal velocity in a shorter period than that predicted by
the model. Suggest a reason to explain this observation.

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Chapter 6 Work and Kinetic Energy

Section 6.1 Work

(43)
1. A force of magnitude 20.0 N acts on a box at an angle of 60 with the
horizontal, as shown below. The box then moves horizontally through a distance of
10.0 m. What is the work done by F?

(44)2. A body of mass 5.00 kg moves along a horizontal rough surface. The body is
subject to a force of magnitude 50.0 N at an angle of 30.0 with the horizontal. If the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.150, what is the net work done on the body moving
a distance of 100 m?
(45)3. [G] Marc exerts a constant force of magnitude 150 N to move a crate over a
distance of 5.0 m. The crate is lower than his torso, so he must push at an angle of 60°
to the direction of motion. What is the amount of work done by Marc on the crate
during this displacement?
(46) 4. [G] Describe when the work done by a force is positive, negative, or zero.

Section 6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem

(47)
5. A box of mass 4.0 kg, initially at rest, is acted upon by a net horizontal force of
magnitude 8.0 N. What is the final speed of the box after moving a distance of 4.0 m?
(48)
6. A package of mass 8.00 kg is pushed along a straight line across a smooth
horizontal floor by means of a constant horizontal force of magnitude 16.0 N. The
package has a speed of 3.00 m/s when it passes through point A and a speed of 5.00
m/s when it reaches point B. What is the distance AB?
(49)7. A crate of mass 60.0 kg is released from rest on a rough inclined plane making
an angle  = sin−1(2/7) with the horizontal. After traveling a distance of 90.0 m, the
crate reaches a speed of 12.0 m/s. Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the box and the ground.

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(50)8. [G] The speed of a free-falling stone with mass 2.0 kg changes from 3.0 m/s to
6.0 m/s over a certain segment of its path. Find the work done by gravity along the
mentioned path.

Section 6.3 Work and Energy with Varying Forces

(51)9. A spring of spring constant k obeys Hooke’s law, F = −kx, where F is the
variable force exerted by the spring and x the displacement of its free end. Calculate
the work done by the spring on a particle attached to it and that extends the spring
from its natural length to an extension a, as shown below.

(52)10. Two forces F1 = 3xi (N) and F2 = 4x2i (N) act on the same particle displacing it
from position r1 = (20 cm)i to position r2 = (10 cm)i. What is the net work done on
the particle?
(53)11. A 0.500 kg object moves on a horizontal circular track with a radius of 2.50 m.
An external force of magnitude 3.00 N, always tangent to the track, causes the object
to speed up as it goes around. If the object starts from rest, what would its speed be at
the end of one revolution?

(54) 12. [G] A force F = e−3x (N), where x is in meters, is used to move a box between
x = 1.0 m and x = 5.0 m. What is the work done by the force over the given distance?

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(55)13. [G] Find the work done by an elastic force F used to stretch a spring from 8
cm to 16 cm. A graph of the dependence of the elastic force on the length of the
spring is shown in the figure below.

(56)14. [G] What is the work needed to stretch a spring, having a force constant equal
to 40 kN/m, by 0.5 cm from equilibrium?

Section 6.4 Power

15. A jet plane produces a thrust of 1.50 × 104 N when it is traveling at 300 m/s.
(57)

What is the instantaneous power of the plane?

(58)
16. A man of mass 80.0 kg climbs up 25 stairs, each of height 20.0 cm, in 20.0 s.
What is the average power generated by the man? Take g = 10.0 m/s2.
(59)
17. [G] Using a force of 80.0 N, a man raises a bucket of water steadily from a
well 10.0 m deep in 20.0 s. What power does this man generate?
(60)18. [G] What power does a scooter engine generate at a speed of 36 km/h with a
traction force of 250 N?

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(61)
19. [T] Two blocks, of masses M and M/2, are connected by a long string passing
over a light frictionless pulley. The apparatus is released from rest.

a. Derive an expression for the speed of the block of mass M in terms of the distance d
it descends.

b. Now the blocks-pulley system is replaced by a uniform rope of length L and mass M.
Initially, the rope is hung around the midpoint, such that one of the free hanging parts
is only slightly longer than the other. The rope is then released from rest, and at some
time later the difference between the lengths of ropes is y, as shown below. Express
your answers to parts b, c, and d in terms of y, L, M, and fundamental constants.

i. Determine an expression for the force of gravity on the right hanging part of
the rope as a function of y.
ii. Determine an expression for the force of gravity on the left hanging part of
the rope as a function of y.

c. Derive an expression for the work done by gravity on the rope as a function of y,
assuming y is initially zero.

d. Derive an expression for the speed u of the rope as a function of y.

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e. In this part, the two previous cases will be considered separately. The hanging block
of mass M and the right end of the rope are each allowed to fall a distance L/2. The
string is long enough that the block of mass M/2 does not hit the pulley. Indicate
whether v from part a or u from part d is greater after the block and the end of the rope
have traveled the same distance L/2.

_____v is greater _____u is greater _____the speeds are equal

Justify your answer.

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Chapter 7 Potential Energy and Energy Conservation

Section 7.1 Gravitational Potential Energy

(62)
1. A box of mass 0.200 kg is shot horizontally with an initial speed v0 = 6.00 m/s
along a rough track that meets a smooth inclined plane at an angle of 30 with the
horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction of the horizontal plane is 0.200 and its
length is 5.00 m.

a. With what speed does the box reach point O?

b. What is the distance traveled by the box along the inclined plane before it
stops and moves back down?
(63)
2. How are the work done by gravity and the change in the gravitational potential
energy related? Explain by giving an example.
(64)3. A cart rolls along a horizontal track with a speed of 10.0 m/s, and then rolls up a
hill. Neglecting all frictional forces, what height will the cart stop at? Take g = 10.0
m/s2.

(65)4. The seat of a swing is 0.50 m above the ground when it is stationary. A girl
swings and passes through the lowest point with a speed of 6.2 m/s. What is the height
of the seat, above ground level, when the girl first comes to rest? Take g = 9.80 m/s2.
(66)5. A skateboarder moves from rest down a curved frictionless ramp in the shape of
a quarter circle of radius 3.00 m. The skater and the skateboard have a total mass of
70.0 kg. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.
a. What is the speed of the skateboarder at the bottom of the ramp?

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b. In real life, the ramp is not frictionless and the speed of the skater at the
bottom of the ramp is 6.00 m/s instead of the value found in part a. What is the
work done by friction on the skater?
(67)
6. [G] A body of mass 1.00 kg has a potential energy of 10.0 J. How high is the
body above the ground if the zero reading of gravitational potential energy is at
ground level?
(68)
7. [G] A stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground level at a velocity of
10.0 m/s. At what height is the kinetic energy of the stone equal to its gravitational
potential energy? Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

(69)8. [G] A 2.0 kg cart is given an initial speed of 5.0 m/s at the bottom of a rough
ramp making an angle of 20° with the horizontal. A constant frictional force of 10.0 N
acts on the cart during its motion. What is the maximum distance d traveled by the
cart along the ramp?

Section 7.2 Elastic Potential Energy

(70) 9. A block of mass 1.50 kg is forced against a horizontal massless spring of spring
constant 200 N/m, compressing it a distance of 0.150 m. When the block is released,
it slides along a horizontal frictionless floor. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.
a. What is the speed of the block at the moment it is released from the spring?
b. If the block slides along a rough horizontal surface where the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the table and the block is 0.300, how far does the
block move before it stops?
(71)10. The 2.0 kg block shown in the diagram below slides from rest down the
frictionless chute. The radius of the ramp (quarter circle) is 2.0 m. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

a. What is the velocity of the block as it reaches the spring bumper at the end?
b. What will the maximum compression of the spring bumper be knowing that
the spring constant is 200 N/m and that all the kinetic energy is transformed
into elastic potential energy?

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(72)11. [G] A force of 250 N keeps a certain spring stretched by 50 cm. What is the
elastic potential energy stored in the spring?

Section 7.3 Conservative and Non-conservative Forces

(73)
12. What are some properties of the work done by a conservative force? Give an
example of a conservative force.
(74)13. A particle situated at the origin of an xy-plane, having unit vectors i and j, is
acted upon by a force F = Cxj, where C is a constant. The particle moves in the
counterclockwise direction around the square loop and gets back to its initial position.

a. Determine the work done by the force on the particle along each leg of the
square.
b. Is the force acting on the particle conservative or non-conservative? Explain.
c. Can the force be represented by a potential energy function U? Explain.
(75) 14. [G] List the properties of work done by a conservative force.

(76)15. [G] What is the general form of the law of conservation of energy and how is
internal energy related to the work done by non-conservative forces?

Section 7.4 Force and Potential Energy

(77)16. The potential energy of a body is given by: U(x) = −4x3 + 3x2 + 1, where U is
in joules and x in meters.
a. What is the force F(x) acting on the body?
b. Determine the positions where the body is at equilibrium.

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Section 7.5 Energy Diagrams

(78)17. Indicate, for the potential-energy function below, the abscissa of the points of
stable equilibrium and unstable equilibrium. Justify your answer.

(79)18. [T] A 1.5 kg particle is moving along the x-axis in a region where its potential
energy as a function of x is given by U(x) = 0.25x2, where U is expressed in joules and
x in meters. When the particle passes through point x = 4.0 m, its velocity is –2.0 m/s.
All the forces acting on the particle are considered to be conservative.

a. Calculate the total mechanical energy of the particle.

b. Calculate the x-coordinates of the points at which the particle has half its maximum
kinetic energy.

c. Calculate the maximum value of the particle's speed.

d. Calculate the maximum value of the particle's acceleration.

e. On the axes below, sketch graphs of the object’s position x versus time t and kinetic
energy KE versus time t. Assume that at t = 0, the particle reaches its greatest speed,
moving in the positive direction. The two graphs should cover the same time interval
and use the same scale on the horizontal axes.

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(80)
19. [T] A box of mass m is released from rest at point A, as shown in the figure
below, and moves along a track to point E. The box falls freely between points A and
B, which are a distance of R/2 apart. Then, it moves along the circular arc of radius R
between points B and D. Assume the track is frictionless from point A to point D.

a. On the dot below that represents the box, draw and label the forces that act on the
box when it is at point C, which is at an angle θ from the vertical through point D.

b. Determine, in terms of θ and the magnitudes of the forces drawn in part a, an

expression for the magnitude of the centripetal force acting on the box at point C.

c. Derive an expression for the speed uD of the box as it reaches point D in terms of M,
R, and fundamental constants.

d. A force acts on the box between points D and E and brings it to rest at point E. If the
box is brought to rest by friction, calculate the numerical value of the coefficient of
friction μ between the box and the track.

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e. Now, consider the case in which there is no friction between the box and the track,
but instead the box is brought to rest by a braking force expressed as –kv2, where k is a
constant and v is the velocity of the box. Express all algebraic answers to the following
in terms of m, R, k, and fundamental constants.
i. Derive, but do not solve, the differential equation for v(t).
ii. Solve the differential equation you derived in part i.
iii. On the axes below, sketch a graph of the magnitude of the acceleration of
the box as a function of time. On the axes, explicitly label any intercepts,
asymptotes, maxima, or minima with numerical values or algebraic expressions,
as appropriate.

(81) 20. [T] Students are to conduct an experiment to investigate the relationship
between the terminal speed of a sphere and its radius. They take steel spheres of density
ρ and different radii r and drop them into a tall glass filled with glycerin. They then
measure the time t necessary for each ball to cover the distance h = 60 cm. The students’
data is given in the table below.

Radius r (mm) Time (s) Height (cm) uT (m/s)

2.0 8.1 60
2.5 5.2 60
3.0 3.6 60
3.5 2.6 60

Students learned from their textbook that the magnitude of the drag force FD on a sphere
moving in a liquid is given by FD = 6rv , where  is a constant (usually referred to
as viscosity). Use g = 9.8 m/s2.

a. Using this relationship, derive an expression relating the terminal speed uT to the
radius of the ball r.

b.
i. Assuming the functional relationship for the drag force above, use the grid
below to plot a linear graph as a function of r to verify the relationship. Use the
empty boxes in the data table, as appropriate, to record any calculated values
you are graphing. Label the vertical axis as appropriate, place numbers on both
axes, and draw the best straight-line fit to the points.

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ii. Given that the density of steel is 8.05 g/cm3, calculate the viscosity of
glycerin.

c. On the same pair of axes below sketch

i. the kinetic energy versus time from the time the steel ball is released up to the
time t = T that the ball has fallen the distance h. Label the graph K.
ii. the potential energy versus time from the time the steel ball is released up to
the time t = T that the ball has fallen the distance h. Take the bottom of the glass
as a zero potential energy level. Label the graph U.

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Chapter 8 Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions

Section 8.1 Momentum and Impulse

(82)
1. A baseball of mass 150 g is thrown horizontally against a wall at 20.0 m/s and
rebounds (also horizontally) at 15.0 m/s.

a. What is the impulse of the net force acting on the ball during collision?
b. The ball is in contact with the wall for 15.0 ms. Calculate the magnitude of the
average force that the wall exerts on the ball.
(83)2. A ball of mass 0.50 kg hits a wall horizontally at 25 m/s and rebounds horizontally
at 18 m/s. What is the momentum of the ball right before the collision? What is its
momentum after it rebounds off the wall?
(84)
3. The graph below shows how a force exerted on a certain body varies with time.
What is the impulse given to that body during 3.0 s?

(85)4. A particle of mass 6.0 kg moves with a velocity of (3.0 m/s)i − (2.0 m/s)j. After
3.0 s, the particle has a velocity of (7.0 m/s)i + (3.0 m/s)j. What are the magnitude and
direction of the constant force acting on the particle?
(86)
5. [G] A car of mass 1,200 kg is moving at a speed of 72 km/h. Find its
momentum.
(87)6. [G] A body of mass 1.0 kg moves with a velocity 2.0 m/s along the Ox axis. A
force of 4.0 N acts along the direction of motion for 2.0 s. Determine the final speed
of the body.

(88)7. [G] A 5.0 kg ball moving at a speed of 60 m/s hits a wall and bounces off it
with the same speed. What will the impulse of the force received by the wall be if the
ball flies and bounces perpendicular to it?

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(89)8. [G] A 0.40 kg ball moving at a speed of 12 m/s hits a vertical wall at a right
angle. What is the average force acting on the ball if it rebounds at the same speed and
the interaction with the wall lasts for 10 ms?

(90)9. [G] A particle of mass 3.0 kg is initially moving along the positive x-axis. At t
= 0, a force F is applied along the direction of motion of the particle for 2.0 s. The
force obeys the equation F = 6t ‒ 3t2. What is the impulse of the force in the time
interval [0, 2.0 s]?

Section 8.2 Conservation of Momentum

(91)10. A bullet of mass m is fired by a rifle of mass M. Initially, both the bullet and the
rifle were at rest. Express the velocity of the rifle after the bullet was shot in terms of
the bullet’s speed. In what direction does the rifle move after the bullet is shot?
(92)11. A car of mass 800 kg moving at 25.0 m/s collides with a small truck of mass
1200 kg moving in the same direction at 10.0 m/s. After the collision, the two vehicles
combine and move with the same velocity. What is the velocity of the system after the
collision?
(93)12. [G] A 70.0 kg ice skater, standing stationary in an ice rink, throws a 3.00 kg
stone in a horizontal direction at a speed of 8.00 m/s. What will be the speed of the ice
skater after throwing the stone? Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

Section 8.3 Conservation of Momentum

(94)13. a. Is the collision studied in question 2 in Section 8.2 elastic or inelastic?

b. Calculate the energy lost by the system after the collision.
(95)14. At a road intersection, a red car of mass 950 kg is moving eastward at a speed
of 20.0 m/s. A blue pickup truck, of mass 1750 kg traveling north at 25.0 m/s, runs a
red light and collides with the car. As a result, the two vehicles stick together and
continue moving as one.

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a. What is the momentum of each vehicle before the collision?

b. What is the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the two vehicles after the
collision?
c. Show that the collision is inelastic.
d. In what form is the energy dissipated after the collision?
(96) 15. [G] Differentiate between elastic and inelastic collisions.

Section 8.4 Elastic Collisions

(97)16. A bowling ball of mass 6.80 kg is moving along a bowling alley with a speed of
8.00 m/s. The ball collides elastically with a stationary bowling pin of mass 1.50 kg.
After the collision, the bowling ball deflects to the left of its original path of motion at
an angle of 12.0 and its speed reduces to 5.80 m/s, as shown in the figure below. On
the other hand, the pin is deflected to the right of the original path of motion at a certain
angle .

y
8.00 m/s 12.0
x 

Top view v’pin

a. Assuming that the collision is elastic, calculate the speed of the bowling pin
after the collision.
b. At what angle does the pin deflect?

(98)17. [G] A ball of mass m1 = 200 g, moving at a speed of 10 m/s, collides with a
stationary ball with a mass m2 = 800 g. The collision is perfectly elastic. What will the
speeds of the balls be after collision?

Section 8.5 Center of Mass

(99)18. Three particles forming a system have the following properties:

P1 is of mass 2.0 kg and located at −i + 2j (m), P2 of mass 1.0 kg and located at 3i + j
(m), and P3 of mass 2.0 kg and located at 2i − 2j (m).
What is the center of mass of the system?
(100) 19. When does the center of mass of a system of particles have a constant velocity?

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(101)20. [G] A boat floats motionlessly in a lake. Two fishermen are sitting at the stern
and on the bow of the boat 4.0 m apart. The mass of the boat is 200 kg, while the
masses of the fishermen are 85 kg and 75 kg. Assume that the center of mass of the
boat is at a distance of 2.0 m from its stern at the height of the top of the boat. Find
the position of the center of mass of the given system of bodies.
(102) 21. [T] A box of mass m is to be pulled up a ramp by a rope, as shown below.

The magnitude of the acceleration of the box as a function of time t can be modeled by
the equations.
 t  T
a = amax cos T , t  0; 2 
 

a = 0, t  T
 2
where amax and T are positive constants. The hill is inclined at an angle θ above the
horizontal, and friction between the box and the ramp is negligible. Express your
answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

a. Derive an expression for the velocity of the box as a function of time during the
accelerating phase. Assume the box starts from rest.

b. Derive an expression for the work done by the net force on the box from rest until
terminal speed is reached.

c. Determine the magnitude of the force exerted by the rope on the box at terminal
speed.

d. Derive an expression for the total impulse given to the box during the accelerating
phase.

e. Now, suppose that—although the initial acceleration is still amax—the magnitude of

the acceleration was modeled as decreasing linearly with time. On the axes below,
sketch the graphs of the force exerted by the rope on the box for the two models from
t = 0 to t > T/2. Label the original model F1 and the new model F2.

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(103)22. [T] A small block of mass m = 0.50 kg is placed on a large triangular slab of
mass M = 3.0 kg, as shown below. The height of the triangular slab, whose inclination
is α = 37, is 3.0 m. Initially, both the block and the slab are at rest. There is no friction
between the slab and the horizontal surface, as well as between the block and the slab.
Use g = 10 m/s2.

a. On the dots below that represent the block and the slab, draw and label vectors to
represent the forces acting on each as the block slides on the slab.

b. Calculate the acceleration of the

i. slab relative to the ground.
ii. box relative to the slab.

c. Let v be the speed of the box as it leaves the slab and V the speed of the slab at that
moment. Express the relation between v and V in terms of m, M, and α.

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d. How would the value of V change if there was friction between the block and the
slab?

___V would increase. ___V would decrease. ___V would remain the
same.

Justify your answer.

(104)23. [T] A ball of mass 200 g is released from rest at a fixed height of 1.80 m above
the ground. When it hits the ground, a force sensor measures the force exerted by the
ground on the ball. The data obtained from the sensor is shown below. Use g = 10 m/s2.

Time (s) Force (N)

0 0
0.05 0.1
0.1 5.2
0.15 10.3
0.175 13
0.2 10.4
0.25 5.6
0.3 0.2
0.33 0

a. On the graph paper below, plot the force-time graph. Label the axes and sketch a
smooth curve through the points.

b. Determine the impulse imparted by the ground on the ball.

c. Calculate the speed of the ball when it leaves the ground.

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d. Determine the magnitude of work done on the ball by dissipative forces during the
impact.

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Chapter 9 Rotation of Rigid Bodies

Section 9.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration

(105)1. A wheel has an angular position that varies with time as follows:  = (6.0
rad/s2)t2.
a. How many revolutions does the wheel make in the first 5 seconds of rotation?
b. What is the angular velocity of the wheel at t = 2.0 s?
c. What is the angular acceleration of the wheel at t = 2.0 s?
(106)
2. A wheel is turning with a constant angular speed of 3.0 rad/s. What is the time
taken by the wheel to complete one full revolution?
(107)3. The Ferris wheel at a local amusement park takes 40 s to complete one
revolution. What is the average angular speed of the wheel?
(108)
4. A car is moving along a horizontal road. Its tires are all rotating with an angular
velocity of 53.5 rad/s. The driver accelerates uniformly for a duration of 4.50 s. As a
result, each tire reaches an angular velocity of 58.0 rad/s. What is the average angular
acceleration of a tire during the 4.50 s?

(109)5. [G] The linear velocity of the rim points of a uniformly rotating disk is 3.0 m/s,
and that of the points located 10 cm closer to the axis of rotation is 2.0 m/s. What is
the angular velocity of the disk?
(110) 6. [G] The rotational motion of a wheel is governed by the expression
 = 1 + 2t + t 3 (rad). Find the instantaneous angular velocity at t = 2.0 s of a point
lying on the wheel’s rim. What is the direction of rotation?

(111) 7. [G] The rotational motion of a wheel is governed by the expression θ = 1+ 2t +

t3 (rad). Find the instantaneous angular acceleration at t = 2.0 s of a point lying on the
wheel’s rim. What is the direction of rotation?

Section 9.2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration

(112)8. Initially, a grinding wheel has an angular velocity of 24.0 rad/s. The wheel
accelerates at 30.0 rad/s2 for two seconds only.
a. What is the angular velocity of the wheel after 2.00 s?
b. Through what angle did the wheel turn during the two seconds?
c. The wheel then starts decelerating at a constant rate until it finally stops after
turning through 432 rad.
i. What is the duration of the decelerating phase?

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ii. What was the wheel’s angular acceleration during this phase?
(113) 9. When a DVD player is turned off, a disc inside it, initially rotating
counterclockwise at 4.60 × 103 rev/min, stops rotating. The disc is assumed to
decelerate uniformly at a rate of −50.0 rad/s2. When the DVD player is off, a red dot is
marked on the disc, as shown below.

a. What is the magnitude of the disc’s angular velocity 3.00 s after the DVD player
was turned off?
b. What is the angular displacement of the red dot 3.00 s after the DVD player was
turned off?
c. What is the time needed for the disc to stop?
d. How many revolutions would the red dot make before it stops?
(114)
10. [G] At t = 0, a wheel rotating with an angular velocity ω = 5.0 rad/s starts
slowing down uniformly until it stops. If the angular acceleration is α = −2.0 rad/s2,
how many degrees will the wheel turn in the first 2.0 s and what is, then, the wheel’s
angular velocity?

Section 9.3 Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics

(115)
11. A girl is playing on a merry-go-round of diameter 3.0 m. At some instant, the
magnitude of her angular acceleration is 0.50 rad/s2 and that of her centripetal
acceleration is 3.0 m/s2. If the girl is at the edge of the merry-go-round, what is the
magnitude and direction of her net acceleration at that instant?
(116)12. A carousel in an amusement park starts rotating from rest with a constant
angular acceleration at t0 = 0 till t1 = 1.00 min. During this time interval, the carousel
completes 5 turns. A pink horse and a yellow horse are 2.00 m and 3.00 m away from
the center of the carousel, respectively.
a. What is the angular displacement of the pink horse between t0 and t1 if it has
described an arc length of 4.00 m?
b. What are the values of the angular acceleration and tangential acceleration of
the yellow horse during the one-minute interval?

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c. What is the speed of the yellow horse at t1? Is this speed equal to that of the pink
horse? Explain without performing any calculations.
d. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the yellow horse at t1?
e. Determine the characteristics of the net acceleration of the yellow horse at t1.

13. [G] A wheel at rest starts rotating with an angular acceleration α = 2.0 rad/s2.
(117)

After 0.5 s, the magnitude of the wheel’s acceleration is 13.6 cm/s2. Find the radius of
the wheel.

Section 9.4 Energy in Rotational Motion

(118)
14. Four identical particles, each of mass 2.0 kg, are arranged in an x-y plane, as
shown below. The particles are connected by light sticks to form a rigid body. If a =
1.0 m, what is the moment of inertia of this array about the y-axis?

(119)15. A uniform disc of mass 2.5 kg and radius 65 cm is initially at rest. The disc is
free to rotate about a horizontal axis that passes perpendicularly through its center. A
force F is applied tangentially to the disc for 5.0 seconds, resulting in an increase in the
disc’s angular speed to 12 rad/s.
a. Calculate the final kinetic energy of the disc.
b. What is the disc’s angular acceleration?
(120)16. A uniform basketball has a mass of 300.0 g and a radius of 15.0 cm. The
basketball is released with zero initial speed from a height of 1.50 m on a rough ramp,
as shown below. The ball rolls without slipping. Take the horizontal plane passing
through the bottom of the ramp as a reference for gravitational potential energy and g
= 10.0 m/s2.

By applying the principle of conservation of energy, what is the translational speed of

the basketball at the bottom of the ram?

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(121)
17. [G] Four small spheres, each of mass 0.30 kg, are arranged in the shape of a
square of side 0.50 m. The spheres are connected by extremely light rods. What is the
moment of inertia of the system about an axis through one of the spheres and
perpendicular to its plane?

(122)
18. [G] A solid disk of mass 5.0 kg rotates in its place at a constant speed of 2.0
m/s. Find the kinetic energy of the disk.

Section 9.5 Parallel-Axis Theorem

(123)19. Using the parallel-axis theorem, derive the expression of the moment of inertia
of a thin rod of length l and mass M whose axis of rotation passes through one of its
ends.
(124)
20. [G] Determine the moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod relative to an axis
perpendicular to the rod and passing through a point located 1/4 of its length from the
end of the rod. The length of the rod is 0.50 m and its mass is 0.20 kg.

Section 9.6 Moment-of-Inertia Calculations

(125)21. A hollow cylinder, shown below, has a density , an inner radius R1, an outer
radius R2, and a height h.

a. Calculate the moment of inertia of the cylinder about the axis of rotation that
passes through its center of mass.
b. Deduce the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder and a thin cylindrical shell.

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(126)22. [T] A hoop of mass 0.50 kg is released from rest from the top of a slanted roof
that is 2.0 m long and angled at 37 with the horizontal, as shown below. The hoop rolls
along the roof without slipping. The moment of inertia of a hoop of mass M and radius
R about its center of mass is MR2. Use g = 10 m/s2.

a. On the figure below, draw and label the forces (not components) acting on the hoop
at their points of application as the loop rolls along the roof.

b. Calculate the force due to friction acting on the hoop as it rolls along the roof. If you
need to draw anything, other than what you have drawn in part a, to assist in your
solution, use the space below. Do not add anything to the figure in part a.

c. Calculate the linear speed of the center of mass of the hoop, vcom, when the hoop
reaches the bottom edge of the roof.

d. A wagon containing a box is at rest on the ground below the roof, in such a way that
the hoop falls a vertical distance of 1.5 m, then lands and sticks in the center of the box.
The total mass of the wagon and the box is 2.5 kg. Calculate the horizontal speed of the
wagon immediately after the hoop lands in it.

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Chapter 10 Dynamics of Rotational Motion

Section 10.1 Torque

(127)
1. The diagram below shows two forces F1 and F2 acting on a rod. Determine the
signs of the torques due to F1 and F2.

(128)2. A rod is pivoted about its center. Two forces, each of magnitude 5.0 N, act at
4.0 m and 2.0 m from the pivot point, as shown below. What is the net torque about
the pivot?

(129)
3. The diagram below shows three forces applied at points A, B, and C of a uniform
beam pivoted at end O. At which of the points is the greatest torque with respect to O
produced?

(130)
4. [G] What three factors affect the torque created by a force relative to a specific
pivot point? How is the direction of the torque vector determined?

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Section 10.2 Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body

(131) 5. A uniform spherical ball, of mass 300 g and diameter 0.50 m, is resting on a
horizontal surface in a vertical plane. A force F, of magnitude 6.2 N, is applied on the
ball tangent to one of its extremities.

a. Neglecting frictional forces, what is the resultant net torque acting on the ball
about a diameter of the ball perpendicular to the plane of the figure?
b. Deduce the angular acceleration of the ball.
(132)6. A uniform disk, a thin hoop, and a uniform sphere, all with the same mass and
same outer radius, are each free to rotate about a fixed axis passing through their
respective centers. Assume the hoop is connected to the rotation axis by light spokes.
With the objects starting from rest, identical forces are simultaneously applied to the
rims, as shown below. Rank, from least to greatest, the angular accelerations of the
three objects.

(133)
7. [G] A mass of 6.0 kg is tied to a cord wound around a disk of radius 0.40 m.
Find the moment of inertia of the disk knowing that the load drops with an
acceleration of 4.0 m/s2. Use g = 10 m/s2.

Section 10.3 Rigid-Body Rotation About a Moving Axis

(134)8. A solid sphere, of mass m, released from rest from a height h rolls down an
inclined plane. The sphere then rolls around a loop of radius R, as shown below.
a. Based on the principle of conservation of mechanical energy, derive an
expression of the sphere’s speed at the top of the loop.
b. What should the minimum height h be from which the sphere has to be released
for it not to fall off the loop? Assume that the radius of the sphere is much
smaller than that of the loop.

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(135)
9. Consider an Atwood’s machine made of two blocks of different masses m1 and
m2 attached by a string around a disk of radius R and mass M, as shown below.

Given m1 = 5.00 kg, m2 = 7.00 kg, M = 1.00 kg, R = 4.00 cm, and g = 9.80 m/s2.

a. By applying Newton’s second law for translational and rotational motion,

derive an expression for the acceleration of the system. Deduce the value of the
system’s acceleration.
b. What are the magnitudes of the tensions T1 and T2 in each section of the rope?
c. Determine the net torque acting on the disk and its angular acceleration.
(136)
10. [G] A solid disk of mass 5.0 kg rolls without sliding along a horizontal plane
with a speed of 2.0 m/s. Find the kinetic energy of the disk.

(137)11. [G] A wheel with a radius of 0.50 m and a mass of 4.0 kg rolls without
friction along an inclined plane 4.0 m long that is inclined at an angle of 30°.
Determine the moment of inertia of the wheel if the speed of its center of mass at the
end of the movement is 5.0 m/s. The acceleration of gravity is assumed to be 10 m/s2.

Section 10.4 Work and Power in Rotational Motion

12. A bolt is tightened with a force of torque 5.50 × 10−2 N.m through 25 turns.
(138)

What is the total work required to tighten the bolt?

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(139)13. A disk, of mass 1.50 kg and radius 20.0 cm, is acted upon by a constant torque
that increases its angular speed from 0 to 15.0 rad/s. What is the total work done by the
constant torque?
(140)
14. A 5.00 kg grinding wheel is in the form of a solid cylinder of radius 0.80 m. A
constant torque rotates it through 4.0 complete turns in 10.0 seconds.
a. What is the work done by the torque?
b. What is the power due to the torque?
(141)15. [G] A flywheel in the form of a solid disk, with I = 2.0 kg.m2, decelerates
from 8.0 rev/s to 0 in one minute. Determine the constant torque and the work done
by the braking force.
(142)16. [G] A string wrapped around a pulley is pulled with a constant downward
force of magnitude 50 N. The radius of the pulley is R = 0.10 m and its moment of
inertia is I = 2.5×10−3 kg.m2. If the string does not slip, what is the angular velocity of
the pulley after 1.0 m of the string has unwound? Assume the pulley starts from rest.

(143)17. [G] Find the power due to a torque of 20 N.m acting on a rigid body if it
rotates with an angular velocity of 20 rad/s.

Section 10.5 Angular Momentum

(144)18. A point-like particle of mass 125 g is rotating in a circular path of diameter

1.40 m with a speed of 23.0 m/s. What is the angular momentum of the particle with
respect to the axis passing perpendicularly through the center of the circle?
(145)19. A system consists of a uniform rod of moment of inertia Irod = 60.00 kg.m2 and
a uniform sphere of moment of inertia Isphere = 2.100 kg.m2, as shown below. The system
rotates about  at a constant angular speed of 25.00 rad/s. What is the angular
momentum of the system?

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(146)20. A hollow thin-walled sphere of mass 12.0 kg and diameter 50.0 cm is rotating
about an axis that passes through its center. The angular velocity of the sphere is given
by
z = (20.0 rad/s3)t2 + (5.00 rad/s2)t.
a. Express the angular momentum of the hollow sphere in terms of t and find its
value at t = 5.00 s.
b. What is the expression of the net torque on the sphere? Find its magnitude at
t = 5.00 s.

(147)21. [G] A proton spiraling around a magnetic field undergoes circular motion in
the plane of a paper, as shown below.

The circular path has a radius of 0.40 m and the proton has a velocity of 4.0 × 106 m/s.
Given the mass of a proton = 1.67 × 10‒27 kg.

a. What is the angular momentum of the proton about the origin?

b. What is the direction of the angular momentum?

(148)
22. [G] A thin uniform rod with a length of 0.50 m and a mass of 0.40 kg rotates
with an angular velocity of 30 rad/s around an axis passing perpendicularly to the rod
through its middle. Determine the angular momentum of the rod.

Section 10.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum

(149)23. A 42.0 kg boy is spinning on a merry-go-round of 625 kg mass and 2.50 m

radius in a horizontal plane. The boy walks from the edge towards the center of the
merry-go-round. Initially, the merry-go-round was spinning with an angular speed of
0.40 rad/s. Neglect the effect of frictional forces.
What is the angular speed of the system when the boy is 1.00 m away from the center?
(150)24. A uniform disk of moment of inertia I1 = 2.5 kg.m2 is rotating clockwise in a
horizontal plane with an angular speed of 15 rad/s. A second uniform disk of moment
of inertia I2 = 1.3 kg.m2, initially at rest, falls on the rotating disk such that their centers
coincide. The system formed by the two disks starts rotating at an angular speed .
Neglect the effect of frictional forces.

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a. Is the angular momentum of the system conserved? If yes, determine its value.
b. What is the value of the angular speed ?
c. What is the loss of energy as a result of the second disk’s fall?
(151)25. [G] A horizontal platform with a mass of 160 kg rotates around a vertical axis
passing through the center of the platform with a frequency of 0.25 rev/s. A man
weighing 80 kg is standing on the edge of the platform. What frequency does the
platform begin to rotate with if the man moves from the edge of the platform to its
center? Consider the platform as a homogeneous disk and the man as a point mass.
(152)26. [T] A system consists of a bullet of mass m and a uniform rod of mass M and
length d. The rod is suspended by a frictionless pivot and is initially vertical. The
Md 2
moment of inertia of the rod about the pivot is I = .The bullet, traveling
3
horizontally, collides with the free end of the rod and gets embedded in it. As a result
of this collision, the rod rotates through an angle α. Express all answers in terms of m,
M, α, d, and fundamental constants.

a. Derive an expression for the initial speed u of the bullet.

Now, assume that M >> m.

b. Simplify the answer you obtained in part a using the aforementioned assumption.

c. Derive an expression for the change in the momentum of the bullet-rod system during
the collision.

d. Explain why the momentum of the bullet-rod system is not conserved in the collision.

e. Assume now that the collision between the bullet and the rod was perfectly elastic.
How would that affect the angle θ through which the rod rotates?
__ α > θ __ α = θ __ α < θ
Justify your answer.

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(153)27. [T] An Atwood machine is made up of two blocks, of masses m and 3m, and a
solid disk of radius R and mass m. The machine is placed on an inclined plane (angle
of elevation α). There is no friction between the block, the disk, and the inclined plane.
Assume that the cord does not slip on the disk. The moment of inertia of a disk of mass
1
m and radius r is given by I = mr 2 .
2

a. On the diagram below, show the forces acting on blocks m and 3m.

Express your answers in terms of m, R, α, and fundamental constants.

b. Write, but do not solve, a system of algebraic equations used to determine the
tensions in the cords and the acceleration of the blocks.

c. Determine the acceleration of the block m.

Sand gets stuck between the disk and the inclined plane, resulting in friction between
the disk and the inclined plane, but not between the blocks and the plane. As a result,
the blocks begin moving uniformly along the plane. Assume that the sand is uniformly
distributed across the disk and the coefficient of friction between the disk and the
inclined surface is μ.

d. Determine the torque by friction on the disk, f, in terms of m, R, α, μ, and

fundamental constants.

e. Assuming α = 37, what is the value of μ?

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(154) 28. [T] A trebuchet is a catapult that uses a long arm to throw a projectile. The
trebuchet is made of a uniform beam of mass M and length 3L. It is placed on a fulcrum,
located L meters away from the beam's right end. To the right end of the beam, a heavy
object of mass 5M is attached. When the trebuchet is released from rest, it turns on the
fulcrum, projecting a small mass m, initially at rest in a sling, attached to the trebuchet's
left end. The rock leaves the sling when the beam is vertical.

The moment of inertia of a uniform beam of mass m and length l, rotating about its
1 2
center, is ml . Assume m << M and take the clockwise direction to be positive.
12
Express your answer in terms of the given and the fundamental constants.

a. Determine the moment of inertia of the beam-load system rotating about the fulcrum.

b. Determine the initial acceleration of the rock a0.

c. How does the acceleration of the rock just before it is launched compare to its initial
acceleration?
___a > a0 ___a = a0 ___a < a0
Justify your answer.

d. Determine the speed vl with which the rock is launched.

e. Determine the range of the rock.

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(155)29. [T] A barbell consists of two balls, each of mass m and radius 2R, connected
by a cylinder of mass m and radius R.

The barbell is released from the top of an inclined plane of height h and rolls to the
bottom. Assume it does not slip. At the bottom of the inclined hill, the barbell collides
with a light non-linear spring and compresses it by l m before spontaneously coming to
2
rest. Given: the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of mass M and radius r is Mr 2
5
and the moment of inertia of a cylinder of mass M and radius r about its central axis is
1 2
Mr .
2

Express all algebraic answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental
constants.

a. Determine the moment of inertia of the barbell.

b. Determine the speed of the barbell at the bottom of the incline.

c. Assume that the force the spring exerts on the barbell can be modeled as F = −kx 2 ,
where k is an unknown spring constant.
i. Derive, in terms of k, an expression for the elastic potential energy of this
spring.
ii. Express the value for the spring constant k in terms of the given and the
fundamental constants.

d. If the barbell was rolling with slipping, would you expect the speed of the barbell at
the bottom of the incline to be higher or lower? Justify your answer.

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(156)30. [T] The diagram below shows the dimensions of a spool of thread, modeled as
three disks of different radii. The rotational inertia of a disk of mass M and radius R
1
about its axis is MR 2 .
2

a. Derive an expression for the moment of inertia of a spool of thread rotating about the
axis of its symmetry.

b. The spool is placed on a rough plane inclined at an angle  with the horizontal and is
tied by a thread, as shown below. The spool is initially at rest and the thread is parallel
to the inclined plane. Derive an expression for the tension in the thread.

c. The thread is cut, and the spool is allowed to roll down the inclined plane without
slipping.
i. Derive an expression for the linear acceleration of the spool.
ii. The length of the inclined plane is L. Derive the expression for the speed of
the spool at the bottom of the inclined plane, vb.

d. A spool is now placed on an inclined plane with a higher coefficient of static friction
and allowed to roll without slipping down the new plane. How would that affect the
magnitude of the speed of the spool at the bottom of the inclined plane, v?
___ v > vb ___ v = vb ___ v < vb
Justify your answer.

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Chapter 11 Equilibrium and Elasticity

Section 11.1 Conditions for Equilibrium

(157) 1. What are the two conditions for equilibrium?

(158) 2. Is the following body in equilibrium?

Section 11.2 Center of Gravity

(159) 3. When does a body’s center of gravity coincide with its center of mass?

Section 11.3 Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems

(160)
4. A man weighing 900.0 N stands on a uniform horizontal board of length 2.00 m
and mass considered to be negligible. The board is located in a vertical plane and fixed
on two supports at its extremities, as shown below. Given that the man is 0.50 m away
from support 1, what is the magnitude of the reaction exerted by support 1 on the board?

(161)5. The figure below shows a uniform rod AB of mass M = 200.0 g pivoted in a
vertical plane at point O. The rod is held in equilibrium when a block of mass m = 55.0
g is hanged from side A by a string and a force F is applied perpendicularly to it from
side B. The position of the pivot O is such that OB = 2/3AB and OA = 1/3AB. Given: g
= 10.0 m/s2. What is the magnitude of F?

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(162)
6. [G] The horizontal beam in the figure below weighs 190 N, and its center of
gravity is at its center.

Find the tension in the cable.

Section 11.4 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli

(163)
7. A certain wire stretches 0.90 cm when outward forces of magnitude F are
applied to each end. The same forces are applied to a wire of the same material but
with three times the diameter and three times the length. By how much would the
second wire stretch?
(164)8. A 4.00 m long steel beam with a cross-sectional area of 1.00 × 10−2 m2 and a
Young’s modulus of 2.00 × 1011 N/m2 is wedged horizontally between two vertical
walls. In order to wedge the beam, it is compressed by 0.0200 mm. If the coefficient
of static friction between the beam and the walls is 0.700, what is then the maximum
mass (including its own) that the beam can bear without slipping? Take g = 10.0 m/s2.
(165)
9. A cube, of an exactly 2 cm side, is made of a material with a bulk modulus of
3.5×109 N/m2. When the cube is subjected to a pressure of 3.0 × 105 Pa, what is its
volume?

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(166)
10. A shearing force of 50.0 N is applied to an aluminum rod, having a length of
10.0 m, a cross-sectional area of 1.00 × 10−5 m2, and a shear modulus of 2.50 × 1010
N/m2. What is the deformation in the aluminum rod?
(167)11. [T] The horizontal uniform plank shown below has a length of 40 cm and a
mass of 1.5 kg. The left end of the plank is attached to a vertical support by a frictionless
hinge that allows the plank to swing up or down. The midpoint of the plank is supported
by a cord that makes an angle of 37 with the rod. A 1.0 kg block is attached to the right
end of the rod. Use g = 10 m/s2.

a. On the diagram below, draw and label all the forces acting on the plank. Show each
force vector as originating at its point of application.

b. Calculate the tension in the cord supporting the plank.

1
c. The moment of inertia of a plank about its center of mass is given by ML2 , where
12
M is the mass of the plank and L is its length. Calculate the moment of inertia of the
plank-block system about the hinge.

d. The cord is now cut and the plank with the weight rotate on the hinge. Determine the
speed of the weight just before it hits the vertical stand.

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Chapter 12 Fluid Mechanics

Section 12.1 Gases, Liquids, and Density

(168)
1. What is the mass of air in a room of dimensions 5.0 m × 5.0 m × 3.0 m?
Given air = 1.20 kg/m3.

Section 12.2 Pressure in a Fluid

2. An airtight box, with a lid of area 80.0 cm2, is partially evacuated. A force of
(169)

600.0 N is required to pull the lid off the box. What is the pressure in the box? Take
atmospheric pressure to be 1.01 × 105 Pa.
(170)3. A cylindrical tube of cross-sectional area of 4.00 cm2 contains a certain height
of acetone. The surface of acetone holds a block of mass 200.0 g. What is the height
of acetone if the pressure at point B is 112358 Pa? Given: acetone = 784 kg/m3,
atmospheric pressure p0 = 101300 Pa, and g = 9.80 m/s2.

(171)
4. A hydraulic press has one piston of diameter 2.0 cm and the other piston of
diameter 8.0 cm. What force must be applied to the smaller piston to obtain a force of
1600 N at the larger piston?
(172)5. A U tube is filled with a liquid of density 1250 g/L, as shown below. In one of
the tube’s vessels, a quantity of oil was poured to a height of 25.0 cm. The elevation of
the liquid in the tube is 16.0 cm. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

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a. What is the pressure of height l of the liquid in the tube?

b. What is the density of the oil used?
(173)
6. [G] What is the pressure difference between 1.0 m and 2.0 m below the surface
of water? (ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 and g = 10 m/s2)

Section 12.3 Buoyancy

(174)
7. A body weighs 6.5 N in the air. When totally immersed in water, the body
weighs 4.0 N. What is the volume of the body? Take g = 10.0 m/s2 and water = 1.0 ×
103 kg/m3.
(175)8. A wooden boat floats in fresh water with 70% of its volume under water. What
is the density of the wood? Take water = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3.
(176) 9. [G] State Archimedes’ principle.

10. [G] What force is needed to keep a 50 dm3 granite brick at rest in deep water?
(177)

Given: ρgranite = 2600 kg/m3, ρwater = 1000 kg/m3, and g = 10 m/s2.

Section 12.4 Fluid Flow

(178)11. One end of a cylindrical pipe has a radius of 1.5 cm. Water streams steadily out
at 7.0 m/s. What is the mass rate at which water is leaving the pipe? Take water = 1.0 ×
103 kg/m3.
(179)12. Water flows from a 4.0 cm diameter pipe to a 2.0 cm diameter pipe. The speed
of flow in the narrow pipe is 8.0 m/s. What is the speed of water in the wide pipe?

Section 12.5 Bernoulli’s Equation

(180)
13. Water flows through a horizontal pipe. At the wide end of the pipe, water
flows at 4.0 m/s. If the difference in pressure between the two ends is 4.5 × 103 Pa,
what is the speed of the water at the narrow end? Take water = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3.
(181)14. A water line enters a house 2.0 m below ground level. A smaller diameter pipe
carries water to a faucet on the second floor that is 5.0 m above the ground. Water flows
at 2.0 m/s in the main line and at 7.0 m/s on the second floor. What is the difference in
pressure between the main line and the second floor, and which is at the higher
pressure? Take water = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3.

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Chapter 13 Gravitation

Section 13.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation

1. The distance between Earth and Venus ranges from 3.80 × 1010 m to 26.1 ×
(182)

10 m. The masses of Earth and Venus are, respectively, 6.00 × 1024 kg and 4.90 ×
10

1024 kg. Treating Earth and Venus as point particles, what is the minimum and
maximum gravitational force between the two planets? Take G = 6.67 × 10−11
N.m2/kg2.
(183)2. Consider a system of three balls, each of mass 2.0 kg, placed at the vertices of
a right-angled triangle, as shown below. Find the magnitude and direction of the net
force on the upper ball due to its gravitational interaction with the other two.
Take G = 6.67 × 10−11 N.m2/kg2.

(184)3. [G] At what height above the surface of Earth is gravity two times less than
that on the surface of Earth? The radius of Earth is 6,371 km.

Section 13.2 Weight

4. The sun has an approximate mass of 2.0 × 1030 kg and a radius of 7.0 × 105
(185)

km. What is the acceleration due to gravity near the sun’s surface? Take G = 6.67 ×
10−11 N.m2/kg2.
(186)
5. Calculate the acceleration of free fall on the Moon’s surface knowing that the
Moon’s radius is about four times smaller than that of Earth and that it is 81 times less
massive.
(187)6. [G] What is the expression of the gravitational acceleration near the surface of
a planet?

Section 13.3 Gravitational Potential Energy

(188)7. A satellite of mass 1.0 × 103 kg is in orbit around Earth at an altitude of 500
km. We treat the satellite as a point particle. What is the gravitational potential energy
of the satellite?

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Given ME = 6.0 × 1024 kg, RE = 6.4 × 106 m, and G = 6.67 × 10−11 N.m2/kg2.
(189)
8. What is the minimum speed required of a particle for it to escape from Earth
completely?
(190)
9. What is the change in the gravitational potential energy of a 4.00 kg body lifted
from Earth’s surface to an altitude of 1.60 × 103 km?
Given ME = 6.00 × 1024 kg, RE = 6.40 × 106 m, and G = 6.67 × 10−11 N.m2/kg2.

Section 13.4 The Motion of Satellites

(191)10. A 1.0 × 103 kg satellite is orbiting Earth at a certain altitude. It takes the
satellite 150 minutes to complete one revolution around the Earth. Given ME = 6.00 ×
1024 kg, RE = 6.40 × 106 m, and G = 6.67 × 10−11 N.m2/kg2.
a. At what altitude is the satellite orbiting above Earth’s surface?
b. What is the speed and the angular speed of the satellite?
c. Calculate the kinetic energy of this satellite.
d. What is the total mechanical energy of the satellite?
(192)11. [G] Determine the period of revolution and speed of a satellite moving in a
circular orbit of radius 8.0 × 106 m. The mass of Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg.

Section 13.5 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets

(193)12. Mars takes 687 Earth days to orbit the sun. What is the semi-major axis of its
orbit? Given MS = 2.00 × 1030 kg and G = 6.67 × 10−11 N.m2/kg2.
(194) 13. [G] State Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion.

Section 13.6 Spherical Mass Distributions

(195)14. A small uniform sphere of mass m is placed at a distance x from one end of a
thin uniform rod, of length L and mass M, as shown below.

a. Express the gravitational potential energy of the rod-sphere system. Take the
gravitational potential energy to be zero when the rod and the sphere are
infinitely far apart.

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b. What is the expression of the gravitational potential energy when x is much

x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
larger than L. Use ln (1 + x ) = − + − + − ...
1 2 3 4 5
dU
c. Using Fx = − , find the magnitude and direction of the gravitational force
dx
exerted by the rod on the sphere.
(196)
15. [T] A student is given the set of orbital data (shown below) for four of the
moons of Jupiter and is asked to use the data to determine the mass M of Jupiter.
Assume the orbits of these moons are circular. Use G = 6.67 × 10−11 Nm2/kg2.

Orbital Period T Orbital Radius R

(days) (× 103 km)
7.1546 1,070

16.689 1,883

1.7691 422

3.5512 671

a. Assuming the orbits of Jupiter's moons are circular, derive an equation for the orbital
period T of a moon as a function of its orbital radius R.

b. Which quantities should be graphed to yield a straight line whose slope could be used
to determine Jupiter's mass?

c. Complete the data table by calculating the two quantities to be graphed. Convert the
values into SI units. Label the top of each column, including units.

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d. Plot the graph on the axes below and draw the best straight-line fit to the points.
Label the axes with the variables used and appropriate numbers to indicate the scale.

e. Using the graph, calculate the mass of Jupiter.

f. Due to a collision with an asteroid, the speed of one of the moons slightly increases.
Complete the diagram below to show the new orbit of the moon.

(197)16. [T] A geostationary satellite of mass m is launched in a circular orbit whose

period of revolution is equal to Earth's period of rotation.

a. The radius of the geostationary orbit r can be expressed as r = kRE. Express your
answers in terms of the mass of the Earth ME, its radius RE, k, m, and fundamental
constants.
i. Derive an expression for the speed v of the satellite in a circular orbit.
ii. Derive an expression for the speed u with which the satellite is launched into
the orbit to acquire a geostationary orbit.
ii. Derive an expression for the work done on the satellite by gravity as it moves
from the launch site to its orbit.

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b. Calculate the value of the constant k, given the mass of Earth ME = 6.0 × 1024 kg, its
radius RE = 6.0 × 106 m, and the period of Earth's rotation TE = 24 h.
Use G = 6.67 × 10−11 Nm2/kg2.

c. The diagram below shows the predicted shape of the satellite's S orbit around the
Earth E. It is observed that the speed of the satellite as it reaches the orbit is slightly
smaller than v because of the space debris it encountered on its way up. Complete the
diagram to show the path of the satellite on its orbit.

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Chapter 14 Periodic Motion

Section 14.1 Describing Oscillation

(198) 1. A microwave radiation has a frequency of 500 MHz.

a. Calculate the angular frequency of this radiation.
b. What is the period of a microwave radiation?
(199)
2. [G] An ultrasonic transducer used for scientific investigations oscillates at 10
MHz. How long does each oscillation take, and what is the angular frequency?

Section 14.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

(200)
3. A certain blade moves back and forth over a distance of 2.0 mm in simple
harmonic motion. The frequency of oscillations is 120 Hz.
a. What is the amplitude of oscillation?
b. Calculate the maximum blade speed.
c. What is the magnitude of the maximum blade acceleration?
(201)
4. Two identical springs of spring constant 7500 N/m are attached to a block of
mass 0.250 kg. The horizontal surface is considered to be frictionless.

a. What is the net force exerted by the springs on the block as it is displaced from
its equilibrium position?
b. Give the equation of motion of the block.
c. Calculate the angular frequency of oscillation and deduce its frequency.
d. Calculate the period of the oscillations.
(202) 5. [G] Define simple harmonic motion and write the equation that describes it.

(203)6. [G] The mass of a load suspended from a spring is 0.20 kg. Determine the
period of its free vibrations if the force constant of the spring is 80 N/m. How many
oscillations will this spring pendulum complete in 11 s?

(204)
7. [G] A ball is attached to an oscillating spring. The figure below shows the
graph of the ball’s position x as a function of time t.

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What equation describes the displacement of the ball as a function of time?

Section 14.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

(205) 8. Consider a spring-mass oscillator of an oscillation amplitude A.

a. If the displacement of the block is half the amplitude of oscillation, what
fraction of the total energy will the potential energy and kinetic energy be?
b. At what displacement is the energy of the system half kinetic and half
potential?
(206)
9. [G] A small particle of mass 8.0 kg is attached to an ideal spring oscillating in
SHM along a horizontal frictionless surface with an angular frequency of 10 rad/s.
The amplitude of the motion is 0.20 m. What is the mechanical energy of the system?

(207) 10. [G] Describe how the kinetic, potential, and mechanical energy vary in SHM.

Section 14.4 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion

(208)11. A sphere, of mass 95 kg and radius 15 cm, is suspended from a massless wire.
A torque of 0.20 N.m is required to rotate the sphere through an angular displacement
of 0.85 rad.
a. What is the torsion constant of this harmonic oscillator?
b. What is the period of oscillations that result when the sphere is released?
(209)
12. [G] An angler hangs an 80.0 kg fish from an ideal spring having negligible
mass. The fish stretches the spring 0.200 m.
a. Find the force constant of the spring.
b. The fish is now pulled down 5.00 cm and released. What is the angular
frequency of oscillation of the fish? Use g = 10 m/s2.
(210)13. [G] A balance wheel with moment of inertia of 6 × 10−8 kg∙m2 oscillates with
the angular frequency of 6 rad/s. Find the torsion constant.

Section 14.5 The Simple Pendulum

(211)14. What should the length of a simple pendulum that oscillates with a period of
1.0 s be?

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(212)
15. A simple pendulum of length L oscillates with a period T. If the length of the
pendulum is quadrupled, how does the resulting period T’ compare to T?
(213)16. [G] What is the length of a simple pendulum performing harmonic
oscillations with a frequency of 0.25 Hz on the surface of the Moon? The acceleration
due to the gravity on the Moon’s surface is 1.6 m/s2.

Section 14.6 The Physical Pendulum

(214)
17. A physical pendulum, consisting of a uniform disk of radius 10.0 cm and
mass 500 g, is attached to a uniform rod of length 50.0 cm and mass 270 g.

a. Calculate the moment of inertia of the physical pendulum about the pivot
point.
b. What is the distance between the pivot point and the center of mass of the
pendulum?
c. Calculate the period of oscillations of the physical pendulum.

Section 14.7 Damped Oscillations

(215)
18. Consider a block of mass 1.50 kg attached to a spring of spring constant 8.00
dx
N/m, as shown below. The block is acted upon by a damping force given by −b ,
dt
where b = 230 g/s. The block is pulled down 12.0 cm and then released.

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a. Calculate the time required for the amplitude of the resulting oscillations to be
equal to 1/3 the initial amplitude.
b. What is the angular frequency of the oscillator in damped motion?
c. How many oscillations are made by the block during the period calculated in
part a?
(216)19. [T] A pendulum is made of a cardboard plate modeled by a uniform solid disk
of mass m and radius R hung by a string of length 2R, as shown below. The moment of
1
inertia of a disk rotating about its center is given by I 0 = mR 2 .
2

a. The pendulum is allowed to oscillate freely. Express all algebraic answers in terms
of the given quantities and fundamental constants.
i. By applying the appropriate equation of motion to the pendulum, write the
differential equation for the angle θ the pendulum makes with the vertical.
ii. By applying the small-angle approximation to your differential equation,
calculate the period of the pendulum's oscillation Td.

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An actual plate attached to the string looks like this:

b. Describe an experimental procedure that you could use to determine the position of
the center of mass of the plate, including the equipment that you would need.

c. The plate is now untied from the string, and another much smaller object of the same
mass m is tied to it. How does the new period of the pendulum's oscillation Tp compare
to the old value Td?
___ Tp = Td ___ Tp > Td ___ Tp < Td
Justify your answer.
(217)
20. [T] A cart of mass 5m is attached to a spring of constant k. Initially, the spring
is not deformed, and the cart is stationary. A sticky ball of mass m is projected
horizontally with speed u towards the cart. The ball is initially h meters above the cart.
When the ball hits the cart, it sticks to it. Express all algebraic answers in terms of the
given quantities and fundamental constants.

a. Determine the speed of the cart, V, just after the ball strikes it. State, explicitly, what
assumptions you've made in your calculations.

b. Derive, but do not solve, the equation of motion of the cart-ball system.

c. Determine the period of the simple harmonic motion that results.

d. Write the equation of motion of the cart-ball system.

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e. Another ball, of the same mass but made of rubber, is projected from height h
horizontally at speed u towards the toy cart. The ball hits the cart and bounces off it, as
shown in the diagram below.

Indicate below whether the period of the resulting simple harmonic motion of the cart
is greater than, less than, or the same as it was in part c.
_____ greater _____ less _____ the same
Justify your answer.
(218)21. [T] A simple pendulum, made of a bob of mass m = 100 g, is performing small
oscillations on a light inextensible string of length l = 1.10 m. The pendulum is hanged
from a stationary table, and a motion sensor is used to measure the speed of the bob at
different moments of time. The data from the sensor is shown in the graph below.

a. Determine the period of oscillations of the pendulum.

b. Determine the value of g obtained in the experiment.

c. The relative error in measuring the length of the pendulum is 2% and the relative
error in time measurements is 0.5%. Explain whether the value of g obtained in the
experiment is within the experimental error.

d. One student suggests that the disparity between the measured and the known value
of g is due to the friction in the pendulum's hinge. Explain why this is incorrect.

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(219)22. [T] A spherical, non-rotating planet has a radius R and a uniform density ρ
throughout its volume. A narrow tunnel was drilled through the planet along a diameter
AB in which a small ball of mass m could move freely under the influence of gravity.
Let r be the distance between the ball and the center of the planet. Express your answers
in terms of the given and fundamental constants.

a. Derive an expression for the magnitude of the force on the ball at a distance r < R
from the center of the planet.

b. Derive, but do not solve, the differential equation that describes how the position of
the ball in the hole varies with time.

c. Use the result you obtained in part b to determine the time tB the ball takes to traverse
the planet from A to B.

d. A satellite of mass m is set into circular orbit of radius R at point A. It takes the
satellite tS seconds to fly from A to B. How do the values tS and tB compare?
_____ tS < tB _____ tS = tB _____ tS > tB
Explain your answer.
(220)23. [T] A uniform rod, of mass m and length L, is hung from one of its ends and
allowed to perform small oscillations. The angle the meter stick makes with the vertical
at a given moment of time is denoted as θ.

The rotational inertia of the uniform rod about its end can be expressed as I = nmL2,
where n is an unknown constant.

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a. In terms of the quantities given above, derive, but do not solve, the differential
equation that could be used to determine the angular displacement θ of the pendulum
as a function of time t.

b. Express the period of the rod's oscillation T in terms of the given and the fundamental
constants.

c. Students want to determine the value of n for the uniform rod. To do so, they suspend
several rods of different lengths L and measure the time of ten oscillations, t10, for each
rod. Their results are summarized in the table below.
L (m) t10 (s)
0.2 7.2
0.4 10.3
0.6 12.6
0.8 14.5
1 16.2

i. State which two quantities would produce a straight line on the graph.
Complete the table with these values.
ii. On the graph below, plot the data points. Draw a straight line that best
represents the data.

iii. Using g = 9.8 m/s2, determine the value of n.

d. The experiment is conducted again in an elevator accelerating upwards at a m/s2.

Describe qualitatively how this will affect the slope of the graph obtained in part c (ii).

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Chapter 15 Mechanical Waves

Section 15.1 Types of Mechanical Waves

(221) 1. Indicate the type of each mechanical wave shown below. Explain your answer.

(a) (b)
(222)
2. Which of the following physical quantities is transmitted as a wave propagates
through a medium?

A. density
B. volume
C. matter
D. energy
E. mass
(223) 3. [G] Define transverse waves and longitudinal waves.

Section 15.2 Periodic Waves

(224)
4. What is the speed of a tsunami wave that has a wavelength of 200 km and a
period of 800 s?
(225)
5. Sound waves travel through air at an approximate speed of 340 m/s. What is
the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequency is equal to 520 Hz?
(226)
6. [G] A boat is swinging in waves with a frequency of 0.50 Hz. What is the
speed of these waves if the distance between adjacent crests is 3.0 m?

Section 15.3 Mathematical Description of a Wave

(227)
7. A transverse wave propagating along a rope is given by y (x, t) = (0.750 cm)
cos  [(0.400 cm−1)x + (250 s−1)t].

a. What is the amplitude of the wave?

b. What is the wavelength of the wave?
c. What is the frequency of the wave?
d. What is the speed of propagation of the wave along the rope?
e. In what direction is the wave traveling?

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(228)
8. The diagram below shows a periodic wave in a taut string. Consider three
points A, B, and C as indicated on the string.
A

Which of the following is true about the wave’s speed at points A, B, and C?
A. vA < vB < vC
B. vA > vB > vC
C. vA = vC > vB
D. vA = vB = vC
E. vB > vA = vC

(229) 9. [G] The wave function is y = 0.2 cos  ( 5t − 2 x )  . Find the amplitude,
frequency, wavelength, and speed of propagation of the wave.

Section 15.4 Speed of a Transverse Wave

(230)
10. Based on the given of question 1 in section 15.3, what is the tension in the
rope of linear density 0.050 kg/m?
(231)11. Under a tension F, it takes 2.0 seconds for a pulse to travel the length of a taut
wire. What tension, in terms of F, is required for the pulse to take 6.0 seconds
instead?
(232)
12. Two taut strings S1 and S2, having the same mass and length, are set under the
same tension. The cross section of S1 is double that of S2. Which of the following is true
about the speeds v1 and v2 of transverse waves along S1 and S2, respectively?
A. v1 = v2
B. v2 = 2v1
C. v2 = 2v1
D. v2 = 4v1
E. v1 = 2v2

(233)
13. [G] The tension in a string with a linear mass density of 0.03 kg/m is 300 N.
Find the speed of a transverse wave on the string.

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Section 15.5 Energy in Wave Motion

(234)
14. Based on the given of question 1 in section 15.3, what is the average power of
the wave?
(235)
15. Two identical but separate strings, under the same tension, carry transverse
waves of the same frequency. The amplitude of wave A is twice that of wave B.
Compare the average power of the two waves.

Section 15.6 Wave Interference, Boundary Conditions, and Superposition

(236)16. Two pulses, having the same frequency and of amplitudes 15 cm and 25 cm,
are propagating along the same string. What is the maximum displacement possible of
the resultant pulse as the two pulses overlap?

A. 10 cm
B. 15 cm
C. 25 cm
D. 40 cm
E. 375 cm
(237)17. Two waves having identical properties propagate through the same medium.
What condition must be satisfied for the two waves to undergo destructive
interference?

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(238)18. The diagram below shows two wave pulses traveling uniformly toward each
other. Which of the following shows the resultant wave when the centers of the pulses
align?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

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(239) 19. [G] Define interference.

(240)20. [G] Describe the difference in the reflection of a wave pulse at a free end and
at a fixed end of a string.
(241) 21. [G] State the principle of superposition.

Section 15.7 Standing Waves on a String

(242) 22. [G] Describe the formation of standing waves on a string.
(243)23. [G] What is the difference between constructive interference and destructive
interference?

Section 15.8 Normal Modes of a String

(244)
24. A source is vibrating at one end of a string, which is attached to a rigid
support from the other end. Which of the following wavelengths will produce a
standing wave along a 1.5 m long string?
A. 15 m
B. 6.0 m
C. 4.5 m
D. 1.0 m
E. 0.4 m
(245)25. One end of a horizontal string is attached to a small-amplitude mechanical
60.0 Hz vibrator. The string, of linear density 3.9  10−4 kg/m, runs over a pulley a
distance L = 1.50 m away from the vibrator. Weights are hung from the other end of
the string, as shown in the figure below. Take g = 10.0 m/s2.

a. What mass m is needed to produce one loop of a standing wave?

b. A mass m = 0.140 kg is now hung. How many loops of a standing wave are
produced in the string?

Level N | 69
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(246)
26. [G] In a 5.0 m string with fixed ends, a wave propagates with a speed of 100
m/s. Find the oscillation frequency needed to produce the fourth mode of a standing
wave.
(247)
27. [G] The tension in a vibrating string 2.5 m long with a linear mass density of
0.03 kg/m is 300 N. Find the fundamental frequency of the string if both its ends are
fixed.

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Chapter 16 Sound and Hearing

Section 16.1 Sound Waves

(248) 1. How is a sound wave generated in air?
(249)
2. A sound wave of a single frequency can be represented with a sine curve. What
does the sine curve describe?
(250)3. A sound wave is propagating in a homogeneous medium of a 5.20 × 105 Pa
bulk modulus. The medium’s displacement-versus-position graph at a particular
instant is shown in the figure below. What is the maximum pressure generated by the
sound wave?

(251)
4. [G] Find the pressure amplitude of a sinusoidal sound wave that propagates in
a medium with a bulk modulus of 1.5 × 105 Pa if the wavelength is 0.314 m and the
displacement amplitude is 10−8 m.

Section 16.2 Speed of Sound Waves

(252)
5. When sound travels from air into water, does the frequency of the wave
change? Also, do its speed and wavelength change? Explain your reasoning.

(253)
6. Sound propagates through a pipe filled with air at a temperature of 25.0C. The
average molar mass of air is 28.8 g/mol and the ratio of heat capacities is 1.40. Given
R = 8.31 J/molK.
a. Assuming that air is ideal, what is the speed of sound through air?
b. What factor may be easily changed to increase the speed of sound inside the
pipe?

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7. What is the speed of sound in water at 20.0C of bulk modulus 2.18 × 109 Pa?
(254)

Given: the density of water is 1.00 g/cm3.

Section 16.3 Sound Intensity

(255)8. A sound source emits spherical waves with a power of 1250 W. Given: the
threshold intensity of hearing is I0 = 1.00 × 10−12 W/m2.
a. What is the intensity of this wave 2.50 m away from the source?
b. What is the sound intensity level 2.50 m away from the source?
(256)9. A sound source is emitting spherical sound waves of frequency 150 Hz. The
sound intensity level at point A, 3.00 m away from the source, is 80.0 dB. What is the
intensity of the sound wave at point A? Given: the threshold intensity of hearing is I0 =
1.00 × 10−12 W/m2.
(257)
10. Three different fluids X, Y, and Z are traversed by the same sinusoidal sound
wave. The figure below shows the wave’s intensity, I, in the different media as well as
each medium’s bulk modulus, B, and density, ρ. Rank the pressure amplitudes of the
waves in the different media.

Section 16.4 Standing Sound Waves and Normal Modes

(258)
11. The frequency of the second harmonic established in an air pipe open at both
ends is 325 Hz. What is the length of this pipe? Given: the speed of sound in air is
equal to 343 m/s.
(259)
12. What is the fundamental frequency that can be established in an air pipe of
length 55.0 cm that is closed at one end? Take vsound in air = 343 m/s.
(260)
13. A boy whistles in an air pipe closed at one end with a frequency of 1470 Hz.
The pipe is of 35.0 cm length, and the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s. Does the
whistling cause the formation of a standing wave in the pipe?
(261)
14. [G] An open pipe that is 0.50 m long produces waves with a speed of 350
m/s. Find the frequency of the third harmonic.
(262)15. [G] A closed pipe 0.5 m long produces waves with a speed of 350 m/s. Find
the frequency of the fifth harmonic.

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Section 16.5 Resonance and Sound

(263) 16. Describe the phenomenon of resonance.

Section 16.6 Interference of Waves

(264)17. Two small stereo speakers are powered by the same variable-frequency
generator. Their emitted sound is picked up by a microphone arranged as shown in the
figure below. Use vsound in air = 343 m/s.

a. For what frequency does the sound at the microphone produce a constructive
interference?
b. For what frequency does the sound at the microphone produce a destructive
interference?
(265)
18. Two loudspeakers, A and B, are driven by the same amplifier and emit
sinusoidal waves in phase. The frequency of the waves emitted by each speaker is 860
Hz. Point P is 12.0 m from A and 13.4 m from B. What is the type of interference at
P? Use vsound in air = 344 m/s.
A. fully constructive
B. fully destructive
C. intermediate, closer to fully constructive
D. intermediate, closer to fully destructive
E. unknown (distance between the speakers needed)
(266)
19. [G] Two loudspeakers emit pure sinusoidal waves in phase with a speed of
340 m/s. Find the first two frequencies that produce constructive interference at a
point P at which the path difference is 0.50 m.

Section 16.7 Beats

(267)
20. In a room, two wave sources A and B are emitting audible sound waves of
comparable frequencies. A person in the room is able to hear beats of 8.0 Hz
frequency when the sound frequency emitted by A is 32 Hz. What are the possible
values of the sound frequency of B?

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Section 16.8 The Doppler Effect

(268)21. The siren of a fire engine that is driving northward at 25.0 m/s emits a sound
of frequency 2.00 kHz. A truck in front of this fire engine is moving northward at
15.0 m/s. Use vsound in air = 344 m/s.
a- What is the frequency of the siren’s sound heard by the driver of the truck?
b- What is the frequency that the fire engine’s driver hears reflected from the back
of the truck?
(269) 22. A stationary tramway uses a 300 Hz bell to signal its launch from the station.
It is given that the speed of sound is 340 m/s. What frequency is observed by a man
walking towards the train at a speed of 7.2 km/h at the side of the tracks?
(270)
23. A train that blows a 200 Hz horn is moving at 40 m/s in still air on a day
when the speed of sound is 330 m/s. What frequency is detected by a person traveling
towards the train at a speed of 7.2 km/h as the train approaches?

Section 16.9 Shock Waves

(271)24. A supersonic plane, with a Mach number of 1.50, flies overhead at an altitude
of 6.00 km. Use the speed of sound in air = 340 m/s.
a. What is the angle of the shock wave cone?
b. How long after the plane passes overhead will a stationary observer on Earth
hear the sonic boom?

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Chapter 17 Temperature and Heat

Section 17.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

(272) 1. When are two systems considered to be in thermal equilibrium?

(273)2. Consider three systems, denoted A, B, and C, which are initially at different
temperatures. The three systems are then placed in contact with each other for a
relatively long-time duration. How would their final temperatures compare?

Section 17.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales

(274)
3. The average “room temperature” is equal to 25C. What is this temperature
equal to on the Fahrenheit scale?
(275) 4. What is the boiling point of water on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales?
(276)
5. [G] The body temperature of a healthy person, measured in Celsius, is 36°C.
What is the same body temperature in Fahrenheit?

Section 17.3 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale

(277)
6. The average “room temperature” is equal to 25C. What is this temperature
equal to on the Kelvin scale?
(278) 7. What is the freezing point of water on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales?
(279)
8. What is the absolute zero, and what can be said about the energy on the
molecular level and that temperature?
(280)
9. [G] A body temperature measured by a platinum-rhodium thermocouple is
1426.85 °C. What is this body temperature in Kelvin?

Section 17.4 Thermal Expansion

(281)
10. A brass cube of side length 30.0 cm is at 20.0C. What is the increase in the
cube’s surface area when it is heated to 75.0C? Given: the coefficient of linear
expansion of brass = 2.00 × 10−5 /C.

11. A lead ball has a volume of 50.00 cm3 when it is at a temperature of 60.00C.
(282)

What is the volume of the ball when its temperature is 25.00C? Given: the
coefficient of linear expansion of brass = 2.900 × 10−5 /C.s

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Section 17.5 Quantity of Heat

(283)
12. 2000 J of energy are needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of paraffin by
1C. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 2 kg of paraffin by 10C?
(284)13. 5.00 kg of water at 290 K falls vertically from a height of 315 m. What is the
final temperature of the water after falling this distance? Assume that there is no heat
exchange with the air or the ground and the specific heat of water is c = 4.20 × 103
J/kg.K and g = 10.0 m/s2.
(285)
14. [G] What is the temperature change in a 2.00 kg cast iron if it loses 230 kJ of
energy? The specific heat of the cast iron is 460 J/(kg.K).

Section 17.6 Calorimetry and Phase Changes

(286)15. Calculate the quantity of heat required to transform 200 g of ice at −20.0C
into steam at 100C. Use the values for specific heat and latent heat given throughout
this chapter.

(287)16. A hot piece of iron of mass 5.00 kg at 60.0C is placed in 3.00 liters of water
in a copper pot of mass 1.00 kg at room temperature of 300 K. Determine the
equilibrium temperature of the system. Neglect all energy losses to the surrounding.
(288)17. A 2.2 kg piece of lead is placed in an aluminum beaker, of mass 500 g and
containing 10 liters of water. An electric heater of power 2000 W is used to heat the
system from 20.0C to 80.0C in 21 min and 22 sec.
a. Determine the specific heat capacity of lead.
b. What is one factor that affects your result and how does it do so? How can you
reduce its effect?

18. 40.0 g of steam at 100C and 150 g of ice at −10.0C are added to 250 g of
(289)

water at room temperature (20.0C). Neglecting heat exchange with the surrounding,
what is the equilibrium temperature of the mixture?

(290)
19. What is the time required to vaporize 0.500 kg of water at 100C with a 1.50
kW electric heater? Neglect heat losses.
(291) 20. [G] Describe phase transition from ice to water.

(292)
21. [G] To prepare tea, a hiker places a 1.0 kg block of ice at 0°C in a pot. What is
the amount of energy needed to turn the ice into boiling water at a temperature of
100°C? The specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/(kg∙K) and the heat of fusion of ice is 3.4 ×
105 J/kg.

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(293)
22. [G] How much energy is required to convert 3.0 kg of water at 30°C into
steam? (LV(water) = 2.3 × 106 J/kg and cwater = 4.2 × 103 J/kg.K.)

Section 17.7 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

(294)
23. A slab made of copper has a length of 25.0 cm and contact surface area of
90.0 cm2. If TH = 125C, TC = 10.0C, and a steady state is reached, find the
conduction rate through the slab.

24. A copper rod of length 1.2 m and cross-sectional area 4.8 cm2 is insulated to
(295)

prevent heat loss through its surface. The ends of the rod are maintained at a
temperature difference of 100 C by placing one end in a water-ice mixture and the
other in a boiling water-steam mixture.
a. At what rate is energy conducted along the rod?
b. At what rate does ice melt at the cold end?
(296) 25.
a. What is the total rate of radiation of energy from a human body with surface
area 1.20 m2 and surface temperature 25C?
b. If the surrounding is at a temperature of 15C, what is the net rate of radiative
heat loss from the body? The emissivity of the human body is very close to 1.
(297) 26. [G] Define the three mechanisms of heat transfer.

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Chapter 18 Thermal Properties of Matter

Section 18.1 Equations of State

(298)1. A water bottle, initially at a temperature of 5.00C, is opened then closed. The
bottle is left in a closed car of internal temperature 50.0C. Neglecting the thermal
expansion of the water and the bottle, find the pressure in the air pocket of the bottle.
(299)
2. An ideal gas is taken through a cyclic process abca, as shown in the graph
below. The points on the graph are pb = 7.5 kPa and pac = 2.5 kPa. At point a, the
temperature is 200 K.

a. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

b. What is the temperature of the gas at point b?
c. What is the temperature at point c?

(300)3. An automobile tire of volume 1.64 × 10−2 m3 contains air at a gauge pressure
of 165 kPa at temperature 0.00C. What is the gauge pressure of the air in the tire
when its temperature is 27.0C and its volume increases to 1.67 × 10−2 m3? Given:
patm = 1.01 × 105 Pa.
(301)
4. [G] In a 2.6-liter flask, oxygen gas is compressed at a pressure of 2.3 atm and a
temperature of 27°C. How many moles of oxygen gas are there in the flask? What is
the mass of oxygen gas in the flask?

Section 18.2 Molecular Properties of Matter

(302) 5. What is a mole?

(303) 6. 1.00 cm3 of an ideal gas is at a pressure of 500 Pa and a temperature of 250 K.
a. What is the number of moles of the gas?
b. Calculate the number of molecules of the gas.

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(304) 7. What is the mass of 2.50 × 1025 atoms of silver of molar mass 108 g/mol?
(305)
8. [G]
a. What is the mass of one mole of carbon-12 atoms?
b. What is the mass of one carbon-12 atom?

Section 18.3 Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas

(306) 9. What are the assumptions for the kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas?
(307) 10. Consider 1.0 mol of helium gas at 1200 K. Given: MHe = 4.0 g/mol.
a. What is the average translational kinetic energy of the gas?
b. What is the average value of the square of the speed of one molecule?
c. Calculate the root-mean-square speed of a helium gas molecule. How does it
compare to the value found in part b?
(308)
11. Seven molecules of a certain gas have the following speeds: 330 m/s, 350 m/s,
400 m/s, 520 m/s, 670 m/s, 750 m/s, and 800 m/s.
a. What is the average speed of the molecules?
b. What is the rms speed of the molecule?
(309)12. Nitrogen molecules have a molecular diameter of 0.32 nm. In a sample of
nitrogen gas, 2.7 × 1019 molecules/cm3 are at 0.0C and under atmospheric pressure.
What is the mean free path of a nitrogen molecule?
(310)
13. [G] Describe how the pressure exerted by gas molecules on the walls of a
container can be changed.
(311) 14. [G] Find the average translational kinetic energy of one mole of an ideal gas if
its temperature is 300 K.

Section 18.4 Heat Capacities

(312)15. Find the molar specific heat capacity CV of a diatomic gas with 7 degrees of
freedom.

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Section 18.5 Molecular Speeds

(313) 16. Consider the speed distribution for a sample of N gas molecules shown below.

a. Calculate the value of av0.

b. What is, in terms of v0, the average speed of the molecules?
c. What is, in terms of v0, the rms speed of the molecules

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Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Section 19.2 Work Done During Volume Changes

(314)
1. Derive the work done by an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal (constant
temperature) expansion at T. The volume of the gas changes from V1 to V2.

(315)2. Three moles of an ideal gas are heated at constant pressure from 20.0C to
95.0C. What is the work done by the gas?
(316)3. A gas is taken from state a to state c along the path shown below. What is the
total work done by the gas?

(317)4. [G] How much work does 40 g of argon gas do when it expands isothermally
at a temperature of 347 K and its volume increases four times?

5. [G] What is the amount of work needed to compress a piston by 1.0 m3 at a

(318)

constant atmospheric pressure?

Section 19.3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States

(319) 6. On what factors does the work done in a thermodynamic process depend?
(320)
7. [G] Describe how the path followed in a thermodynamic process affects the
amount of work done.

Section 19.4 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics

(321)8. A gas is placed in a cylinder at a constant pressure of 3.00 × 105 Pa. The gas is
cooled and compressed from 2.00 m3 to 1.20 m3. As a result, the internal energy of the
system decreases by 3.00 × 105 J.
a. What is the work done by the gas?
b. Calculate the absolute value of the heat transferred. Is heat flowing in or out of
the gas?

Level N | 81
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(322)
9. 2.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes the processes shown in the p-V diagram
below.

a. What is the temperature of the gas at points a, b, and c?

b. What is the total work done by or on the gas?
c. How much heat must be added to increase the internal energy of the gas by
2.0 × 104 J?
(323)
10. [G] 1000 J of thermal energy is transferred to a gas in a cylinder with a
movable piston. At the same time, 200 J of work is done on the system. What is the
change in internal energy of the system?

Section 19.5 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes

(324)
11. In an adiabatic process, what is the change in the internal energy of a system
equal to?
(325)
12. In an isochoric process, what is the change in the internal energy of a system
equal to?
(326) 13. [G] Describe the different thermodynamics processes.

Section 19.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas

(327) 14. On what factor(s) does the internal energy of an ideal gas depend?
(328)15. If an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal process, what would the change in its
internal energy be?

Section 19.7 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas

(329)
16. The temperature of 3.00 mol of an ideal diatomic gas is increased by 50.0 C
while the pressure is kept constant.

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a. If the molecules in the gas rotate but do not oscillate, what are, in terms of R,
the molar specific heat expressions at constant volume and at constant pressure?
b. How much energy is transferred to the gas as heat?
c. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?
d. How much work is done by the gas?
e. What is the change in the molecules’ average translational kinetic energy?
f. What is the change in the molecules’ average rotational kinetic energy?
(330) 17. A certain quantity of a monatomic ideal gas expands from a volume of 3.00 ×
10−3 m3 to 11.0 × 10−3 m3 at constant pressure of 5.00 × 104 Pa.
a. What is the work done by the gas?
b. What is the quantity of heat transferred to or from the gas?
c. Calculate the change in the internal energy of the gas.
(331)
18. Propane gas, considered as an ideal gas, has a ratio of heat capacities equal to
1.127. What are the molar heat capacities at constant volume and at constant pressure?

Section 19.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

(332)19. 2.00 mol of an ideal gas, of heat capacities ratio equal to 1.4, occupies a volume
of 4.30 L at a pressure of 1.20 atm and temperature 310 K. The gas is compressed
adiabatically to a volume of 0.760 L.
a. Calculate the final pressure of the gas.
b. What is the final temperature of the gas?
c. Calculate the work done on the gas and the change in its internal energy.
(333)
20. 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas undergoes the cycle shown below. The
temperatures at points 1, 2, and 3 are, respectively, 300 K, 600 K, and 455 K.

a. For process 1 to 2, calculate the

i. heat transferred,
ii. work done on or by the gas, and
iii. change in the internal energy of the gas.

b. For process 2 to 3, calculate the

i. heat transferred,

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ii. work done on or by the gas, and

iii. change in the internal energy of the gas.

c. For process 3 to 1, calculate the

i. heat transferred,
ii. work done on or by the gas, and
iii. change in the internal energy of the gas.

d. For the whole cycle, determine the quantity transferred as heat, the work done,
and the change in the internal energy of the gas.

e. Knowing that the initial pressure of the gas is 1.50 atm, determine the volume
and pressure at points 2 and 3.

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Chapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Section 20.1 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes

(334) 1. [G] Differentiate between reversible and irreversible processes.

Section 20.2 Heat Engines

(335)
2. A real heat engine, operating between heat reservoirs at temperatures of 77°C
and 427°C, performs 2.5 kJ of net work and discards 7.5 kJ of heat in a single cycle.
Find the thermal efficiency of this heat engine.
(336)
3. A steam engine performs 1100 J of mechanical work and discards 200 J of heat
each cycle. How much heat must be supplied to the engine in each cycle?
(337)4. A pV diagram of an engine is shown below. The cycle consists of two isobaric
processes and two adiabatic processes. The working substance is an ideal diatomic
gas.

5.5

2.5

0.5 1.1 2.0

1.0

a. Label the diagram to show when heat enters (QH) and when it leaves the
system (QC).
b. Calculate the heat leaving the system.
c. Calculate the heat entering the system.
d. Calculate the efficiency of the engine.
(338) 5. [G] Describe the heat engine.

6. [G] An internal combustion heat engine performs 46 × 106 J of useful work

(339)

when supplied with 184 × 106 of energy. Calculate the thermal efficiency of this
engine.

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Section 20.3 Internal-Combustion Engines

(340)
7. An ideal gas with Cp/Cv = 1.40 is carried through the cycle illustrated below.
The compression is adiabatic.

a. What is the efficiency of an Otto engine utilizing this cycle?

b. If this engine discards 4000 J to the outside air, how much heat is supplied to
the engine?
(341)8. What is the ideal efficiency of a sports car equipped with an Otto-cycle engine
of compression ratio 12? Use  = 1.40.

(342)
9. [G] Draw and describe the pV diagrams for the idealized Otto cycle and the
idealized Diesel cycle.

Section 20.4 Refrigerators

(343)
10. An air conditioner has a heat removal rate of 1,500 W and requires an electric
power input of 500 W.
a. Find the coefficient of performance of the air conditioner.
b. Find the amount of heat discarded to the high temperature reservoir each
second.
(344)11. A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 2.0. It uses 700 W of
electrical power. Find the amount of heat removed from the food in the refrigerator in
an hour.
(345)
12. A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 2.40. The freezer is to convert
1.80 kg of water at 25.0°C to 1.80 kg of ice at ‒5.0°C in one hour.

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a. What amount of heat must be removed from the water at 25.0°C to convert it
to ice at ‒5.0°C?
b. How much electrical energy is consumed by the freezer during this hour?
c. How much wasted heat is delivered to the room where the freezer is?
(346) 13. [G] Describe the working principle of a refrigerator.

Section 20.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

(347)
14. [G] State the engine and refrigerator statements of the second law of
thermodynamics.

Section 20.6 The Carnot Cycle

(348) 15. Briefly describe the steps of the Carnot cycle.
(349)
16. A Carnot engine operates between two heat reservoirs at temperatures 277°C
and 77°C.
a. What is the efficiency of this engine?
b. An inventor proposes to increase the efficiency by running one engine
between 277°C and 177°C and a second engine between 177°C and 77°C
using the heat expelled by the first engine as input. Find the efficiency of this
composite system.
(350) 17. Two Carnot heat engines operate in tandem as follows:
• Engine A takes in 18.0 kJ per cycle from a heat reservoir at a temperature of
500 K.
• The heat rejected by engine A is received by engine B, which performs 4.0 kJ
of net work per cycle.
• Engine B, in turn, rejects heat at a temperature of 350 K.

a. Find the temperature at which engine A rejects heat to engine B.

b. Find the work per cycle performed by engine A.
(351)
18. A Carnot heat engine operates between reservoirs at 1100 K and 250 K. In
each cycle, 300 J of heat is rejected to the low temperature reservoir. In each cycle,
how much mechanical work is performed by the engine?
(352)19. A Carnot refrigerator operates between two heat reservoirs at temperatures of
300 K and 250 K. If, in each cycle, the refrigerator receives 500 J of heat energy from
the reservoir at 250 K, what is the amount of heat energy that the refrigerator delivers
to the reservoir at 300 K?

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(353)
20. [G] Determine the coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator if the
temperature of the hot reservoir is 400 K and the temperature of the cold reservoir is
300 K
(354)
21. [G] A Carnot engine takes 2000 J of heat from a reservoir at 500 K, does
some work, and discards some heat to a reservoir at 350 K. What is its efficiency?

Section 20.7 Entropy

(355)22. 600 g of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal compression at a
temperature of 350 K. The compression reduces the volume of the gas from 0.50 m3 to
0.40 m3. The molecular mass of the gas is 50.0 g/mol. What is the entropy change for
the gas?
(356)
23. 600 g of ethanol, in the liquid state at its melting point of ‒115°C, freezes at
atmospheric pressure. The latent heat of fusion of ethanol is 1.04 × 105 J/kg and its
molecular mass is 46 g/mol. Find the change in the entropy of the ethanol as it freezes.
(357)24. Ten moles of liquid helium are vaporized at its boiling point of ‒272°C at
atmospheric pressure. The latent heat of vaporization of helium, at atmospheric
pressure, is 2.1 × 104 J/kg. What is the change in the entropy of the helium as it
vaporizes?
(358) 25. One kilogram of liquid water at 0°C is heated to 100°C. Compute the change
in its entropy. Assume that the specific heat of water is constant at 4190 J/kg.K over
this temperature range.
(359)26. [G] Oxygen gas with a mass of 0.50 kg is heated from a temperature of 50°C
to a temperature of 150°C. Find the change in entropy if heating occurs isochorically.
The isochoric specific heat of oxygen gas is 0.65 J/g.K.
(360) 27. [G] What would the total entropy change be in any reversible cyclic process?

Section 20.8 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy

(361) 28. A system consists of four coins; each coin can be in either a “heads” or a “tails”
microscopic state. Originally, the state of the coins is “four tails”. Then, one of the coins
is flipped to “head”. Calculate the change in the entropy of the system.

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Chapter 21 Electric Charge and Electric Field

Section 21.1 Electric Charge

(362) 1. State the principle of conservation of charge.

(363)2. Consider three charged particles, A, B, and C. A is positively charged, while the
charges of B and C are unknown. When brought near each other, B is repelled by A and
attracted by C. Are the particles B and C positively or negatively charged? Explain your
answer.
(364) 3. What are the particles that constitute an atom? How are they charged?
(365) 4. [G] The total charge of the system S shown below is ‒5 units.

A B

If three electrons are transferred from A to B, what is the total charge of the system?

Section 21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges

(366) 5. Define conductors and insulators, and give an example of each.
(367)6. Identify whether an attraction, repulsion, or no interaction exists when the
following objects are brought close to each other:
- two glass rods rubbed on silk
- two polythene rods rubbed on fur
- a charged plastic rod and a charged glass rod
(368)
7. A positively charged rod is brought near an uncharged metal ball that is
connected to the ground. What is the induced charge on the ball?

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Section 21.3 Coulomb’s Law

(369) 8. State Coulomb’s law and give its mathematical expression.
(370)9. Two point charges, q1 = −3.0 nC and q2 = +5.0 nC, are separated by a distance
of 2.0 cm. Find the magnitude of the electric force that q1 exerts on q2.
(371)
10. Three charges lie along the x-axis, as shown in the diagram below.
The positive charge q1 = 4.00 µC is at x = 4.00 m, and the positive charge q2 = 8.00
µC is at the origin. A negative charge q3 is placed on the x-axis such that the resultant
force on it is zero. What is the x-coordinate of q3?

(372)
11. In a thundercloud, there may be an electric charge of + 30.0 C near the top
and – 30.0 C near the bottom. These charges are separated by approximately 3.00 km.
Find the magnitude of the electric force between them.
(373)12. [G] Consider three point charges located at the corners of a triangle, as shown
in the diagram below, where q1 = q3 = 3.00 C, q2 = −8.00 C, and a = 0.120 m.

Find the magnitude of the resultant force on q3.

13. [G] An alpha particle has a charge q = 3.2 × 10‒19 C. What is the electric
(374)

force between two alpha particles that are at a distance r = 1.0 mm from each other?

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Section 21.4 Electric Field and Electric Force

(375)
14. Find the magnitude of the electric field at a field point 4.0 m from a point
charge q = 2.0 nC.
(376) 15. Consider an electric field due to a charge q = 16 nC.
a. Find the distance from q where the electric field has a magnitude of 4.0 × 104
NC-1.
b. A point charge q1 = 6.00 nC is located at the origin. What is the magnitude of
the electric field vector at the point of coordinates (–15.0 cm, –20.0 cm)?

(377)16. [G] An electron of mass 9.11 × 10−31 kg enters the region of a uniform
electric field, as shown in the diagram below, with v0 = 2.00 × 106 m/s and E = 3.00 ×
102 N/C. The width of the plates is l = 0.250 m.

Calculate the speed of the electron as it emerges from the electric field.
(378) 17. [G]
a. Define the electric field at a point.
b. A point charge Q creates an electric field around it. At a distance r from Q,
another point charge q = 5.0 nC is acted upon by an electric force of 2.0 × 10−3
N due to the electric field created by Q. What is the magnitude of the electric
field at the position of q?
(379)
18. [G] What is the magnitude of the electric field at a field point 2.0 m from a
point charge q = 4.0 nC?

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Section 21.5 Freely Electric – Field Calculations

(380)
19. A charge q1 = 8.00 µC is located at the origin, and a second charge q2 = −3.00
µC is located on the x-axis 0.800 m from the origin, as shown in the diagram below.
Point P has coordinates (0, 0.600 m).

a. Find the magnitude of the resultant electric field at P.

b. Calculate the angle of the resultant electric field made with the positive x-axis.
(381)
20. A ring-shaped conductor with radius 2.00 cm has a total positive charge +0.20
nC uniformly distributed around it. The center of the ring is at the origin of
coordinates O, as shown in the diagram below. Point P is on the x-axis at x = 50.0 cm.

Calculate the magnitude of the electric field at point P.

(382)21. [G] An infinite plane sheet has a uniform surface charge density +. What is
the expression of the electric field at a distance x from the sheet?

Section 21.6 Electric Field Lines

(383) 22. Define electric field lines.
(384)23. Draw a diagram showing the electric field lines at different points along an
electric field of two oppositely charged particles. Explain your answer.

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(385)24. [G] Label the signs of the charges in the figures below according to the
electric field lines they produce.

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Chapter 22 Gauss’s Law

Section 22.1 Charge and Electric Flux

(386) 1. Where does the excess charge reside on a solid conductor?

(387) 2. The box in the diagram below contains an unknown amount of charge.

a. How can you determine how much electric charge lies within the box?
b. If all the dimensions of the box are halved, what effect will this change have
on the electric flux through the box?

Section 22.2 Calculating Electric Flux

(388)
3. A square flat surface of side length 3.7 mm is placed in a uniform electric field
of magnitude E = 2400 N/C, as shown in the figure below. The angle between the
normal to the surface and the electric field is 30.

What is the electric flux through the surface?

(389)4. [G] A circular flat surface of radius 2.0 cm is placed in a uniform electric field
of magnitude E = 1.00 × 102 N/C. The angle between the normal to the surface and
the electric field is 60. What is the electric flux through the surface?

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Section 22.3 Gauss’s Law

(390)5. Four closed surfaces S1 through S4, along with the charges q1, q2, q3, q4, and q5,
are sketched in the figure below. q1 = −4Q, q2 = +Q, q3 = −2Q, q4 = −3Q, and q5 = −Q.

Find the electric flux through each of the surfaces S1, S2, S3, and S4.
(391)6. A point charge Q = 7.00 µC is located at the center of a cube of side L = 0.150
m. Six other point charges, each carrying a charge q = −1.50 µC, are positioned
symmetrically around Q inside the cube. What is the electric flux through one face of
the cube? Take the permittivity of free space 0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2/N.m2.
(392)7. [G] Four closed surfaces S1 through S4, along with the charges q1, q2, q3, q4,
and q5, are sketched in the figure below. q1 = −4Q, q2 = +Q, q3 = −2Q, q4 = −3Q, and
q5 = −Q.

Find the electric flux through surfaces S1 and S3.

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Section 22.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law

(393)
8. What Gaussian surface is used to find the electric field outside an infinitely
long charged wire?
(394) 9. What is the magnitude of the field of an infinite, thin, flat sheet of charge?
(395)10. A thin square conducting plate, of 35.0 cm side, lies in the xy-plane. A total
charge of 1.96 × 10−8 C is placed on the plate. Take the permittivity of free space 0 =
8.85 × 10−12 C2/N.m2.
a. Find the charge density on the plate.
b. What is the magnitude of the electric field just above the plate?
(396) 11. A conducting spherical shell having an inner radius of 5.00 cm and outer
radius of 6.00 cm carries a net charge of 9.00 µC. If a +4.00 µC point charge is placed
at the center of the shell, determine the surface charge density on:
a. the inner surface, and
b. the outer surface.
(397)
12. Two infinite, non-conducting sheets of charge are parallel to each other, as
shown in the figure below. Both sheets have positive uniform charge densities 1 = 2
= 5.31 × 10−4 C/m2.

What is the electric field at each of the three points A, B, and C?

(398)13. A non-uniform electric field is directed along the x-axis at all points in space.
The magnitude of the field varies with x, but not with respect to y and z. The axis of a
cylindrical surface, 1.00 m long and 0.50 m in diameter, is aligned parallel to the x-
axis. The electric fields E1 and E2, at the ends of the cylindrical surface, have
magnitudes 5.00 × 103 N/C and 1.50 × 103 N/C, respectively, and are directed as
shown in the diagram below.

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a. Find the electric flux entering the cylindrical surface at the left end.
b. Find the electric flux leaving the cylindrical surface at the right end.
c. Find the net electric flux through the cylindrical surface.
d. What is the net charge enclosed by the cylindrical surface?
(399)
14. [G] What is the expression of the magnitude of the electric field given outside
a charged conducting sphere?
(400)15. [G] Identify the Gaussian surface used to find the electric field outside an
infinitely long, thin charged wire and give the expression of the field.
(401)
16. [G] Two large, plane, parallel, conducting plates are given charges of equal
magnitude and opposite sign. What is the expression of the electric field in the region
between the plates in terms of the surface charge density ?
(402)17. [G] A positive electric charge Q is distributed uniformly throughout the
volume of an insulating sphere of radius R. Find the magnitude of the electric field at
a point P with distance r from the center of the sphere for
a. r < R, and
b. r > R.

Section 22.5 Charges on Conductors

(403)18. Consider a spherical conductor of radius r = 10.0 cm. The electric field near
the surface of the conductor is 85 N/C directed towards the center.
a. What is the surface charge density of the conductor?
b. What is the total surface charge of the conductor?
(404)
19. [G] A conductor with a cavity carries a total charge of +9 nC. Within the
cavity, insulated from the conductor, is a point charge of −3 nC. How much charge is
on each surface (inner and outer) of the conductor?

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Chapter 23 Electric Potential

Section 23.1 Electric Potential Energy

(405)1. A proton, of charge 1.60 × 10−19 C, is released from rest in a uniform electric
field of magnitude 7.50 × 104 V/m directed along the positive x-axis. The proton
undergoes a displacement of 0.600 m in the direction of E. Find the change in the
potential energy of the proton for this displacement.
(406)
2. Two point charges, Q1 = +7.00 nC and Q2 = ‒2.00 nC, are separated by 36.0
cm. What is the potential energy of the pair?
(407)
3. A point charge q1 = +1.5 µC is held stationary at the origin. A second point
charge q2 = ‒4.5 µC moves from the point x = 0.50 m, y = 0 to the point x = 0.25 m, y
= 0.25 m. How much work is done by the electric force on q2?
(408)4. Four protons are located at the corners of a square of 10.0 nm side. An alpha
particle sits at the center of the square. How much work is needed to move the alpha
particle to the midpoint of one of the sides of the square?
(409)
5. [G] Two point charges, Q1 = +7.00 nC and Q2 = ‒2.00 nC, are separated by
36.0 cm. What is the potential energy of the pair?

(410)6. [G] A proton, of charge 1.60 × 10−19 C, is released from rest in a uniform
electric field of magnitude 5.00 × 103 V/m directed along the positive x-axis. The
proton undergoes a displacement of 0.500 m in opposite direction of E. Find the
change in the potential energy of the proton for this displacement
(411)7. [G] A proton, of mass 1.67×10-27 kg, is released from rest in a uniform electric
field. The change in the potential energy of the proton as it is moved between two
points is equal to 3.0 × 10−10 J. What is the work done on the proton for the same
displacement?

Section 23.2 Electric Potential

(412)8. The potential difference between two oppositely charged parallel metal plates is
450 V. Find the work done on a charge of 40 mC as it moves from the higher potential
plate to the lower.

(413)9. An electron, of mass 9.11 × 10−31 kg, moving parallel to the x-axis, has an
initial speed of 3.00 × 106 m/s at the origin O. Its speed is reduced to 2.10 × 105 m/s at
point A. Find the potential difference VAO of point A relative to the origin O.

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10. What is the final speed of a proton, of mass 1.67 × 10−27 kg, that is
(414)

accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 105 V?

(415) 11. [G]
a. What is the electric potential due to a 2.0 nC point charge at a distance of
3.0 m?
b. What is the expression of the electric potential due to a continuous distribution
of charge?
(416) 12. [G]
a. What is the expression relating electric potential V and electric field E?
b. A uniform electric field of magnitude E is directed along the negative x-
direction. The potential difference between point a (at x = 0.500 m) and point
b (at x = 1.50 m) is 100 V. What is the magnitude of the electric field?

Section 23.3 Calculating Electric Potential

(417)13. The potential difference between two oppositely charged parallel metal plates
is 120 V and the distance between them is 3.0 cm. Find the magnitude of the electric
field between the plates.
(418)14. A long metal cylinder with radius a = 2.0 cm is supported on an insulating stand
on the axis of a long hollow metal tube with radius b = 5.0 cm. The positive charge per
unit length on the inner cylinder is λ = 2.0 nC/m, and there is an equal negative charge
per unit length on the outer cylinder. Find the electric potential for
a. r = 6.0 cm,
b. r = 4.0 cm, and
c. r = 1.0 cm.
(419)15. An electric charge Q = +4 nC is distributed uniformly along a thin rod of length
90 cm. Calculate the potential at point P along the perpendicular bisector of the rod at
a distance x = 60 cm from its center.

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(420)
16. A charge Q = ‒750 nC is uniformly distributed on a ring of 2.5 m radius.
A charge q = +400 nC is placed at the center of the ring.

The electric potential is equal to zero at a point on the axis of the ring. Find
the distance between this point and the center of the ring.

(421)17. [G] What is the potential difference between two charged parallel plates that
are 0.10 cm apart and have an electric field strength of 5.0 V/cm?

Section 23.4 Equipotential Surfaces

(422)
18. Consider the 2-D slice of an electrostatic field portrait shown in the figure
below.

A D

Consider the points A, B, C, and D.

a. At which of these points does the electric field have the greatest magnitude?
The smallest magnitude? Explain.
b. Which two of these points are nearly at the same electric potential? Justify
your answer.
c. At which of these points is the electric potential the greatest? Explain.

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(423)
19. Consider two electric charge q = 6.0 µC and q’ = –6.0 µC. The positions of q
and q’ in a coordinate system are, respectively (1.0 m, 1.0 m) and (1.0 m, 2.0 m).
Surface S is an equipotential surface equidistant between the two charges. What is the
shape of S and what is the magnitude of the potential on it?

Section 23.5 Potential Gradient

(424) 20. Consider the ring-shaped conductor in the figure below.

kq
Knowing that the electric potential can be expressed as V = , find the
z 2 + R2
expression of the electric field.

(425) 21. [T] A charge +Q is uniformly distributed over the fixed three-quarters of a
circle of radius R, as shown below. Points A and B are located as shown, with B located
at a distance R away from one edge of the curved charge. Express all algebraic answers
in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

a. Compare the magnitudes of the electric potential at points A and B.

__ VA > VB __ VA = VB __ VA < VB

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Justify your answer.

b. Determine an expression for the electric potential at point A due to the charge Q.

c. A negative point charge q with mass m is placed at point A. Derive an expression for
the magnitude of the escape velocity needed to remove q to infinity.

d. On the diagram, show the direction of the electric field by the curved rod at point A.

e. Derive an expression for the magnitude of the electric field at point A.

(426)22. [T] Four point charges of equal magnitudes q are arranged on the vertices of a
rectangle of sides 3a and 8a, as shown in the figure below. Points O and O' are the
midpoints of the long sides of the rectangle.

a. On the diagram, indicate with an arrow the direction of the net electric field at point
O.

Express your answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.
b. Derive an expression for the magnitude of the electric field at point O.

c. Derive an expression for the electric potential at point O.

d. Derive an expression for the initial potential energy of the system of charges.

e. A positive charge is placed at O and then moved at a constant speed to O'. Which of
the following is true about the work W done on the charge?
__ W is positive ___ W is negative ___ W is zero
Justify your answer.

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(427)23. [T] The diagram below shows the equipotential lines for a system of charges;
1 has a charge q1, and 2 has a charge q2. The equipotential lines are sketched with a step
of 5 V. Each square in the diagram measures one unit of length.

a. Consider the three points A, B, and C. At which of these points is the electric field
the greatest? Justify your answer.

q1
b. Determine the ratio of charges .
q2

c. Determine the work done when a charge of 20 mC is moved from point A to point B.

d. A charge of 20 mC is now placed at point C and released from rest.

i. Sketch the direction of the electric field at point C.
ii. Describe, qualitatively, the motion of the charge.
(428)
24. [T] A solid, uniform, insulating sphere of radius R carries a charge of +Q. It is
surrounded by a hollow insulating sphere of radius 2R, which carries a charge of –Q.
Express your answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

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a. Using Gauss’s law, express the magnitude of the electric field as a function of the
distance r from the center of the system of spheres for each of the following regions.
i. r < R
ii. R < r < 2R
iii. r > 2R

b. Assume now that both spheres are conducting with the same radius and charge. On
the axes below, sketch the graph of the electric potential due to the system of spheres.
Label all the known quantities.

(429)25. [T] A spherical cloud of radius R contains a total charge +Q with a non-uniform
volume charge density that varies according to the equation
ρ = ρ 0 r , for r < R
ρ = 0 , for r > R
where r is the distance from the center of the cloud and 0 is a positive constant. Express
all algebraic answers in terms of Q, R, and fundamental constants.

a. Determine the electric field of the cloud at a distance r from its center in case
i. r < R, and
ii. r > R.

b. Determine the electric potential due to the cloud at a distance r from its center in case
r < R.

c. A proton of charge +e and mass m is released from rest at a point r = R.

i. Derive the expression for the velocity of the proton as a function of r.
ii. Determine the work done by the electric field to remove the proton far away
from the sphere.

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Chapter 24 Capacitance and Dielectrics

Section 24.1 Capacitors and Capacitance

(430)
1. A spherical capacitor is formed of two concentric spherical shells separated by
vacuum. The inner sphere has a radius of 10.0 cm, and the capacitance is 66.7 pF.
a. Calculate the distance between the surfaces of the two spheres.
b. If the potential difference between the two spheres is 200 V, what is the
magnitude of charge on each sphere?
(431)
2. When a potential difference of 175 V is applied to the plates of a parallel-plate
capacitor, the plates carry a surface charge density of 35.0 nC/cm2. What is the
spacing between the plates?
(432)
3. [G] A capacitor of capacitance C acquires a charge Q when connected across a
potential difference V. What is the expression used to calculate C?
(433)
4. [G] The plates of a parallel-plate capacitor in vacuum are 3.54 mm apart and
4.00 m2 in area. The permittivity of free space is 0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F/m. Calculate the
capacitance of this capacitor.
(434)
5. [G] A 4.00 µF capacitor is connected across a 50.0 V power supply. Find the
charge stored in the capacitor.

Section 24.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel

(435) 6. Find the equivalent capacitance of the following combination.

2 µF 6 µF

4 µF 8 µF

4 µF 8 µF

(436)
7. [G] A 4.00 μF capacitor and a 16.0 μF capacitor are connected in series across
a 50.0 V supply line. The charged capacitors are disconnected from the line and from

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each other and then reconnected to each other, with terminals of like signs together.
Find the final charges Q1 and Q2, respectively.
(437) 8. [G] Find the equivalent capacitance of the following combination.

(438) 9. [G] Find the equivalent capacitance of the following combination.

Section 24.3 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy

(439) 10. A capacitor of capacitance 25.0 µF has a charge of 12.5 µC.
a. Find the stored energy.
b. Find the potential difference across the capacitor.
(440)
11. [G] The square plates of a 7.50 nF capacitor measure 50.0 mm by 50.0 mm
and are separated by a dielectric, which is 0.250 mm thick. The voltage rating of the
capacitor is 400 V. The permittivity of free space is 0 = 8.85×10−12 F/m. What is the
maximum energy that can be stored in the capacitor?

Section 24.4 Dielectric

(441)12. The square plates of a 7.50 nF capacitor measure 50.0 mm by 50.0 mm and
are separated by a dielectric, which is 0.250 mm thick. The voltage rating of the
capacitor is 400 V. The permittivity of free space is 0 = 8.85×10−12 F/m.
a. Find the dielectric constant of the dielectric.
b. Calculate the dielectric strength of the dielectric.

(442)13. A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of dimensions 1.50 cm × 5.00 cm, and is
separated by a 1.40 mm thickness of Bakelite of relative permittivity 4.90 and
dielectric strength 2.40 × 107 V/m. The permittivity of free space is 0 = 8.85×10−12
F/m.
a. Find the capacitance of the device.

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b. What is the maximum energy that can be stored in the capacitor?

(443)14. [G] A student wants to create a simple capacitor using aluminum foil as
plates. The student cuts two pieces of foil having the dimensions 15 cm × 8.0 cm and
separates them by a distance of 2.0 mm. What should the dielectric constant of the
material that should be placed between the plates be to produce a 1.0 nF capacitor?
Given: the permittivity of free space is 0 = 8.8 × 10−12 F/m.
(444)15. [T] A capacitor consists of two conducting, concentric, parallel, circular plates
of radius R. The space between the two plates has a thickness D << R and is filled with
a dielectric of constant κ. The plates are initially uncharged, but a battery is used to
charge the capacitor leaving the upper plate with a charge +Q and the lower plate with
a charge –Q. Let d be the distance from the lower plate of the capacitor. Express your
answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

D κ

a. Assume that end effects are negligible. Using Gauss’s law, determine the
magnitude of the electric field along the axis of the capacitor for the following
values of d:
i. 0 ≤ d < D, and
ii. D < d << R.
b.
i. Determine the potential difference across the capacitor.
ii. Deduce the capacitance of this capacitor.

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Chapter 25 Current, Resistance, and Electromotive Force

Section 25.1 Current

1. A wire of cross-sectional area 1.40 mm2 has 8.20 × 1027 free electrons per
(445)

cubic meter. The electrons, each of charge 1.60 × 10‒19 C, drift at an average speed of
1.10 mm/s. Find the current in the wire.
(446)
2. [G] A current of 3.20 A flows through a bulb. How many coulombs of charge
flow through the bulb in 7.50 h?

Section 25.2 Resistivity

3. The resistivity of a certain metal is 2.30 × 10‒7 Ωm at 20.0°C. Its temperature

(447)

coefficient of resistivity is 0.00600 (°C)‒1. Calculate its resistivity at 35.0°C.

Section 25.3 Resistance

(448)4. A resistance thermometer, which measures temperature by measuring the change
in resistance of a conductor, is made from silver of temperature coefficient of resistivity
3.80 × 10‒3 (°C)‒1, and has a resistance of 40.0 Ω at 31.0°C. When immersed in a vessel
containing melting lead, its resistance increases to 85.0 Ω. Calculate the melting point
of lead.
(449)5. A 20.0 Ω metal wire is cut into four pieces that are then connected side by side
to form a new wire the length of which is one-fourth of the original wire. What is the
resistance of this new wire?
(450)6. A 2.10 V potential difference is maintained across a 2.00 m length of tungsten
wire of resistivity 5.60 × 10‒8 Ωm, which has a cross-sectional area of 0.500 mm2. Find
the current in the wire.
(451)7. A wire with resistance 6.00 Ω is lengthened 1.50 times its original length by
pulling it through a small hole. Find the resistance of the wire after it is stretched.

8. [G] A wire of resistivity 9.42 × 10‒8 Ω.m is 15.0 m long and has a radius of
(452)

2.00 mm. What is its resistance?

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Section 25.4 Electromotive Force and Circuits

(453)
9. In the below circuit: E1 = 14.0 V, r1 = 3.00 Ω, E2 = 10.0 V, r2 = 2.00 Ω, R =
5.00 Ω.

a. What is the current?

b. Find the potential VAB of point A relative to point B.
c. Find the potential VDC of point D relative to point C.

Section 25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits

(454)10. A cell of emf 6.4 V and internal resistance 0.10 Ω is connected across a 1.5 Ω
resistor. Find the net output power of the battery.
(455)11. An electric heater is constructed by applying a potential difference of 150 V
to a Nichrome wire of total resistance 10.0 Ω. Find, in kW, the power rating of the
heater.
(456)
12. [G] A cell of emf 6.4 V and internal resistance 0.10 Ω is connected across a
1.5 Ω resistor. Find the power of the 1.5 Ω resistor.

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(457)
13. [T] A real parallel-plate capacitor of capacitance 50 μF with plates of area 7.0
2
m , separated by a 0.10 mm layer of a dielectric, can be modeled as an ideal capacitor
connected in series with a resistor.

a. The table below shows how the potential difference across this capacitor varies with
time.

Time (min) P.d. (V)

0 12
50 8.59
100 6.16
150 4.41
200 3.16

i. Which quantities, if plotted, would produce a straight line? Complete the table
with the values of quantities you have identified.
ii. Plot on a graph paper the quantities identified in part a and draw the best
straight-line fit to the points.
iii. Determine the internal resistance of the capacitor.

b. Determine the dielectric constant of the substance between the plates of the capacitor.

c. Determine the resistivity of the substance between the plates of the capacitor.

d. Determine the amount of energy dissipated by the capacitor as it discharges for 200
minutes.

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Chapter 26 Direct-Current Circuits

Section 26.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel

(458)
1. Four resistors are connected as shown: R1 = 3.00 Ω, R2 = 4.00 Ω, R3 = 24.0 Ω,
R4 = 12.0 Ω, and Vac = 22.5 V.

a. What is the equivalent resistance between a and c?

b. Find the current through R3.
(459)
2. The current in a loop circuit of resistance R1 is 4.0 A. The current is reduced to
3.0 A when an additional resistor R2 = 2.5 Ω is added in series with R1. What is the
value of R1?
(460)
3. The current in a circuit is quadrupled by connecting a 600 Ω resistor in parallel
with the resistance R of the circuit. Calculate the resistance R.
(461)
4. [G] Four resistors are connected as shown: R1 = 3.00 Ω, R2 = 4.00 Ω, R3 = 12.0
Ω, R4 = 8.00 Ω, and Vac = 24.0 V.

Find the current through resistor R2.

(462)
5. [G] The resistance of each of the two bulbs in the circuit below is 240 Ω.
Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit.

R1 R2

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(463)
6. [G] The resistance of each of the two bulbs included in the circuit below is 240
Ω. Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit.

R1

R2

Section 26.2 Kirchhoff’s Rules

(464) 7. In the circuit below, what is the current flowing from a to b?

(465) 8. Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule on loop abcdefa to find the resistance x.

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(466) 9. [G] Determine the current in the circuit below.

Section 26.3 Electrical Measuring Instruments

(467)
10. A galvanometer has a coil resistance RC and an f.s.d. current Ifs. If it is to be
converted to an ammeter of f.s.d. current Ia, what shunt resistor should be used?
(468)11. A galvanometer has a coil resistance RC and an f.s.d. current Ifs. Find the
expression of the resistance needed to convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter of f.s.d
VV ,
(469)
12. An ammeter of 48.5 Ω resistance gives a full-scale deflection for 3.0 mA.
How can we convert the ammeter into one that can read up to 100 mA?
(470)13. A galvanometer of coil resistance 20.0 Ω and f.s.d. current 2.00 mA is to be
converted into a voltmeter with a maximum range of 16.0 V. What is the series
resistance to be used?

Section 26.4 R-C Circuits

(471)14. In R-C circuits, give the expressions of current and charge in terms of time in
the following cases:
a. The capacitor is charging.
b. The capacitor is discharging.
(472)15. A resistor of resistance 12.0 MΩ is connected in series with a capacitor of
capacitance 2.00 µF, a battery with e.m.f. 12.0 V, and a switch. Before the switch is
closed at t = 0, the capacitor is uncharged.
a. Find the time constant of the circuit.
b. What is the current in the circuit at the instant the switch is closed?
c. Find the charge on the capacitor long after the switch is closed.
d. Calculate the current at one time constant.
e. Calculate the charge at one time constant.

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(473)
16. [G] What are the time-dependent equations for the charge q and current i
when charging a capacitor in an R-C circuit?
(474)
17. [G] Initially, for the circuit shown below, the switch S is open and the
capacitor, of capacitance 20.0 F, has a voltage of 120. V across its terminals. The
capacitor is connected to a resistor of resistance R = 3.00 M. The switch is closed at
time t = 0.

Find the voltage across the capacitor at t = 75.0 s.

(475)
18. [G] What are the time-dependent equations for the charge q and current i
when discharging a capacitor in an R-C circuit?
(476)
19. [T] Consider the circuit shown below comprising a battery of emf ε = 1.50 V,
a switch, a capacitor, C = 20.0 μF, and two resistors, r = 10  and R = 100 . The
capacitor is initially discharged.

At t = 0, the switch is closed.

a. Determine the initial current in the battery.

Consider the circuit at t = 5 min.

b. Determine the current in the battery.

c. Determine the charge on the capacitor.

d. Determine the energy stored in the capacitor.

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(477)
20. [T] A group of students connect a capacitor of unknown capacitance C in series
with a 3.0 V battery and a resistor of unknown resistance R. The capacitor is initially
discharged. The students measure the current in the circuit i at different moments of
time t and collect the data gathered in the table below.

t (s) i (A)
0.01 0.026
0.02 0.012
0.03 0.005
0.04 0.002

a. Derive, but do not solve, the differential equation describing the charge on the
capacitor with respect to time.

b. Derive an expression to show how the current in the circuit varies with time.

c. Which quantities should be plotted to obtain a straight line from the students’ data?
Complete the table with the necessary values.

d. On the graph below, plot the quantities identified in part b and draw the best straight-
line fit to the points.

e. Using your graph, determine the resistance of the resistor R.

f. Using your graph, determine the value of capacitance C.

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(478)21. [T] A leaky capacitor, modeled as an ideal capacitor of capacitance C

mounted in parallel with a leakage resistance r, is connected in series with a resistor
of resistance R across a battery of emf E and negligible internal resistance, as shown
in the figure. The switch is closed at time t = 0. Express your answers in terms of the
given quantities and fundamental constants.
R C

E r

a. Calculate the current intensity running through the battery right after the
switch is closed.
b. The switch is closed long enough. Give the current running through the battery
and the capacitor’s charge.
c. Show that the answers to part b have the correct limits as the leakage
resistance tends to infinity.
d. Write a differential equation describing the behavior of the current running
through the battery.
e. Deduce the time constant of the circuit.

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Chapter 27 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces

Section 27.2 Magnetic Field

(479)1. An electron of charge 1.6 × 10−19 C moves with a speed of 4.0 × 106 m/s along
the positive x-axis. It enters a region where there is a magnetic field having a magnitude
of 1.5 T, directed at an angle of 30° to the x-axis, and lying in the xy plane. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on the electron.

2. An electron experiences a magnetic force of magnitude 6.7 × 10–15 N when

(480)

moving at an angle of 37° with respect to a magnetic field of magnitude 3.5 × 10−3 T.
What is the speed of the electron?
(481)
3. The diagram below shows the magnetic force F acting on an electron that is
moving in a uniform magnetic field. In what direction was the electron initially
moving?

(482)4. [G] A particle of charge –6.0 × 10–8 C is moving with a velocity of

( 4.5 104 m/s ) j in a region where a magnetic field of ( 5.0 T ) k reigns. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force acting on the moving particle.

Section 27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux

(483)
5. Calculate the flux through the horizontal ceiling of a 6.0 by 8.0 m rectangular
room, located in a region where the Earth’s magnetic field is 3.2 × 10−5 T and making
an angle of 30° with the horizontal.
(484)6. A circular area of radius 5.0 cm lies in the xy plane. Find the magnitude of the
magnetic flux through this circle due to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.60 T
in the +z direction.
(485)
7. Represent the magnetic field lines created around the current-carrying wire
below.

(486)
8. [G] A disc of radius 1.5 cm is found in a region of uniform magnetic field having
a magnitude of 4.0 T and making an angle of 37° with the plane of the disc. Calculate
the magnetic flux through the disc.

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Section 27.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field

(487)9. A proton of mass 1.67 × 10−27 kg and charge 1.60 × 10−19 C moving with a speed
of 2.50 × 105 m/s enters a region of uniform magnetic field perpendicular to its direction
of motion and of magnitude 0.800 T. Find the radius of its trajectory.

10. Alpha particles (charge = +2e, mass = 6.68 × 10−27 kg) are accelerated in a
(488)

cyclotron to a final orbit radius of 0.800 m. The magnetic field in the cyclotron is
0.600 T.

a. Find the period of circular motion of the alpha particles.

b. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the alpha particles in the final
orbit?
(489)11. A particle of charge ‒5.00 µC and mass 3.50 × 10−12 kg enters a region of
uniform magnetic field with a velocity 4.00 km/s. The particle is observed to travel in
a circular path of radius 7.50 cm. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field in the
region?
(490)12. [G] A particle, of mass m = 6.00 × 10−12 kg and charge q = 3.00 × 10−10 C,
moves in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B = 10.0 T and perpendicular to the
particle’s velocity. The kinetic energy of the particle is KE = 10−6 J. What is the radius
of the circular path described by the particle?

Section 27.5 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles

(491)13. In a velocity selector of crossed electric and magnetic fields, the magnitude of
the electric field is 5.0 × 106 V/m and that of the magnetic field is 0.80 T. What is the
speed of the particle?
(492)14. A uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.60 T in the positive z-direction is
present in a region of space. A uniform electric field is also present. An electron
projected with an initial velocity v0 = 2.5 × 104 m/s in the positive x-direction traverses
the region without deflection. What is the electric field vector?
(493)
15. [G] In a velocity selector of crossed electric and magnetic fields, the
magnitude of the electric field is 2.00 × 106 V/m and that of the magnetic field is
0.500 T. What is the speed of the particle?

Section 27.6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

(494)
16. A wire carries a steady current of 2.5 A. A straight section of the wire is 0.60
m long and lies along the x-axis within a uniform magnetic field, B = (2.4 T)k. If the
current is in the + x direction, what is the magnetic force on the section of the wire?

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(495)17. A wire having a linear mass of 0.600 g/cm carries a 3.00 A current directed
horizontally to the north. What are the magnitude and direction of the minimum
magnetic field needed to lift this wire vertically upward?
(496)18. A 12 m segment of a wire carrying a current of 5.6 A lies on a horizontal table
with a rectangular top of dimensions 180 × 240 cm2. The ends of the wire are attached
to the opposite ends of a diagonal of the rectangle. A vertical magnetic field of 0.25 T
is present. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on this segment of wire.
(497) 19. In the figure below, the magnetic field B is uniform and perpendicular to the
plane of the figure, pointing out of the page. The conductor, carrying current I to the
left, is a semicircle with radius R. Find the total magnetic force on this conductor.

(498)20. [G] A wire carries a steady current of 1.0 A. A straight section of the wire is
0.50 m long and lies along the x-axis within a uniform magnetic field, B = (−1.5 T)k.
If the current is in the positive x direction, what is the magnetic force on the section of
the wire?

Section 27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop

(499)21. A circular coil of 250 turns and diameter 2.50 cm carries a current of 4.50 A. It
is placed in a magnetic field of 0.400 T with the plane of the coil making an angle of
37.0° with the magnetic field. Find the torque exerted on the coil.
(500)22. [G] A circular coil of 60 turns and a mean radius of 6.0 cm carries a current
of 5.0 A. The coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field with magnitude 4.0 T making
an angle of 60° with the plane of the coil. Find the torque exerted on the coil.

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23. [T] Two plates, each of area 3.0 cm2, are placed 12 cm away from each other.
(501)

The plates are connected to a 9.0 V battery.

a. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field between the plates.

b. Complete the diagram below showing the electric field lines between the plates.

An electron gun is placed above the plates, projecting electrons vertically downwards
at a speed of 2.0 × 102 m/s.

c. Complete the diagram above to show the path of electrons between AB. Describe,
qualitatively, the shape of this curve.

d. Calculate the magnitude of the force on an electron between AB.

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A uniform magnetic field B0 is added to the region between the plates so that no net
force acts on the electrons projected between AB.

e. Complete the diagram below to show the direction of the magnetic field B0.

f. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field B0.

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Chapter 28 Sources of Magnetic Field

Section 28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge

(502)
1. A point charge q moves in the positive x direction with a speed of 150. m/s.
When it passes by the origin, the magnetic field created by the moving charge at a
point y = +100. mm is equal to 5.00 µT. Calculate the magnitude of q. Given: µ0 = 4π
× 10‒7 T.m/A.
(503)
2. A positively charged particle is moving upwards at a constant speed, as shown
below.

v
P

What is the direction of the magnetic field created by this particle at point P?
(504) 3. An electron is moving at a speed 0.80c in the direction shown below.

Determine the magnitude of the magnetic field at point P, 5.0 µm away from the
particle.
(505) 4. [G]
a. Label the direction of motion of a positively charged particle in the figures
below.

b. A point charge of 3.00 mC moves in the positive x direction with a speed of

250. m/s. When it passes by the origin, the moving particle creates a magnetic
field at a point y = +3.00 cm. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
Given: µ0 = 4π × 10‒7 T.m/A.

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Section 28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element

(506)5. A conducting wire carries a steady current of 25 A. Find the magnitude of the
magnetic field due to a 1.0 cm segment of this wire at a point 2.0 m away from it if
the point is straight out to the side of the segment.
(507)
6. A conducting wire carries a steady current of 25 A. Find the magnitude of the
magnetic field due to a 1.0 cm segment of this wire at a point P if the point is at 30°
from the segment and 2.0 m away from it.

(508)
7. [G] A long, straight wire carries a 1.0 A current. At what distance from a 2.0
cm segment of the wire (bold line in the figure) does the resulting magnetic field have
a magnitude B = 2.0 µT? What is the direction of the magnetic field at Q?

Section 28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor

(509)8. What is the constant current flowing in a straight wire required to give a magnetic
field of 2.0 × 10‒5 T at 2.5 cm from the wire?
(510)9. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by a straight long wire
carrying a current of 45 A at 18 cm from the wire?
(511)10. A long, straight conductor lies along the x-axis and carries a current of 200 A
in the positive x-direction. Determine the magnetic field at point P in the diagram such
that OP = 1.50 m and θ = 40.0°.

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(512)11. Two long, straight, parallel wires are 4.00 m apart. They carry currents in
opposite directions, as shown in the figure below. Given: I1 = 9.00 A, I2 = 16.0 A, AP
= 2.40 m, and CP = 3.20 m.

a. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B1 at P due to I1?

b. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B2 at P due to I2?
c. Find the magnitude of the resultant magnetic field at P.
d. Find the acute angle that the resultant magnetic field at P makes with the
direction AP.
(513)
12. [G] A long, straight conductor carries a current I = 350 A at a distance of 17.5
cm from the point P.

What is the magnetic field B at P created by the wire?

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Section 28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors

(514)13. Two long parallel conductors run North-South in the same horizontal plane,
as shown in the diagram below. (1) carries a current of 20 A northward and (2) a
current of 20 A southward, and they are 5.0 cm apart. Determine the force per unit
length of (2) on (1).

(515)14. Two long, parallel wires are separated by a distance of 3.5 cm. The force per
unit length each wire exerts on the other is 6.0 × 10‒5 N/m, and the wires attract each
other. If the current in one wire is 2.1 A, find the current in the second wire.
(516) 15. Give the official SI definition of the ampere.
(517)16. [G] Two long parallel conductors are placed in the same horizontal plane.
Wire (1) carries a current of 15 A and wire (2) carries a current of 25 A, and they are
5.0 cm apart. Both currents are in the same direction. Determine the force per unit
length of (2) on (1) and indicate whether the wires repel or attract each other.

Section 28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop

(518)17. A solenoid with 800 turns, having a length of 75 cm and a diameter of 6.0 cm,
lies with its axis North-South and carries a current of 6.0 A in a clockwise sense when
viewed from the South end. Find the magnitude and direction of the field at the center
of the solenoid.
(519)
18. A closely wound circular coil with 600 turns carries a current of 2.5 A and
produces at its center a magnetic field of magnitude 3.8 × 10‒3 T. What is its diameter?
(520)19. A solenoid is designed to produce a magnetic field of 0.06030 T at its center
and it carries a current of 16.00 A. Find the number of turns per unit length.
(521)
20. A conducting ring of radius 6.28 cm carries a current of unknown magnitude
and direction. A uniform external magnetic field Bext = 150 µT, directed into the plane,

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is applied, as shown in the figure below. An electron is projected from the center of the
ring with an initial velocity 4.00 × 105 m/s towards the right. The electron experiences
an initial force of magnitude 1.60 × 10‒17 N in the upward direction.

a. What is the magnitude of the net magnetic field?

b. Deduce the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the current at the center
of the ring.
c. Find the current in the ring.
(522) 21. [G] A closely wound circular coil, of diameter 10.0 cm with 500 turns, carries
a current of 12.5 A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field that the coil produces
at its center?
(523)
22. [G] A circular loop of radius 0.60 m carries a 5.0 A current. Find the
magnetic field at a point along the axis of the loop at 0.80 m from its center.

Section 28.6 Ampere’s Law

(524)23. Use Ampere’s law to derive the expression of the magnetic field created by a
straight current-carrying wire at a distance r from the wire.
(525)24. Use Ampere’s law to derive the expression of the magnetic field created at
the center of a solenoid.
(526) 25. Three different current-carrying wires are shown below.

1.5 A
3.2 A

4.0 A

Determine the circulation of the magnetic field around path C.

Level N | 126
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(527)
26. [G] What is the circulation of the magnetic field vector along a loop that
spans currents I1 = 5.0 A, I2 = 6.0 A, and I3 = 10. A if the first two currents flow in
one direction and the third current in the opposite direction?

Section 28.7 Applications of Ampere’s Law

(528)27. A solenoid consisting of 500 turns is 100 cm long and 5.0 cm in diameter.
The solenoid lies in the North-South axis and carries a current of 2.0 A in the
clockwise direction when viewed from the North end. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field at the center of the solenoid.
(529)28. A coaxial cable consists of two concentric cylindrical conductors. The inner
conductor is a wire with radius a = 2.0 cm and the outer conductor is a hollow cylinder
of inner radius b = 4.0 cm and outer radius c = 5.0 cm. The inner conductor carries a
current of 15 A and the outer conductor carries a current of 5.0 A in the same direction.
Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field 1.0 cm away from the outer shell of the
cable.
(530)29. An ideal toroidal solenoid has inner radius R1 = 15 cm and outer radius R2 = 18
cm. The solenoid has 250 turns and carries a current of 8.5 A. What is the magnitude
of the magnetic field at a distance of 16 cm from the center of the torus?
(531)
30. [G] A solenoid consisting of 100 coils/m of wire carries a current of 5.0 A.
What is the magnetic field produced by the solenoid?
(532) 31. [T] A cylindrical wire, of radius R, carries a current parallel to its axis of density
 r
J = J 0 1 −  , where J0 is a positive constant and r is the distance from the wire’s axis.
 R
Express your answers in terms of the given and fundamental constants.

a. Determine the current in the wire.

b. Using Ampere’s law, derive an expression for the magnitude of the magnetic field in
the following regions as a function of the distance r from the central axis:
i. r < R
ii. r > R

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c. Now, consider a uniform long cylinder carrying a current, I0. The magnitude of the
μ I
magnetic field outside the cylinder as a function of r is given by B = 0 .
2πr
An experiment is conducted using a thin wire carrying a current of 40 A. The magnetic
field is measured for different values of r and the values obtained are summarized in
the table below.

r (m) B (T)
0.001 0.0080
0.002 0.0040
0.003 0.0027
0.004 0.0020
0.005 0.0016

i. What quantities should be graphed to produce a linear relationship between

the two quantities? Complete the table with these quantities.

ii. On the grid below, plot the data points for the quantities you have identified
in part i, and sketch the best straight-line fit to the points. Label your axes and
show the scale that you have chosen for the graph.

iii. Using your graph, estimate the value of the permeability μ0.
(533)
32. [T] A thin wire of length L = 62.8 cm, carrying a current I = 2.0 A, can be
curved into coils with different numbers of turns. Assume the wire is thin enough and
wound tight enough for the radii of each turn in the coil to be practically the same. The
magnetic field B is measured in the center of each coil formed.

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The data collected is summarized in the table below.

Number of turns in the coil, N Magnetic field B (μT)

1 12.6
2 50.4
3 113
4 202

a. The magnetic field at the center of a circular loop of radius r carrying the current i is
μi
given by the expression B = 0 , where 0 is the magnetic permeability of vacuum.
2r
Based on this equation, derive an expression for the magnetic field at the center of the
coil of N turns used in this experiment. Express your answer in terms of N, I, L, and the
fundamental constants.

b. The data collected is to be used to determine the value of 0. Complete the table with
quantities that would produce a straight line if plotted on a graph.

c. On the axes below, plot the quantities identified in part c and draw the best straight-
line fit to the points.

d. Use your graph to determine the value of 0.

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(534)33. [T] A spherical capacitor consists of an inner spherical shell of radius R and an
outer spherical shell of radius 2R. When fully charged, the inner sphere carries a charge
Q, and the outer sphere carries a charge –Q. Let r be the radial distance from the center
of the capacitor.

a. Using Gauss’s law, determine in terms of the given quantities and fundamental
constants the electric field for the following values of r:
i. R < r < 2R
ii. r > 2R

b. Determine the p.d. between the spheres.

c. Derive an expression for the capacitance of this capacitor.

d. The capacitor is cut in two and the hemispheres are now connected to a source of
emf.

Describe qualitatively the shape of the magnetic field lines between the hemispheres.

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Chapter 29 Electromagnetic Induction

Section 29.1 Induction Experiments

(535)
1. Consider a coil resting on a horizontal plane and connected by its ends to a
galvanometer, as shown below.

Describe two actions that can induce a momentary current in the galvanometer.
(536)
2. [G] Consider the four figures below. Which action will not create an electric
current in the coil winding? Explain your reasoning.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Section 29.2 Faraday’s Law

(537) 3. A rectangular coil is rotated with uniform angular velocity about an axis, which
is in the plane of the coil and at a right angle to a uniform magnetic field. At any instant,
the flux linking the coil is  and the induced emf is V. Discuss the extreme values of
 and V and the positions where they occur.

Level N | 131
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(538)
4. A wire and a 5.0 Ω resistor are used to form a circuit in the shape of a
square, 25 cm by 25 cm. A uniform but non-steady magnetic field is directed into the
plane of the circuit, as shown below.

The magnitude of the magnetic field is decreased from 0.80 T to 0.30 T in a time
duration of 62.5 ms. What are the average induced current and its direction through the
resistor in this time duration?
(539)5. A search coil is tightly wound on a plastic form that is 3.0 cm in diameter. The
coil has 40 turns and a resistance of 4.0 Ω. The coil is placed between the poles of a
magnet and is snatched away in a time interval Δt. The charge displaced during this
time interval is 0.0283 C. What is the magnetic field between the poles of the magnet?
(540)6. A coil of 10 turns is wound on a square frame, 20 cm by 20 cm. The resistance
of the coil is 5.0 Ω. The coil is initially in a horizontal plane and a uniform vertical
magnetic field B is present. Two views of the initial orientation of the coil are given in
figures (a) and (b). Points P and Q are initially at the left and right sides of the frame,
respectively, as shown below. The coil is flipped over about axis O-O' through 180
degrees, to the final horizontal orientation shown in figure (c). The time interval during
which the coil is flipped over is 0.80 s. The average induced current in the coil during
a time interval of 0.80 s is 40 mA. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?

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(541)7. A wire is wound on a square frame, 20 cm by 20 cm, to form a coil of 5 turns.

The frame is mounted on a horizontal shaft through its center (perpendicular to the
plane of the diagram). The coil is in clockwise rotation, with a period of 0.05 s. A
uniform, horizontal, magnetic field of 1.2 T is present. At a given instant, the plane
of the coil forms a 53° angle with the horizontal, as shown below.

a. At that instant, what is the flux through the coil?

b. At that instant, find the emf induced in the coil.
(542)8. A circular coil of 80 turns and radius 8 cm is placed with its plane oriented at
90° to a magnetic field of 0.2 T. The field is now increased at a steady rate, reaching a
value of 0.7 T after 4 seconds. What is the emf induced in the coil?

(543)9. How could the amplitude of the emf generated by a simple ac generator be
increased?
(544)10. [G] The magnetic flux through a closed loop of resistance 0.5 Ω uniformly
increases from 2 × 10−4 Wb to 10 × 10−4 Wb in 2.0 ms. What is the value of the
induced emf?
(545) 11. [G] How can the direction of an induced emf be determined?

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Section 29.3 Lenz’s Law

(546)
12. A single circular loop of wire in the plane of the page is perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field B directed out of the page, as shown below.

If the magnitude of the magnetic field is increasing, find the direction of the induced
current in the wire.
(547)
13. The inner loop carries a current I that is decreasing. The resistor R is in the
outer loop. What is the direction of the induced current through the resistor R?

(548)
14. Establish the direction of the induced current for the two diagrams given
below in the following situations:

1 2
a. the magnet in figure 1 approaches the solenoid,
b. the magnet in figure 1 moves away from the solenoid,
c. the magnet in figure 2 approaches the solenoid, and
d. the magnet in figure 2 moves away from the solenoid.

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(549)15. [G] State Lenz’s law and use it to indicate the direction of the induced emf in
the loop below.

Section 29.4 Motional Electromotive Force

(550)16. A long vertical wire carries a steady 8 A current. A pair of rails are
horizontal and 0.40 m apart. A 25-ohm resistor connects points a and b at the end
of the rails. A bar is in contact with the rails and moved by an external force with
a constant velocity of 0.50 m/s, as shown in the figure. The bar and the rails have
negligible resistance. At a given instant t1 , the bar is 0.25 m from the wire, as
shown below.

a. At time t 1, what are the induced current and its direction through the
resistor?
b. At a later instant t2, the potential difference across the resistor is 0.40 µV.
Find the time duration Δt = t2 ‒ t1.
(551)
17. A conducting rod slides with constant speed v = 1.7 m/s over a frictionless pair
of parallel conducting rails that are separated by a distance l = 25 cm. The rod and rails
have negligible resistance, but the rails are connected by a resistance R = 4.0 Ω, as
shown in the figure below. There is a uniform magnetic field B, of magnitude 35 mT,
which is perpendicular to and directed out of the plane of the paper.

a. Calculate the motional emf in the rod and indicate its polarity.
b. Calculate the induced current in the resistor.

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c. Calculate the electric field magnitude in the rod and its direction.
(552)18. [G] A conductive rod can slide without friction along two horizontal rails in a
uniform magnetic field of magnitude B = 0.60 T. The magnetic field lines are
perpendicular to the plane of the rail. The rails are closed by a resistor with a
resistance R = 25 Ω. The distance between the rails is 15 cm. The rod moves along the
rails with a constant speed v = 8.0 m/s. What are the induced emf and current in the
circuit?

Section 29.5 Induced Electric Fields

(553)19. A long solenoid, with 10,000 turns per meter and 2.0 cm in radius, carries a
current which increases at a constant rate of 15 A/s. Express, at an arbitrary point P
outside the solenoid, the electric field induced by the solenoid’s varying magnetic field.
(554)
20. The magnetic field inside a solenoid of radius 4.0 cm is varying at a rate of
+1.0 mT/s. Express the induced electric field at an arbitrary point inside the solenoid.

Section 29.6 Eddy Currents

(555)
21. A freely spinning copper disk can be quickly brought to rest by holding one
pole of a strong magnet close to one face of the disk. Why?

Section 29.7 Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations

(556)22. A circular, parallel-plate, air-filled capacitor is being charged. The circular
plates have a radius of 4.00 cm, and at a particular instant the conduction current in
the wires is 0.520 A. Take  0 = 8.85  10−12 C 2 /N.m 2 .
a. What is the displacement current density jD in the air space between the
plates?
b. What is the rate at which the electric field between the plates is changing?
c. What is the induced magnetic field between the plates at a distance of 2.00 cm
from the axis?

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(557)23. [T] A square conducting loop of side L contains two light bulbs of constant
resistances R (bulb 1) and 2R (bulb 2), as shown in the diagram below. A magnetic field
is directed into the page in the region inside the loop. Its magnitude, as a function of
time t, is given by B ( t ) = ae−bt , where a and b are positive constants. Express all
answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

a. Derive an expression for the magnitude of the emf generated in the loop as a function
of time.

b.
i. Determine an expression for the current through bulb 1 as a function of time.
ii. On the diagram, sketch the direction of the current through bulb 2.
ii. State, qualitatively, how the brightness of light bulb 1 behaves over time.
Justify your answer.

c. Determine the total amount of energy dissipated in the circuit.

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(558)
24. [T] The long straight wire illustrated below carries a current I to the right. The
current varies with time t according to the equation I = I 0e− kt , where I0 and k are
positive constants.

The bottom of a rectangular loop of wire of width b and height a is located a distance
d above the long wire, with the long wire in the plane of the loop as shown in the figure.
A light bulb with resistance R is connected to the loop. Express all algebraic answers
in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

a. Indicate the direction of the current in the loop.

___ Clockwise ____ Counterclockwise
Justify your answer.

b. Derive an expression for the magnetic field created by the long current-carrying wire
at distance r from it at instant t.

c. Derive an expression for the magnetic flux through the loop as a function of time.

d. Derive an expression for the emf in the loop as a function of time.

e. Determine the total charge that flows in the circuit.

(559)
25. [T] A bent wire is fixed in a perpendicular uniform magnetic field B0. A rod of
length L = 20 cm is pulled across the wire at a constant speed v.

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The magnitude of the induced emf across the rod is measured and recorded in the table
below.
|ε| (mV) v (m/s)
6.01 0.20
12.10 0.40
18.09 0.60
23.99 0.80
a.
i. Derive an expression relating the emf ε and the speed of the rod v.
ii. Plot the student's data on the grid below to produce a straight line.

iii. Using your graph, estimate the value of the magnetic field B0.

b. One end of the bent wire is now lifted, and the rod is allowed to slide down along it
under gravity.

If aM is the acceleration of the rod with magnetic field present and a0 is the acceleration
of the rod down the bent wire with no magnetic field, which of the following is true?
___ aM > a0 ___ aM = a0 ___ aM < a0
Justify your answer.

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(560)26. [T] An electric circuit, of length c and height a, made of a battery, a switch,
and connecting wires is placed on the scale, as shown below. The circuit is placed in
the perpendicular magnetic field B. The current flowing through the circuit is denoted
I.

a. On the diagram below, show the direction of the net force exerted by the magnetic
field on the circuit.

b. When the magnetic field is turned off, the mass shown on the scales is nm, where n
is a positive constant.
Derive an expression for n in terms of the given and the fundamental quantities.

c. While the magnetic field is on, the circuit is rotated by 90 about the vertical axis.

As the circuit is being rotated, the reading on the scale

__ increases ___ decreases __ remains the same
Justify your answer.

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d. The battery is removed from the circuit, and the magnetic field B now transverses
the whole loop, as shown below. The magnitude of the magnetic field varies with time
following the expression B = kt + b, where k and b are positive constants.

i. Show on the diagram the direction of the induced emf.

ii. Derive an expression for the emf generated in the loop. Express your answer
in terms of the given and the fundamental quantities.
iii. The resistance of the loop is R. Derive an expression for the power delivered
in the loop. Express your answer in terms of the given and the fundamental
quantities.
(561)
27. [T] A rod PQ of length L is moved through the magnetic field B at a constant
speed v, as shown in the diagram below. Express your answers in terms of the given
and the fundamental constants.

a. Determine the magnitude of the electric field generated in the rod.

b. Determine the potential difference between the ends of the rod.

c. On the diagram, show the direction of motion of electrons in the rod. Explain your
answer briefly.

d. The ends of the rod are now connected by a conducting wire. Will a current be
flowing in the resulting loop? Justify your answer.

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Chapter 30 Inductance

Section 30.1 Mutual Inductance

(562)1. A solenoid of 750 turns, length 0.25 m, and cross-sectional area 5.00 cm2 is
surrounded at its center by a coil with 50 turns. A current i = (1.50 × 105 A/s)t circulates
in the outer coil. What is the induced emf in the solenoid?

Section 30.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors

(563)2. A solenoid, of length 0.50 m with cross-sectional area of 10.0 cm2, has 1200
turns. A current i = (2.50 × 102 A/s)t circulates in the solenoid. What is the magnitude
of the self-induced emf in the solenoid?
(564)3. [G] A solenoid of length l = 0.20 m and diameter D = 3.0 cm has N = 400
turns. A current I = 2.0 A flows through the solenoid. Find the self-inductance L of
the solenoid.
(565)
4. [G] A current I = 6.0 A flows through a coil of self-inductance L = 8.0 μH.
Determine the emf of self-induction arising in the circuit if the current decreases to
zero in 5.0 ms.

Section 30.3 Magnetic-Field Energy

5. A toroidal solenoid, of cross-sectional area 10.0 cm2 and radius 0.20 m, has
(566)

500 turns. The magnetic energy density in this solenoid is 994.7 J/m3. What is the
current circulating in the solenoid?
(567)6. A toroidal solenoid, of cross-sectional area 10.0 cm2 and radius 0.10 m, is used
to store energy. The energy stored in this solenoid, when carrying a current of 20. A,
is 3.0 J. What is the number of turns in this solenoid?
(568)
7. [G] The current in an inductor varies from 1.0 A to 4.0 A in 3.0 s, during
which an emf of ‒0.10 V is induced. Determine the coil self-inductance and the
change in the energy stored in the inductor generated by the current.

Section 30.4 The R-L Circuit

(569)
8. An electronic device, of resistance 150 Ω, operates with a 25 mA current. The
device is connected to an emf source by means of a switch. The current can rise in the
device to 6.5 mA in 60 µs in the presence of an inductor L.

a. What is the required emf of the source?

b. What is the R-L time constant?

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(570)9. An R-L circuit, of resistance 120 Ω and an inductance 0.5 H, is decaying. If the
initial current in the circuit is 20 mA, what is the energy dissipated in the inductor
after 600 µs?
(571)10. [G] An ideal battery of 35.0 V emf, a resistor of 90.0 Ω, and an ideal inductor
of 5.00 mH are grouped in series with an open switch. The switch is closed at t = 0.
How long would it take the current to reach half of its maximum value?

Section 30.5 The L-C Circuit

(572)11. A 200 V DC power supply is used to charge a 30 µF capacitor. When fully
charged, the capacitor is connected to an inductor of unknown inductance. The
frequency of oscillation in the circuit is measured to be 300 Hz. What is the current in
the circuit at 0.25T, where T is the period, after the capacitor and the inductor are
connected?
(573)
12. A 300 V DC power supply is used to charge a 20 µF capacitor. When fully
charged, the capacitor is connected to a 5 mH inductor. What is the energy of the
magnetic field at t = 1.5 ms after the capacitor and the inductor are connected?

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Chapter 33 The Nature and Propagation of Light

Section 33.1 The Nature of Light

(574) 1. [G] Give the definitions of a wave front and a ray.

Section 33.2 Reflection and Refraction

(575)
2. The wavelength of a yellow light is 414.3 nm when traveling in a medium of
index 1.4. What is the frequency of this light?
(576)3. In the figure below, the incident light ray makes an angle of 50.0o with the
surface of separation between two media. The wavelength of the light is 430 nm in
medium a (na = 1.3) and 200 nm in medium b.

a. What is the angle of reflection of the light ray in medium a?

b. What is the angle of refraction of the light ray in medium b?
(577)4. [G] The speed of light propagation in a medium is 2.4 × 108 m/s. Determine
the index of refraction of the medium.
(578)5. [G] What should the angle of incidence of a ray of light be in order for the
reflected ray to make a right angle with the incident ray?
(579)6. [G] A ray of light falls on a water-air interface at an angle of 30°. The index of
refraction of water is 1.33. Determine the angle of refraction of the ray.
(580)7. [G] The wavelength of red light in vacuum is 760 nm. What is the length of
this wave in water if the index of refraction of water is 1.33?

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Section 33.3 Total Internal Reflection

(581)
8. The optic fiber below has a core index of 1.46 and a cladding index of 1.45.
The light enters the fiber from air.

a. For what range of angles inside the fiber, labeled b, will light undergo total
internal reflection at the core-cladding interface?
b. To what range of incident angles, labeled a, does this correspond?
(582)9. [G] The index of refraction of glass is 1.52. Find the critical angle for total
internal reflection for the glass-air interface.
(583) 10. [G] When does an internal reflection occur?

Section 33.4 Dispersion

(584) 11. Define dispersion.

Section 33.5 Polarization

(585)
12. An unpolarized light passes through two polarizers P1 and P2. The angle
between the axes of the two filters is 20o. The intensity transmitted after P1 and P2 is
6.3 W/m2. What is the initial intensity of the light?
(586)13. A light ray passes from a medium of index n1 = 1.1 to another of index n2 =
1.4. Part of the ray is reflected while the rest is refracted. The reflected ray is
completely polarized. What is the angle of refraction?
(587) 14. [G] Define and draw waves polarized in the y- and z-directions.

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(588)
15. [G] A beam of unpolarized light of intensity I passes through a series of ideal
polarizing filters with their polarizing axes turned to various angles, as shown below.
What is the light intensity at point C in terms of I?

Section 33.7 Huygen’s Principle

(589) 16. State Huygen’s principle.

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Chapter 34 Geometric Optics

Section 34.1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface

(590)1. A book, of height 16.5 cm, is placed to the left of a mirror. The distance between
the book and the mirror is 9.6 cm. What is the height of the book’s image, where is it
formed, and what is the distance between the book and its image?
(591)
2. [G] Using the figure below, list the properties of the image formed by a plane
mirror.

(592) 3. [G] What is the lateral magnification of a plane mirror?

Section 34.2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface

(593)4. A concave mirror is used to form an image of an object placed at 7.00 cm in
front of the mirror. The lateral magnification is m = –40.0.
a. At what distance is the image formed?
b. What is the radius of curvature of the mirror?
(594)
5. An object, of height 25.0 cm, is placed in front of a convex mirror of diameter
D = 8.40 cm. The lateral magnification is m = 0.05.
a. What is the height of the image formed by the mirror?
b. Where is the object placed?
(595)
6. [G] A point object is placed 20.0 cm from a concave mirror that has a radius of
5.00 cm. What is the image distance?
(596)
7. [G] Build the image of an object if it is at a distance that exceeds the focal
length of a concave mirror.
(597)
8. [G] Determine the lateral magnification of an image formed by a spherical
mirror if the sizes of the object and its image are 0.15 m and 0.45 m, respectively.

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(598)
9. [G] What is the graphical method used to draw the image formed by a convex
mirror?

Section 34.3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface

(599)
10. A glass sphere, of index of refraction ng = 1.5 and diameter D = 4.0 cm, is
immersed in a liquid of index of refraction nl = 1.1. An object is placed at 10. cm in
front of the sphere. What is the lateral magnification?
(600) 11. [G]

An object S is placed at a distance of 5.0 cm from a spherically refracting surface of

radius 10.0 cm. Determine the image distance if n1 = 1.0 and n2 = 1.5.

Section 34.4 Thin Lenses

(601)12. An object is placed at 8.0 cm to the right of a converging glass lens of
unknown radii of curvature. The image is formed at 40. cm to the left of the lens, and
the index of refraction of glass is 1.5. Assuming that the values of the radii of
curvature are equal, find their value.
(602)
13. Use a ray diagram to find the image position of an object, of height 5.0 cm,
placed at 8.0 cm in front of a diverging lens of focal distance f = −16.0 cm.
(603)14. [G] The image of an object located at a distance of 0.40 m from a thin lens
forms at a distance of 0.30 m from the lens and on the same side as the object. Find
the focal length of the lens.
(604)
15. [G] The image of an object is located at a distance of 0.25 m from a thin
concave lens with a focal length of 0.30 m. Find the lateral magnification of the lens.

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(605)
16. [G] An object is placed at a distance of 18.0 cm to the left of the thin lens
shown below. The refractive index of the lens is 1.50.

Determine the focal length of the lens and the image distance.
(606)17. [G] Draw a principal-ray diagram for an object that is outside the focal point
of a thin converging lens and describe all the principle rays used for drawing. Repeat
the same process for a thin diverging lens.

Section 34.5 Cameras

(607)18. A lens of a camera has its focal stops between f/2.5 and f/30 and a focal
length of 200 mm.
a. What is the corresponding range of aperture diameters?
b. What is the corresponding range of image intensities?

Section 34.6 The Eye

(608)19. A man wears a contact lens of focal length f = 23 cm. The lens allows the man
to clearly see an object at 20 cm in front of his eye. What is the near point of his eye?
(609) 20. [G] Describe a myopic eye and a hyperopic eye.

Section 34.7 The Magnifier

(610)21. [G] Determine the angular magnification of a magnifier with a focal length of
0.10 m for an object that is at the focal length. Assume that the image viewed by the
eye is at the near point, 25 cm from the eye, and that the lens is very close to the eye.

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Chapter 35 Interference

Section 35.1 Interference and Coherent Sources

(611)1. Two identical speakers are facing each other along the same line, but one speaker
is a distance d behind the other. You are 4.50 m in front of the nearest speaker. The
wavelength of the sound produced by each speaker is λ = 1.50 m and the speakers are
in phase.
a. What is the smallest distance d at which you can hear constructive interference?
b. What is the smallest distance d at which you can hear destructive interference?
(612) 2. [G] State the principle of superposition.
(613)3. [G] Two small stereo speakers A and B are emitting sound of wavelength 40
cm in all directions and in phase. A person at point C starts out equidistant from both
speakers and walks so that he is always 1.50 m from speaker B. For what values of x
will the sound this person hears be (a) maximally reinforced, (b) canceled? Limit your
answers for x  1.50 m.
B
x
P

1.50 m

Section 35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light

(614)
4. Two slits are positioned one millimeter apart and a screen is placed one meter
away. What is the distance between adjacent bright bands when a green light of
wavelength 500 nm is used?
(615)
5. What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit
experiment due to each of the following operations:
a. The screen is moved away from the plane of the slits.
b. The monochromatic source is replaced by another monochromatic source of
shorter wavelength.
(616)6. A screen is separated from a double-slit source by a distance of 1.2 m. The
distance between the two slits is 0.03 mm. The second-order bright fringe is 4.5 cm
from the center line.
a. Determine the wavelength of the light.

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b. Calculate the distance between adjacent bright fringes.

(617) 7. [G] Describe Young’s experiment.
(618)8. [G] In a double-slit experiment, what condition should be fulfilled by the path
difference between two light beams for constructive interference or destructive
interference to take place?
(619)9. [G] Young’s experiment is performed with light of wavelength 502 nm.
Fringes are measured carefully on a screen 1.20 m away from the double slit, and the
center of the 20th fringe (not counting the central bright fringe) is found to be 10.6 mm
from the center of the central bright fringe. What is the separation between the two
slits?

Section 35.3 Intensity in Interference Patterns

10. The intensity of the central fringe in an interference pattern is 0.1 W/m2.
(620)

What is the intensity at a point, on the screen, having a path difference of λ/3?
(621)11. [G] The optical path difference of two interfering waves of monochromatic
light is 0.25λ. Determine the phase difference.

Section 35.4 Interference in Thin Films

(622) 12. Calculate the minimum thickness of a soap-bubble film that results in
constructive interference in the reflected light if the film is illuminated with light whose
wavelength in free space is 600 nm. Assume one of the two waves has a half-cycle
reflection phase shift and take nsoap = 1.33.

Section 35.5 The Michelson Interferometer

(623) 13. A red laser light of wavelength 630 nm is used in a Michelson interferometer.
While keeping one of the mirrors (M1) fixed, the other mirror (M2) is moved. The
fringes are found to move past a fixed crosshair on the viewer’s eyepiece. Find the
distance the mirror M2 must be moved for a single fringe to move past the reference
line.

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Chapter 36 Diffraction

Section 36.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction

(624)1. Define diffraction and differentiate between Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhofer
diffraction.
(625) 2. [G] State and describe Huygens’s principle.

Section 36.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit

3. Light, of wavelength 600 nm, passes through a slit 5.0 × 10‒3 mm wide. How
(626)

wide is the central maximum (a) in degrees, and (b) in centimeters, on a screen 10 cm
away?
(627)4. [G] A narrow slit is illuminated with a 633 nm laser light. Diffraction patterns
are observed on a screen 6.0 m away. The distance on the screen between the centers
of the first minima on either side of the central bright fringe is 32 mm. How wide is
the slit?

Section 36.3 Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern

(628)
5. Estimate the intensities of the first two secondary maxima to either side of the
central maximum.
(629) 6. Light, of wavelength 450 nm, passes through a slit 2.00 µm wide and a single-
slit diffraction pattern is formed vertically on a screen 25.0 cm away. Determine the
light intensity 15.0 cm above the central maximum and express it as a fraction of the
central maximum’s intensity I0.
(630)7. [G] The intensity at the center of a single-slit diffraction pattern is I0. What is
the intensity at a point in the pattern where there is a 90-radian phase difference
between wavelets from the two edges of the slit?

Section 36.4 Multiple Slits

(631) 8. Parallel rays of monochromatic light, of wavelength 650 nm, illuminate two
identical slits and produce an interference pattern on a screen that is 50.0 cm from the
slits. The centers of the slits are 0.200 mm apart and the width of each slit is 0.150 mm.
If the intensity at the center of the central maximum is 2.00 × 10‒4 W/m2, what is the
intensity at a point on the screen that is 0.900 mm from the center of the central
maximum?

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(632)9. [G] Parallel rays of monochromatic light with wavelength 400 nm illuminate
two identical slits and produce an interference pattern on a screen that is 50.0 cm from
the slits. The centers of the slits are 0.640 mm apart and the width of each slit is 0.400
mm. If the intensity at the center of the central maximum is 5.00 × 10‒4 W/m2, what is
the intensity at a point on the screen that is 0.900 mm from the center of the central
maximum?

Section 36.5 The Diffraction Grating

(633)
10. Determine the angular position of the first-order maximum for light, of
wavelengths 500 nm and 800 nm, incident on a grating containing 5,000 lines/cm.
(634)11. [G] Determine the angular deviation of the first-order visible fringe produced
by a plane grating with 500 slits per millimeter when light with wavelength of 550 nm
falls on the grating normally.

Section 36.6 X-Ray Diffraction

(635)12. An X-ray beam, of a certain wavelength, is incident on a NaCl crystal at 15.0°
to a certain family of reflecting planes of spacing 40.0 pm. If the reflection from those
planes is of the first order, what is the wavelength of the X-ray beam?

Section 36.7 Circular Apertures and Resolving Power

(636)
13. Monochromatic light, of wavelength 450 nm, passes through a circular aperture
with diameter 6.5 µm. The resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen that is
3.0 m from the aperture. What is the radius of the Airy disk on the screen?
(637)
14. A circular converging lens, with diameter d = 16 mm and focal length f = 12
cm, forms images of distant point objects in the focal plane of the lens. A green light of
wavelength λ = 550 nm is used. Considering diffraction by the lens, what angular
separation must two distant point objects have to satisfy Rayleigh’s criterion?

Section 36.8 Holography

(638) 15. Describe holography and how holographic images are formed.

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Chapter 37 Relativity

Section 37.1 Invariance of Physical Laws

(639)1. State Einstein’s first and second postulates and describe what the second
postulate implies.

Section 37.2 Relativity of Simultaneity

(640)2. Suppose the two lightning bolts shown in the figure below are simultaneous to
an observer on the train (Mavis) moving with a speed comparable to c toward the
right.

Show that they are not simultaneous to an observer on the ground. Which lightning
strike does the observer on the ground (Stanley) measure coming first?

Section 37.3 Relativity of Time Intervals

(641)
3. Your starship passes Earth with a relative speed of 0.85c. After traveling 5.0
years (your time), you stop, turn, and then travel back to Earth with the same relative
speed. The trip back takes another 5.0 years (your time). How long does the round trip
take according to an observer on Earth? Neglect any effects of the starship’s
acceleration while stopping, turning, and getting back up to speed.
(642) 4. The mean lifetime of stationary muons is measured to be 2.20 µs. The mean
lifetime of high-speed muons in a burst of cosmic rays observed from Earth is
measured to be 16.0 µs. What is the Lorentz factor of these cosmic-ray muons relative
to Earth?

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Section 37.4 Relativity of Length

(643)
5. A rectangular painting measures 1.50 m tall and 1.00 m wide. It is hung on the
sidewall of a spaceship that is moving past Earth at a speed of 0.80c.

a. What are the dimensions of the picture according to the captain of the spaceship?
b. What are the dimensions as seen by an observer on Earth?

Section 37.5 The Lorentz Transformations

(644)
6. A rocket is moving away from Earth with a relative speed of 0.60c with respect
to Earth. At one moment, the rocket projects a capsule away from it with a relative
speed of 0.70c with respect to the rocket. What is the speed of the capsule with respect
to Earth?
(645) 7. What are the Lorentz coordinate transformations between two frames of
references S and S’, where S’ is moving in the +x direction with a constant speed u?

Section 37.6 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves

(646)8. How fast would you have to go through a red light to make it appear green?
Take 650 nm as the wavelength of red light and 550 nm as the wavelength of green
light.

Section 37.7 Relativistic Momentum

(647)9. Compare the classical and relativistic momentum of an electron when it has a
speed of
a. 4.00 × 107 m/s in the CRT of a television set, and
b. 0.98c in an accelerator used for cancer therapy.

Section 37.8 Relativistic Work and Energy

(648)
10. If a muon is traveling at 0.95c, what are its momentum and kinetic energy?
Given: mmuon = 1.89 × 10‒28 kg.

11. A particle has a rest mass of 5.50 × 10‒27 kg and a momentum of 1.50 × 10‒18
(649)

kgm/s.
a. What is the total energy of the particle?
b. What is the kinetic energy of the particle?

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Chapter 38 Photons: Light Waves Behaving As Particles

Section 38.1 Light Absorbed as Photons: The Photoelectric Effect

(650)
1. A light, of wavelength λ = 400 nm, is emitted on lithium of work function φ =
2.83 eV. What is the stopping potential? Given: h = 6.62 × 10‒34 J.s.
(651)2. A light beam is used to produce photoelectrons from a metallic surface of work
function φ = 2.93 eV. If an ejected photoelectron has a kinetic energy of 3.0 eV, find
the frequency of the light source.
(652) 3. [G] Describe the photoelectric effect.
(653) 4. [G] Determine the photon energy, in eV, corresponding to a wavelength of 550
nm.
(654)5. [G] Determine the highest speed of an electron emitted from cesium when
illuminated with light of frequency 7.50 × 1014 Hz. The work function for cesium is
3.20 × 10−19 J and the mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10‒31 kg.
(655)
6. [G] Determine the magnitude of the momentum of a photon having a
wavelength equal to 555 nm.

Section 38.2 Light Emitted as Photons: X-Ray Production

(656)7. In an X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of
20.0 kV. Every electron produces one photon. What is the period of the resulting X-
ray, which corresponds to the minimum wavelength produced?
(657)8. [G] Electrons in an X-ray tube accelerate through a potential difference of 5.0
kV before striking a target. If an electron produces one photon upon impact with the
target, what is the minimum wavelength of the resulting X-rays?

Section 38.3 Light Scattered as Photons: Compton Scattering and Pair

Production
(658)9. In a Compton-scattering experiment, a 0.05 nm X-ray is used. A photon is
diffused by an angle of 180o. What is the kinetic energy of the recoiled electron that
corresponds to the maximum wavelength the diffused photon can have?
(659) 10. [G] Describe the Compton Effect.
(660)
11. [G] A photon collided with a free electron during a Compton experiment.
Determine the change in the wavelength of radiation if the angle of scattering is 90°.

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Section 38.4 Wave-Particle Duality, Probability, and Uncertainty

(661)
12. Find the uncertainty of momentum of an electron inside a hydrogen atom.
Consider the electron to be confined within a space of 0.529 × 10‒10 m.
(662)13. An excited atom emits a 300 nm photon in an interval of 10 ns and becomes
stable. Find the uncertainty of the frequency of the photon emitted.
(663)14. [G] A laser produces light of wavelength 480 nm in an ultrashort pulse. What
is the minimum duration of the pulse if the minimum uncertainty in the energy of the
photons is 5.0%?

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Chapter 39 Particles Behaving as Waves

Section 39.1 Electron Waves

(664)1. In an electron diffraction, an accelerating voltage of 75 V is used. The X-ray
diffraction indicates that the atomic spacing is d = 2.06 × 10‒10 m, and the electrons
have negligible kinetic energy before being accelerated. Find the angle for maximum
reflection of first order.

2. Find the kinetic energy of a particle of mass 6.25 × 10‒26 kg with de Broglie
(665)

wavelength of 0.230 nm.

Section 39.2 The Nuclear Atom and Atomic Spectra

(666) 3. Explain why the classic atomic model of Rutherford fails.
(667)
4. [G] Describe the emission line spectrum and the absorption line spectrum of
elements.
(668) 5. [G] Describe Rutherford’s experiment.

Section 39.3 Energy Levels and The Bohr Model of the Atom
(669)6. Consider an atom having the following energy levels: ground level (0.00 eV),
and the energy levels 1.00 eV, 2.00 eV, 3.00 eV, 4.00 eV. What photon wavelength(s)
can this atom absorb if it is in its third energy level (2.00 eV)?
(670)
7. Consider a hydrogen atom in the second excited level. Calculate the total
energy of this atom and the wavelength emitted in a transition from that level to the
ground level. Take the energy of the ground level (n = 1) E1 = – 13.60 eV and the
Rydberg constant R = 1.097 × 107 m-1.
(671) 8. [G] Describe Bohr’s model of the atom.
(672)
9. [G] What is the difference in the energy of mercury atoms in the excited and
ground states if the radiation wavelength during the transition between these states is
254 nm?
(673)
10. [G] Determine the orbital angular momentum of an electron in a hydrogen
atom, that is in the orbit with quantum number 2.
(674) 11. [G] Determine the radius of the second electron orbit in Bohr’s model.
(675)12. [G] According to Bohr’s theory, determine the electron speed in the second
stationary orbit for a hydrogen atom.

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(676)13. [G] According to Bohr’s theory, determine the total energy for the second
stationary orbit for a hydrogen atom.

Section 39.4 The Laser

(677)
14. Differentiate between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission, and
give an example where stimulated emissions are used.
(678) 15. [G] Describe the working principle of a laser.

Section 39.5 Continuous Spectra

(679) 16. To a good approximation, the sun’s surface is a blackbody with a surface
temperature of 5800 K. Use  = 5.67  10−8 W/m 2 .K 4 .
a. At what wavelength does the sun emit most strongly?
b. What is the total radiated power per unit surface area?

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Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics

Section 43.1 Properties of Nuclei

(680)
1. Find the approximate density of copper nucleus that has mass number A = 65.
Take R0 = 1.2 10−15 m and 1 u = 1.66 × 10‒27 kg.

(681)2. Protons are placed in a 3.20 T magnetic field directed in the positive z-
direction. A proton makes a transition between the states with the z-component of spin
angular momentum being parallel and antiparallel to the field. What is the frequency
of the photon absorbed or emitted in order to accomplish this transition? Given
µsz(proton) = 2.7928µn, where µn = 3.15245 × 10‒8 eV/T.

108
(682) 3. [G] Determine the radius of the nucleus of silver 47 Ag atom. Given: R0 = 1.2
fm.
(683) 4. [G] Define isotopes.
(684)5. [G] Protons are placed in a 2.30 T magnetic field that points in the positive z-
direction. What is the energy difference between the two states for which the z-
component of proton spin angular momentum is parallel and antiparallel to the field?

Section 43.2 Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure

6. What is the binding energy per nucleon of 200

(685)
80 Hg that has an atomic mass
199.8942502 u? Given: mp = 1.0072765 u and mn = 1.0086649 u.

7
7. [G] Determine the total binding energy of a lithium nucleus 3 Li .
(686)

Given: mp = 1.0072765 u, mn = 1.0086649 u, and mLi = 7.016003 u.

Section 43.3 Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity

8. The nucleus of Uranium 230

(687) 226
92 U decays by giving the nucleus 90Th . Write the
equation of the reaction that occurs and find the total kinetic energy of the products.
92 U) = 230.033u, M ( 90Th) = 226.024u, and M ( 2 He) = 4.002u .
Given: M ( 230 226 4

(688)9. Determine whether beta-plus decays are allowed for nuclide 226
89 Ac .

Given:
88 Ra) = 226.0254u, M ( 89 Ac) = 227.0278u, M ( 2 He) = 4.0026u, and M (e) = 0.0005485u.
M ( 222 226 4

(689)
10. [G] How is the stability of nuclei from a neutron number vs proton number
graph determined?

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(690) 11. [G] Describe the conditions for which different types of decay can occur.

Section 43.4 Activities and Half-lives

(691)12. The radioactivity of a sample of Po-210 is measured to be 2000 decay/s, and
the half-life of Po is 138 days. What is the mass of the Po sample?
Given: the mass of an atom is Po = 3.49 × 10‒25 kg.
(692)13. A sample of F-18 is used in a medical application. The half-life of this sample
is 110 min. How much time is needed for 99% of this sample to decay?
(693)14. [G] The half-life of the radioactive radium nucleus is 1600 years. If a sample
contains 3.0 × 1016 of these nuclei, what is the number of radium nuclei that remain
after 4800 years?
(694) 15. [G] Determine the mean lifetime of plutonium if its half-life is 87.7 years.
(695)16. [G] At an archeological site, a sample from timbers containing 500 g of
carbon-14 provides 2690 decays/min. What is the age of the sample? Given: the
activity of atmospheric carbon is 255 Bq/kg and the decay constant is 1.21 × 10‒4
/year.

Section 43.5 Biological Effects of Radiation

(696)
17. An organic tissue, of mass 1.8 kg, is exposed to X-rays. The tissue receives a
dose of 0.40 mSv. How many X-ray photons are absorbed by the tissue?
Given: energy per photon = 5.0  104 eV/photon .

(697)
18. [G] During a diagnostic X-ray examination, a part of a broken arm receives
an equivalent dose of 0.2 mSv. What is the absorbed dose in mrad? Given: the RBE of
X-rays is 1 rem/rad.
(698) 19. [G] Describe the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear radiation.

Section 43.7 Nuclear Fission

(699)
20. What mass of U-235 must undergo fission every day to provide 5000 MW of
thermal power? Given: the energy liberated by each fission of U-235 is 200 MeV.
(700)21. [G] A uranium atom is bombarded with a neutron. Complete the next fission
reaction:

235
92U + 01n → 236
92U → 54 Xe + 38 Sr + x 0 n
* 140 94 1

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(701) 22. [G] Describe the working principle of a nuclear reactor.

Section 43.8 Nuclear Fusion

(702)
23. Two deuterons fuse to form a triton (a nucleus of tritium, or 3H) and a proton.
How much energy is liberated? Given: mp = 1.00727 u, m(deuteron) = 2.014102 u,
and m(triton) = 3.016049 u.
(703) 24. [G] What energy is released during a thermonuclear reaction
2
1 H + 13H → 24 He + 01n ?

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