Chapters 5-8

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1)Beaver skin trade was the leading industry in 18th century America. Although that was the biggest,
whale hunting and lumber were still very important industries. These industries were very labor
intensive and required slaves.

2)Old Light were Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical
antics of the revivalists. New Light ministers on the other hand, defended the Great Awakening for its
role in revitalizing the American religion.

3)In the triangle trade, New England had lumber (raw materials), England had manufacturing, and Africa
had slaves. They traded their resources with each other. British naval stores were placed around the
colonies to help maintain Britain’s number one Navy. These were important because it brought slaves to
America.

-Samuel De Champlain: He was a soldier and an explorer. He was also the Father of New France
(Quebec)

-Albany Congress:7 of the 13 colonies met in New York in 1754. British called this to have Iroquois on
their side and the colonies to have Britain’s back during the war with France. The longer-range purpose
at Albany was to achieve greater colonial unity and thus bolster the common defense against France.
Ben Franklin supported colonial unity.

-James Wolfe: He was an experienced British officer who led the British to a victory at Quebec and the
city surrendered although he dies in battle.

-Treaty of Paris: Gave Britain all of Canada. Gave Spain New Orleans and Louisiana, but ceded Floi=rida
to Britain.

-Daniel Boone: He led people across the Appalachian Mountains to Kentucky and Tennessee.

-Edward Braddock: He was sent in 1755 with two thousand men to capture Fort Duquesne with some
colonial buckskins like Washington from Virginia.

-William Pitt: He was the leader of Parliament. He was known as the the Great Commoner and was liked
by the common people. He organized and planned a victory for Britain and captured the major cities of
Canada.

-Pontiacs Rebellion: Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa’s, led a violent uprising in the Ohio Valley. In return the
British gave him small pox.
-Proclamation Line of 1763: Stated that no colonists were allowed to cross the mountains into the Ohio
Valley.
1) France first colonized in Quebec in 1608 and expanded throughout Canada. The focus of French
colonization was in search for gold, god, and glory.

2) The French Indian War heled to cause the American Revolution in 3 ways. The first and most
important of which was that it unified the colonies despite their differing political views. Second it gave
colonists hope. Lastly it was a very important victory for the British and colonists.

3)If they won the colonies would’ve been punished and treated as enemies. Some short consequences
would be taxes for the cost of war and loss of land. A long term consequence would be that the colonies
would speak French. They would be ruled by the French government and everything would be different
today.
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-Mercantilism: The theory that a country’s wealth and power could be measured by the amount of silver
and gold that they have.

-Salutary Neglect: For 100 years, the British let the Americans do what they wanted. Now they gave
America rules.

-No taxation without representation: From the French and Indian War, England had 140 million dollars
worth of debt. A large amount of that was from protecting the colonies. Due to this the British Navy
enforced the Navigation Act, Sugar Act, and the Quartering Act. Americans were unhappy with the
taxation because they had no representation in government.

-Sons/Daughters of Liberty: The Sons of Liberty were led by Sam Adams. They took the law into their
own hands and also tar and feathered tax collectors. The Daughters of Liberty encouraged boycotts and
made clothing.

-Boston Massacre: On March 5, 1770, 16 colonists threw snowball at 10 British soldiers. One soldier gets
hit and they fire into the crowd of people. Four colonists end up dying and the Sons of Liberty use this as
propaganda.

-Townshend Acts: A hidden tax paid at ports for paper, glass, lead, paint, and tea.

-Boston Tea Party: Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson took a stand against protestors. He
ordered the tea ships to not leave until they unload their tea. On December 16, 1733 the Sons of Liberty
dressed as Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor.

-First Continental Congress: Met in Philadelphia on September 5 to October 26,1774. Every colony was
there except for Georgia which included 55 men, such as Sam Adams, John Adams, and George
Washington. They wanted to go back to the good old days so they wrote the Declaration of Rights.

-Patrick Henry: One of the few colonists that expected a war of independence. He said the famous
words “Give me liberty or give me death.”
1)During 1763 and 176, colonists reacted in a very aggressive manner to the many acts that were
passed. For example, the Stamp Act may have been the most damaging because colonists believed
Parliament was trying to take control the colonies just like a king. Tension then grew and colonists
started to act violently which led to injustice.

2)The Boston Tea Party, the Boston Massacre, and the Townshend Acts were major influences on the rift
between Britain and the colonies. In the Boston Tea Party, the colonists showed an act of rebellion by
basically dumping one million dollars of British tea into the Boston Harbor. In the Boston Massacre,
British soldiers killed unarmed colonist which upset many Americans. Lastly, the Townshend Acts made
Americans mad because they were being taxed for no apparent reason.

3)The advantages included a powerful navy and a much larger population. The disadvantages were they
had weak leaders who showed no determination and they had to deal with international troubles such
as the French.

4)The advantages included very strong leadership and very strong dedication. Disadvantages included a
poor economy and no navy.

-Second Continental Congress: When the Declaration of Independence was written.

-Olive Branch Petition: Professed American loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent further
hostilities. King George II refused after the incident at Bunker Hill and declared war.

-Thomas Paine: Wrote a 46-page pamphlet called Common Sense which sated that time had to come to
break away and that our government should be a republic.

-Washington’s Victories: In July 1776, 500 British ships with 35,000 men landed in New York.
Washington only had 18,000 men. He loses the battle of Long Island and escapes to Manhattan and goes
through the Delaware River to Pennsylvania on December 26. He then surprises 1,000 Hessians at
Trenton, New Jersey. He also wins at Princeton.

-Valley Forge: A cold winter spent by the American army where Von Steuben whipped them into shape.

-Baron Von Steuben: From Prussia, Germany. In the winter of Valley Forge, he set up bayonets training.
He taught military tactics.

-Battle of Saratoga: Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold led the Americans to a small, but costly win over
John Burgoyne and the British. The American victory convinced the French government to formally
recognize the colonists cause and enter the war as their ally.

-French Allies: The French provided them assistance after the battle of Saratoga on the colonist’s side.
-Guerilla Fighting: They didn’t attack straight on as traditional fighting. It involves ambushes, sabotage,
and raids. It is a much more mobile tactic.

-Chief Joseph Brant: Sided the Iroquois with the British and torched and tomahawked Pennsylvania and
New York for 2 years.

-George Rogers Clark: Traveled west of the Appalachian Mountains and captured 4 British forts.

-John Paul Jones: Led privateers to pirate British ships. He got into a battle and began to sank and said
the famous words “I have not yet begun to fight”. He ended up winning the battle.

-Yorktown: This was the last major battle. Washington and Rochambeau seal of the area by land and the
French sail of the Peninsula trapping Cornwallis and his troops at Yorktown. He then surrenders his
7,000-man army.

1)The Battle of Yorktown was an American victory. It was the last major battle and used all the American
and French forces to make the British surrender. Another battle was the Battle of Saratoga. This was
very helpful because it was a major turning point of the war. It persuaded the French to help fight with
the Americans against the British.

2)Jefferson did not actually believe slaves or blacks were equal. When he said “all men are created
equal” he didn’t even think of them because he didn’t believe they were people. It was inspiring for
Americans because it gave them hope.