a ~ 6 Excerpts from Customs of the Tagalogs this people always had chiefs, called by them datos, who governed them and were captains in their wars, and whom they obeyed and reverenced. The subject who committed any offense against them, or Spoke but a word to their wives and children, was severely punished _Thece chief riled over & few peaple; sometimes as many as a hundred houses, sometimes even less.» ees thien This tribal gathering i cle in Tagalog a barangay. It was inferred ne! __-themselves this name rose from the fact (as they are classed, by their languas nations) that when they came to this land, / _discussed at length in the first chapter of the first ten ck - Lin addition to these chiefs, who corresponded to our knights, there were three castes: nobles, commoners, ad slaves. The nobles were the freeborn whom they call maharlica. They did not pay tax or tribute tothe dato, but must accompagy him in war, at their own expense. The chief offered them beforehand a feast, and afterward they divided the spoils. Moreover, when the dato went upon the cares those whom he summoned rowed for him, he built ahouse, they helped him, and had tobe fed «a7h.,4 Lup for it. The same was true when the whole barangay went to clear up his lands for till Tands rae which they inhabited were divided among the whole barangay, ‘especially the irrigated portion, and thus ‘each one knew his own. No one belonging to another barangay would cultivate them unless after purchase or inheritance. The lands on the tingues, or mountain ridges, are not divided, but owned in Common by the barangay. Consequently, atthe time ofthe rice harvest, any individual of any particular torengey, although he may have come from some other vilage, if he commences to clear any land may sow it and no one can compel him to abandon it. There are some villages (a5, for example, Pla de Laguna) in which these nobles, or maharlcas, paid annually to the dato a hundred of gantas of ice. The reasonof this was that, at the time of their settlement there, another chief, upon his arrival, bought with his own gold; and therefore the members of his barangay paid him for arable land. But now, since the ‘advent of the Spaniards, itis not so divided. nds, 9s was agreed upon " “he wnet beyond the island, and rowed for him. They live in their own) ir property and lands. The children, then, enjoy the rank of their fathers, and uigud) nor can eithet parents o children be sold they should fall by wn of their master who was going to dwell in another village, they could but they would remain in their native village, houses, and are lords of thei they cannot be made slaves (sa inheritance into the hands of rot be taken from their own village and carried with him; ‘doing service there and cultivating the sowed lands. Oe einereee cern vesoctry_ apportion oftheir harvests, so that they may work faithfully. For these reasons, servants who aerate ‘The difference between the aliping namamahay and the aliping sa. | guiguilir, should be noted; for, by 2 confusion of the two terms, many have been classed as slaves who really are not. The Indians seeing that the alcaides-mayor do not understand this, have adopted the custom of taking away the children of6 a the aliping namamahay, making use of them as they would of aliping sa guigullr, as servants in their households, which is ilegal, and if the aliping namamahay should appeal to justice, itis proved that he is, ‘an aipin as well as his father and mother before him and no reservation Is made as to whether he is afiping namamahay or aliping s9 guiguilir. He is at once considered an alipin, without further declaration. In this way he becomes a sa guiguilir, and is even sold. Consequently, the alcaldes-mayor should be Instructed to ascertain, when anyone asks for his alipin, to which class he belongs, and to have the answer put in document that they give him. inthese three classes, those who are maharcason both father's and mathe’ side continue tobe 0 forever andititheppens that they should Decome slaves, itis through marriage, as! shal soon expan. iLthese menarias had eilren among ther slaves, the chen and their mothers became free; Lone ion had chidren bya lve woman f another, she was compelled when pregnant to gv her aasver alo the galt), Becaute of her sk of eat and for er inability to labor during the aaenay Taucase Rl of Te chid was iree.namely, he haf belonging ois ater, who supplied ane ya with ood he did nt do ths, he showed that he dot recognize hi as is cil, which aoe latter wos whoa slave. fa tree women Rad children by a slave, they were al free, provided hewerenatherhaband _/figwo persons married, of whom one was maharlica and the other a slave, whether namamahay or s2_ uieulr, the children were divided; the frst, whether male or fernale, belonged tothe father, as did the this and fifth; the second the fourth, and the sth flo the mothe, andso.onIn2bigmanaer the father. were free, all thase who belonged to him were free; if he were a slave, all those who belonged t0 him were slaves; and the same applied to the mother. If there should not Be’mére than one child he was , and half Save. The question here concerned the division, whether the child were male or ‘female. Those who became saves fellunder the category of servitude which was their parent's, either ramamahay ors guigult. if there were an odd numberof children, the odd one was half free and half Sine nae ot Seenable omeeTai wth ceri when or wht ge the dion of ciden was ‘made, for each one suited himself in this respect. OF these es the sa guiguilir could be sold, but not the nami fidren, ior could they be transferred. However, they could be transferred from the barangay by inheritance, provided they remained in the same village. “The-maharlcas could not, after marriage, move from one vilage to another, or from one barangay tO “nother, without paying a certain fine in go1, 95 arranged among them. This fine was larger or smaller .ccording to the inclination of the different villages, running from one to three taels and a banquet to {the entice barangay. Failure to pay the fine might result in a war between the barangay where the _person lft and the one which he entered. This applied equally to men and women expect that whe ‘one maried@ woman ofanaberwllage, the chien were afterwards divided equally between the two “bavaagoys. This arrangement kept them obedient tothe dato, or chet, which sn longer the case- because ifthe dato ic and commands what te religious fathers enjoin Rim, they soon eave ‘him and go to other villages and other datos, who endure and protect them and do not order them ‘about. This Is the kind of dato that they now prefer, not him who ‘has the spirit to command. There is a sovestgations mad and sentences passed by the dato must ake place inthe presence those ins another village or barangay, whether he were a dato or not since they had fo this purpose some “Feasgin, known a5 fir and just men, who were said to give trie judgement according to their customs. _Hthe controversy lay between two chiefs ‘when they wished to avoid war, they also convoked judges to ett aber he ie same te pans belonged two deren barangays nth They ad laws by which they co _of-chietstkewise witches oF the some elas death a man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife= @ Tey condemned no one to slavery, unless he merited the death penalty. As for the witches, they killed them. and helr charenrand accomplices became slaves of the chief, aft@rhe had made some recompense to the inured person ses were punished by fines in gold, which if not paid ed the culprit to serve, until the payment should be made, the person was ‘agrieve, to whom the money was pald. This was done in the following way: Half the cultivated land and {il their produce belonged to their mastef-The master provided the culprit with food and clothing, thus tenslaving the culprit and fis children until such time as he Tight amass enough money to pay the fine. if the father should by chance pay is debt, the master then claimed that he has fed and cloth his children and shouldbe paid therefore. n this way he Kept possession ofthe children ifthe payment could not be {net, This last was usually the Case, and they remained slaves ifthe culprit had some relative or friend ‘who paid for him, he was obliged Send ee eve ui so ‘as paid-not. However, service within the Rouse as Aliping sa guiguilid but living independently, as alipin namamahay. the Creditor were not served in this wise, the culprit had to pay double of what was lent him. In this way ‘Slaves were made by debt; either sa gufguild, f they served the master to whom the judgment applied; (Beowries¥re given by the men tothe women’s parents f the latter are vin, they use of it At their ‘death, provided the dowry has not consumed, 11s divided like the rest of the eState, equally among the children, exceatin the case the father should care to bestow something addtional upon the daughter. if the wife at the time of her marriage, has nether father, mother nor grandparents, she enjoy her ‘Sowry- which n sucha else, belongs To no other relative oF child, t should be noticed that unmarried Semen an own A Froperty inland o dowry, forthe result ofa thelrlabors accrues to tei parents. f Jivoreg before the birth of children, ifthe wife eft the husband for the purpose of marrying. ‘another, all her dowry and an equal addtional amount fell to the hysband; but if she eft him, and did 3¢ marry another, the dowry must returned, When the husband left his wife, he lost half of the dowry, was returned ta him. if he possessed children atthe time of his divorce, the whole downy and the fine went to the children, and was held Tor them by their grandparents or other responsiblereatives. In matter of marriage dowries which fathers bestow upon their sons when they are about to be married, and half of which is given immediately, even when they are only children, there is a great deal of more ‘complexity, There isa fine stipulated in the contract, that he who violates it shall pay a certain sum which varies according to the practice of the village and the affluence of the individual. The fine was heaviest if, upon the death of the parents, the son or daughter should be unwilling to marry because it had been arranged by his son or her parents. In this case the dowry which the parent had received was returned and nothing more. But if the parents were living, they paid the fine, because it was assumed that it had been their design to separate the children. WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOG In all the villages, or in the other part of the Filipinas islands, there are no temples consecrated to the performing of sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or the general practice of idolatry. Its true that they have the simbahan, which means a temple or place of adoration; but itis Because, formerly when ‘they wished to celebrated festival, which cated fanaa worsitbey celebrated it in a large house ofa chief. There they constructed, for the purpose of fhelRering the assembled people, @ Xemporary shed on each side ofthe house, with aroof called sib, to protect from the wet whom it ‘ained. They so constructed the house that may contain people dividing it after the fashion of ships, into thee comporients On he poss othe howe hey set omallamgaestedeariagde ne ‘house they placed one large lamps, adorned with leaves of the whiter palm, Wrought into many designs. ‘They alto brought together many drums, large and smal, which they beat successively while the feast {asted, which was usually four days. During this time the whole barangay or family, united and joined in6 the worship which they callefnagaanitoy The house, for the above mentioned perio of time was called Ctempiey ‘Ammons their many idols there was called Bathala, Whom they especially worshipped. The little, seems to Sienity “all powerful” or maker ofall things. They also worshipped théURlWhich on account ofits beauty, is almost universally respected and honored by the heathens. They worshipped too, thélmiBBB} especially when it was new, at which time they had great rejoicing, adoring it and bidding it welcome. ‘Some of them also adored the St&fSflthough they did not know them by th ic oapas che Sposrés and other ation kote panels withthe exception ofthe morning thy eGR trey the “seven goats” s we call them and consequently, the change season, which they call Mapolon; and Balatic, which is our Greater bear: which were image with different shape, and at times théy worshipped any TIWe trifle, in which they adore, as did the Romans, some particular dead man who was brave in war and endowed with special faculties, to 6 they = ‘themselves, for protection in their tribulations, They had another ean. fear harmed by them. They were even in the bait of offerings these animals a portion of what they carried in their boaTS by throwing it into the water or placing it into water oF placing the bank. They were, moreover very liable to find auguries in things they witnessed, FOF@kampleviftheyleft: they should continue their journey, especially when the abovementioned bird sang. This song has two diferent forms; inthe one case it was considered an evilomen; They aso practiced divination, to see whether weapons, suchas dagger oF rife, were useful and lucky fr their possessor whenever occasion shoul offer. - ‘Their manner of offering sacrifices was to proclaim a feast and offer to the devil what they had to eat. ‘This was dofe in front of an idol, which they anoint with fra lms, such as musk and civet or um of the storax- tree and other odoriferous woods and praise it poetic jn. The participants made response to the song, besseching the ‘ol to favor them with those things of which they were in needs and generally by offering repeated health, they ll become intoxicated. In some of the idolatries they were accustomed to place a good plece of cloth dOubled over the idols, and over the cloth a chain or large gold ring, thus worshipping the ‘evil without having sight of him. The devil was something lable to enter into body the. catalonian and ‘assuming her shape and appearance filled her with so great arrogance he being the cause of it that she seemed to shoot flames from her eyes her hair stood on end, a fearful sight to those beholding and she uttered word of arrogance and superiority . In some district especially the mountain, when those ‘dolatries the devil incarnated himself and took of the form of his ‘tee by his companions, ‘minister, the latter had to be tied toa to prevent the devil in his infernal fury from destroying him. This, however happened but rarely The objects f sacrifice were goats, fowls and swine which were flayed, ‘decapitated and laid bare before the idol. They performed another ceremony by cooking ajar of rce until the water was evaporated, After which they broke the jar and the rice was left as an intact mass ‘which set before the idols and all about it at intervals, were placed a few buyos- which isa small frltAy ¢ e acacia teat wit some tne, a food general eaten 0 these regons as wal as id food and rts, Ai these abowe- mentioned articles were eaten buy Rusts at the feast; the heads of animals after being “ottered” as they expressed it were cooked and eaten also, rhe reas fr offerings this sacifice and adoration were in addition to whatsoever personal matters hove might be, the recovery of a sik person, the prosperous voyage of those embarking on the sea, 2 good favest i the sowed lands, «propitious result in war, w successful delivery in chikren and a happy outcome it marie Me this Cook place among people of rank, the festivitles lasted thirty days nett made among the press f the devi were as tows: EEO EOIN EBB ve stated. was either a man or woman, This office was an honorable one among the natives and was held ordinary by people of rank, this rule being general in all the islands, ould prolong life fora year by binding to the waist alive serpent, which was believed to the evil, oF at is office was g land. This fire could not be extinguished; nor could it be thus emitted except as the priest \wallowed in the ordure and filth which falls from the houses; and he who lived in the house where the priest was wallowing in order to emit this fire from himself fell ll and died. This office was general. which another kind of witch, of greater efficacy than Mangngauay. ‘Without use ~ and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose. But if they desired to heal those whom they made il by their charm s, they did so by using other charms. Moreover if they wished to destroyed the house ofthe same Indian hostile to them, they were able to do so without instrument. This was in Catanduanes, an island off the upper part of Luzon. Sa ga TIONS is us causing his death. His like the preceding, was in the island of Catanduanes. Let no ‘one, moreover, consider this a fable; because in Calauan, they tore out in this way through the anus all the intestines of a Spanish notary, who was buried in Calilaya by father Fray Juan de Merida. urpose was to show himself at night to marry person, without his head or entrails. n such wise the devil wlaked about, carried or pretended to carry his head to ‘iferent places; and in the morning, returned it to his body remaining as before alive. This seems to be fable, although the netive affirm that they have seen It because the devil probably caused them to believe. This occurred in Catanduanes. 1 exist.bs, ugh pends. ‘the tenth was known as Sonat; which is equivalent to “preacher”. t was his office to help one die, at msi visemes atone ton of a a a TA cys “omeld, This office was general throughout the islands. ‘FRRTETNERIR) Bangali jan) wads BSStNRSVeF aid predicted the future: This tfie was generalin the sand afterward aid down himon boat which eed asa con or bei placing him beneath the porch, where guard kept over him bya lave In place rrowers, various animals were paced within the boat, each one being assigned a place atthe oar by tor mate and female of each species being together as for example two goats, two ders, two fowls. twas the staves care tose that they were fd, the deceased had been a waror, giving slave was tied beneath his body until in this way he died. In course of time all sufferd decay; and for many days the relative of the dead man bewailed him, singing drges and paises of his god qualities, unt they rented oft The grit was accompanied by eating and inking. This was custom of he Tagaogs. “These infidels sa that they knew that there was another feof est which they called Mac, just sf we qpould say “pordise”orin other word “lage of rest. Tey also say tat those who go to this lace are justand vakant and thse who lve without doing harm, or who possessed moral virtues. They asid vino that nthe other fe and morality there was a place of punishment” grief and afictin called ee ran which was place ofngush they aso maintained tat noone woud go to heaven where only gaett athala the maker of al things" who governed from above. There were also other pagans who centessed mee cary to ahell which they called a5 said casanan they sald that all the wicked went to that place, and there dwelt the demons whom they called satan. “There were also ghosts which they alld Vibt: and phantoms whidh they called Tgbalang. They ha “another deception- namely f any woman died in childbirth, she and the child sufferd punishment and that at night she could be heard lamenting Thisis called Patianac. May honor and glory be to God our Lord that among the tagaliogs nota trace ofthis s left and that those who are now marrying do not ‘even know what iti. Thanks to the preaching ofthe Holy gospels which has banished it.