ACTIVITIES

Section A
Activity 1. To measure the resistances and impedance of an inductor with and without iron co
Activity 2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of
agiven circuit using multimeter.
Atfivity 3. Toassemble ahousehold circuit, comprising three bulb, three (on/off) switches,
a fuse and a power source.
Aetivity 4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. 110
Activity 5. To study the variation in potential drop with the length of wire for a steady current... 11
Activity 6. To draw the diagram of a given circuit comprising atleast abattery, resistor/ rheostat, key 11
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and
correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Activity 7. Toassemble given resistors in a suitable combination to obtain a desired resistance and 114
verify its value with a multimeter.
113
Activity 8. To find current by measuring voltage across a given resistor. 115
bnt ot bTs boritsm oitoosL Section Bmosvisg 61o 9n61e291 9rit
snimslsb oTrn
Activtfy 1. To ldentify a diode, an LED, an transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from...Aali
a mixed collection of items.... 116
Activity 2. Use the multimeter to 9se 9rlt vtinsy of brs sgnst briesh io 1st9mdloy6
(a) Identify base of transistor ..
(b) Distinguish between npn and pnp transistors.
(c) See the unidirectional flow of current in case of the diode and an LED.
(d) Check whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode, transistor or IC) is in working order. 117
Activity 3. To Study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on a LDR.
(Light Dependent Resistor),. 120

Activity 4. Toobserve refraction and lateral deviation of abeam of light incident on aglass slab. 121

Activity 5. To observe the polarisation of light using two polaroids... *********.ss.*..... 22

Actiwity 6. To observe diffraction of light due to athin slit. 123

Activity 7. (a) To study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror using a candle and
ascreen (for different distance of the candle from the mirror ). 124

Activity 7. (b) To study the nature and size of the image formed by convex lens using acandle and ascreen.127
Activity 8. To obtain alens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the
given set of lenses. 129

onimslq bot erkagadblupil s lo xsbni avpsiss adt bnit olm

.131
Project 1. To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.
Project 2. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing LDR because of a variation:.
(a) Inthe power of incandescent lamp (of fixed power), used illuminate the LDR (keeping al ......****

134
the lamps at a fixed distance)...... 134
(b) In the distance of an incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to illuminate the LDR. 137
Project 3. To study AND, OR and NOT gates using diodes and transistors. . . . 142
Project 4. To study the earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. .....

Project 5. To set upacommon base transistor circuit and tostudy its input and output characteristic and .145
to calculate its current gain.
Project 6. To investigate the relation between the ratio of.
() Input and output voltage and. 150
(i) Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of aself designed transformer.........
14 Physics Practical Book - XI Bharat
 .
(inAj nl
curent
Section
A black
source, asleles switches, and
(
C.C, multimeter.
code. red
for
reading
Multimeter
for AC/DC
colour insulation.Imoisture. s(on/off) with
gaA on
using. wire
marked bymeasured
t
consideration
the andi three connecting
by
measured
voltage tremove temperature bulb,
that dangerous. three flexible
to
rheostat beenofthatssame cleanedsafety
high comprising
have tanceismultimeter
resiasssame should timeincomponent
cbe veryfor s switches,
mui
on
on
(z) connection ismultimeter It
endsmore.
i
is possible
circuit, (on/off)
plug.
Bharat
Curscalseentlect, ed ABcoil, and bymeasured
cur rent Vor min im um
orinstruments source. Required
household two-pin XII
A.c
=scale variable
MeCurasurCurerintngrent point point
Concusion/Result
bymeasured
ACvoltage, resistance

their
wires,220
ofsource
theconnectforcurrent
i ng
Activity power
three
Material
W) wire,
100fuse
Book
Practical
AC ofcountofPosition
aassemble
A B voltage
DC/AC AC exposing
the aand W, board,
60 Physics
toClose handle
Close ofRangeLeast toClose
AC/ofvalDCues PrecautionsAC
Before the
AllowAvoid
fuse and W,(40 electric
For The The Never a Apparatus
bulbs
main
DI No.5. Threecovering,
2 1. 2 3. 1. 2. 4.
4 3. 1. 2. 3. Aim
110
pocedure
Connect oneterminal of the bulb holder to the red flexible wire through aswitch Sin series.

Connectthe other terminal of the bulb holder to the black flexible wire.
three bulb-.cwitch
2 The combination is connected in parallel, so that red wire ends at one point and the
seo3 atother,
blackone flexible wire (red and black) as lead wire.
Take two long
4
Sep Connectthe red wire ends tothered lead wire (live lead) and black wire ends tothe blacklead wire (neutral
lead) dbuordao
Fin the live lead L.mnc
thefuse wire
Put lsnboibennoaototovudto
6. Connect
Sep the plug (two pin plug) to the end of the lead wire.nsob Seerndbuoteeee
Steo7.
& Insert the plugand make the switches on one by one.
Steo them off one by one.
Theput
9
Step

Observations S
S. S3 fuse iiviioA
when the switch is
The bulbs glows
madeon. switch in 60W 100W Nnevsdvbule o Switch to
It stop glowing when the 40W power supply

put
off.
Concusion
Fig. 3.1nsti6E o VE io aned A
Te load (blubs) are always connected in sjaos:lamotnsiog s 10is 65VDnitbeno
io esig brs ooolVE
always connected in series.bz2
aralel and the fuse wire is
Precautions
fuse with live wire. pnols gob intnoiog
1 Alwavs make the connections of the switches and
the mains.
2. Be careful while working with
fuse.
3. Carefully determine the rating of the

Section A
Activity4
circuit.node aliesib
To assemble the components of a given electrical

Apparatus and Material Required s e Ammeter

0000000
Ammeter, Battery, inductors, Key resistors, voltmeter,
aone way key, a rheostat. 21919mtlovsdr tolsoins Inductor

Circuit diagram
The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 4.1
Procedure
Step 1. Make Correction of the components such as 1ol9 Battery
K Resistor

o iene
iductors and resistors etc. in series with eache
other and battery as shown in Fig. 4.1. Fiq. 4.1

Physics Practical Book XII 111

Bharat
 when
ie.directlyFormulae used (0-3V),
Apparatus Precautions
Conclusion/Result Step Step Step
3. 2.
Vcl A 1. The
a The Jockey
battery 4. 3. 2.
steady
proportional Activity 5 All Make All Electrical Make
potential connections the ConnectConnect
orcurrent and ofand To sure
components source
connecting 3V study that Circuit the the
drop
to or
Material after ammeter
V
is Battery voltmeter
should voltmeter
passed the the
along is
t)=K length variation shouldcompleted compiling
wires,
eliminator, be in in
through Required
the neat, is be circuit.
paralel series
of a connected
piece in above
the wire cleanconnected after
a potential with
wire sire, of a
potentiometer
is the procedure with the
sand and in the
parallel assembling conmponent
dry. in
paper. drop series circuit
our
Rh with t
and with element
circuit
rheostat, ammeter prOcedure of
the each
length should measures to
others.
an is of measure
A ammeter, connected
series.in the similar the
B of
wire electrical thecurrent
to
for potential
Fig,
one in
aSection A componentr 4.1. the
way steady
key,
current.
a
D.C.
voltmeter
JActivity
Aim
6 Section A
To draw the diagram of a given circuit comprising atleast a
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not battery,
connectedresistorl
correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram. in
propertheostoratd,er koyant
Apparatusand Material Required
Abattery, a resistor, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a one-way key and
connecting wires, rheoctst
Circuit Diagram:

Battery K
Battery K

Fig. 6.1 Incorrect circuit diagram. Fig. 6.2. Correct circuit diagram.
The wrong/ incorrect diagram for measuring resistance using ohm's law is shown in Figure 6.1. In thisammetri
connected wrongly with positive terminal to the negative pole of battery. Hence the ammeter shows no readina The
rheostat is also connected wrongly with its terminal is left floating. Hence, the rheostat will introduce fxed resisance
in the circuit. However, a variable resistance is desired in actual practice.
Procedure
Step 1. Disconnect the components that are connected wrongly in the incorect circuít diagram.
Step 2. Make the correct connection according to correct circuit diagram as shown in figure.
Conclusion/ Result
The electrical components assembled as per the corrected circuít diagram shown in Fig. 6.2 is functiona.
Precautions
1 The arnmeter should be connected in series with its positive terminal towards the positive pole of the Datuey
poleofthe
2 The voltmeter should be connected in parallel with its positive terminal towards the positive
battery. shhould be used
3 If the current to be varied in the circuit,then onelower and one upper terminal of rheostat
4. Always plug the key after making all the connections.

114 Physics Practical Book -XII Bharat

 The different items are connected as done in verification of ohm's law
2
3. Pass the current to be measured and note voltmeter readina. (Experiment no. 1)
4. As the resistance is known, find current using I=V/R.
5. Change the value of current by rheostat and again find current using the relation |=V/R
Precautions
Same as in Experiment No. 1Section A
Sources of Error
Same as in Experiment No. 1 Section A

Activity I
Aim
Section B
Toldentify a diode, an LED, an transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from
a mixed
collection of items.

Apparatus and Material Required

Multimeter, battery eliminator, reversing key, connecting wires and the materials as mentioned abheu

Battery
eliminator
Black
lead Coloured rings
To multimeter diode
Transistor
Red lead
-D diode diode
B

0.5 HF
ITEM Paper Capacitor 100 uF
+ 6V
Integrated Circuit (C) Electrolytic
Mica Capacitor Condenser

Fig. 1.1
Theory
To identify a given item, its appearance and working has to be considered.
1. Diode:It is a two terminal device which conducts only when it is forward biased.
2. LED:It is two terminal device, which twhile conducting
conducts only when it is forward biased. It emits light
3. Transistor : It is a three terminal device
4. L.C.:It is a multi-terminal chip.
5. colouredrings
Resistor:It terminal device and conducts both with D.C. and A.C. voltage. It has voltage.
is atwo
6. Capacitor: It is atwoterminal device DC.
which conducts only with A.C. voltage andI not with

116 Physics Practical Book XII Bharat

Procedure:
it is and IC.
Can ). If the item has four or more terminals and has a form of achip, then
Step2. Ifthe item has three terminals, then it is transistor. LED, aresistor or a capacitor to differentiate, we use
it maybe diode, an
Step3. If the item has two terminals, then eliminator
the circuit and adopt the following steps - Switch on the battery
current in milli amperes.
Set the knob of the multimeter to measure direct
and observed the movement of the multimeter
pointer. is reverse with
and does not move when the voltage
inone way
Ifthe pointer moves when voltage is applied the item is diode. reversed
reversing key with no emission of light, then does not move when the voltage is
voltage is applied in one way and
(c) If the pointer moves when of light, then the item is LED. also moves when it is reversed
with
key and there is emission
with reversing way and its
the pointer moves when the voltage is applied in one not
(d) If is a resistor. reversing key it again does
reversing key, then the item when it is reversed with
does not move when the applied and
(e) If the pointer item is capacitor.
move, then the
Conclusion/Result
have been separately identified.
Allthe given items
Precautions
terminals.
IC with three that the insulation
can be
1. Try to avoid an multimeter. using sand paper so
2. Preferably use analog componentclean its leads properly by
any
3 While checkingout
removed. Section B

Activity2
Aim
multimeter to
Use the transistor
ldentify base of transistors.
(a) between npn and pnp the diode and an LED.
Distinguish in case of working
(b) unidirectional flow of current diode, transistor or lIC) is in
(c) See the component (e.g.
whether a given electronic
(d) Check
order.

alRequired Connecting wire

Apparatusan eliminator, plug key, aresistance box,
LED, Battery
Given trans
meter,junction diode,
ofs
and a piece that the
junction diodes joined in such a way
combination oftwop-n transistor is n-p-n and when
n is
tor can be regarded as a junction diodes, the
common to both the
onto both. When p istransistor is p-n-p.
the
ejunctiondiodes, both the cases when a
base : conduction takes place in
athe transistor is chosen that remainina terminals, then
the
three terminals of the either of the two
 Step Procedure
Step , Aim
pencilApparatus 3. 2 1.
2. 1. rubber, Glass
Take Fix
slab
Distance Itis 5 4 3
a edistance
PbetConnecttreercautions CWhonendtuhe/sRioensult
a
white cello (size and To
glass
slabpaper tape, 10
Activity 4
observe oftoLDR.
source work
Material
x6 Carefuly between
and sheet sharply cmi, a from in
refraction aa
put the dark to light
drawing Required
it by LDR. room.
the
symmetricallydrawing pointed source
and voltage
15 12
board should So
pins penc, lateral that and
drawing source. LDR.
inand be no
the a deviation carefuly stray
drawing half increases
Bharat middle meter pins, light
board. scale.plane of measured. falls the
Physics of
the sheet beam a on resistance
paper LD.S.
Practical of of
and paper, light
of
mark incident LD.R.
Book- pins, SectionB
its decreases.
boundary common ease
XII on in
(ohm)
glass a Resistance
ABCD. scale,
protractor, slatb.
R
121
 Q on face AB and draw a
line PO
Step 3. Draw a normal at point P
represent an
making an angle with the normal. PQ will
incident ray.
PQat distance of 10 cm or
Step 4. Fix two points 1and 2 on the line
more between themselves.
through face DC and fx two
Step 5. See images of these two pins cm or more apart) such that
more pinsat points 3 and 4 (10
pins, all being
these two pins cover the images of first two
along astraight line.
line RS through points 3
Step 6. Remove the glass slab. Draw straight represent refracted
and 4 to present emergent ray. Join QR to
ray.
measure angle e. It
Step 7. Draw normal at point Ron face DC and
comes to be equal to i.
to
Step 8. Produce PQ forward to cut DC at N. Draw RK perpendicular
PN. RK measures lateral displacement at d. Fig. 4.1
Observations
Angle of Incidence, i=........ Angle of refraction, r =
Thickness of glass slab, t= AD =...m Lateral displacement, d=TU =.*..ss... Cm
Calculations
Theoretical Value of displacement d= t secrsin (-r) =......cm
Difference between measured and theoretical value of lateral displacement = .....cm

Conclusion /Result
1 The ay oflight emiting out from aglass slab is parallel to the direction ofincident ray, but islateraly devate.
2. The angle of incident is equal to the angle of emergence, i.e. Zi=Le.
3 The lateral deviation of emergent ray w.rt. incident ray is directly proportional to the thickness of glass sat
Precautions
1 The Upper surface of drawing board should be soft so that the pins can be penetrated easly.
2 The alpins must be vertically fixed on the board.
3. Asharp pencil should be used to draw boundary of the glass slab.
4 The glass slab should be of uniform thickness.
6cm
5 To locate the incident ray andl emergent ray with greater accuracy, the distance between pins shouldbe
to 8 cm.

Section B
Activity 5
Aim

To observe the polarisation of light using two polaroids.

Apparatus and Material Required

scissors,white
Asource of light such as sun or an of
pair
electric bulb, two polaroids, thin glass sheet, stands, aa
paper and glue etc.

122 Physics Practical Book X11 Bharat

 andP,&
other, no outputMerligtstyigt
esetrat icgts
fepeattheaabove steps 3-4 times
is appears to
on/Result visitle deree
theeactivity, it is clear that
ndastin ic
strougnotnerpolaroid.
fom
i
polaritoiisdskeptpieces produce plane
riece when
Pecautions perpendicuar to firspoltpaolriasedridigntpieeTrisThis oicrrtaisredm itthe dres nes
L Handlethe polaroidin SUch a
way trarsie
2 Alwaysplacetthe polaroid and that no
polaroid in
source of light onfhnger-prints
same
come on thesurface of the
polaroid.
care shouldstraight
: While piercing a the hole, special line.
be taken
thereby the paper is not rigped.

Activity 6
im
SectionB
Toobserve diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

Apparatus and Material Required

Microscope slides or photoflm container,two razor blades, adhesivetapes,ascreen and source ofmonochromatic
laserpencil), black paperetc.

Bharat Physics Practical Book -XII 123

Theory
Slit
When visible monochromatic light is allowed to pass
through fine openings (a narrow slit) whose width is of the order
of wave length of light and impinges on a dark back ground it
produces a 'single slit diffraction pattern. The location of dark
fringes is given by the equation. -Black Paper
Diagram
dsin =nÀ -Glass Plate
The diagram is shown in Fig. 6.1.
Procedure
Step 1. Using razor blades make a fine slit. Razor Blades
Step 2. Place two razor blades with their sharp edges facing
each other and extremely close to each other such that Fig. 6.1
their is smallgap of the order of fraction of millimeter.
Step 3. Paste the blades using cello tape leaving no between paper and glass plate.
Step 4. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of the blades.
Step 5. Place the slit about 50cm from awall and asource of light with aslit in front of it at adistance of abortn.
from the slit.
Step 6. Notice the light falling on the wall, instead of having a bright slit like light on the wal, the light sorezde
on either side of a slit secondary maxima i.e. slits with lower intensity are seen.
Conclusion /Result
When monochromatic light waves are made to be incident on avery fine openings (slit) diffraction of light.
Precautions
1 Laser torch light give better effect, but it can be fatal for your eyes. Hence do not directly look at the aser
beam or any of its reflections.
2 The slit should be made as thin as possible.
3. Black paper should be pasted such that there is no gap between the glass plate and paper.

Section B
Activity A
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror using a
candle and a screen (for different distance of the candle from the mirror).

Apparatus and Material Required

uprightE
Aconcave mirror, an optical bench with its three uprights, meter scale, clampststo hold the mirror onthe
candle and screen.

Theory the
upon
The position, nature and relative size of the image of an object formed by a concave mirror dependsimportant
the
position of the object w.r.t. the pole of the mirror. The Ray diagrams shown in Fig. 7.1 represent some of
cases and the results are listed in the following table:
 Nature of Image
Magnifed or diminished
Image Real or virtual Erect on Inverted
of
Object
Position
AtE Real Inverted diminished Point image or highly
Inverted Diminished
Between Real
A ninity
Reyond
CF&C Inverted Same Size
At C Real
Real Inverted Magnified
BeyondC Magnifed but blurred
1
1AMC
Between
F&c Inverted
Real
AtInfinity
Behind the Erect
Highly magnified
Virtual
mirror

pointA
Fromdistant M

C
M (b) Object beyond
Infinity
(a) Objectat

To
infinity

F
(d) Objectat
3
ObjectatC M
(c)

M
betweenFandP
(g)Object
F
betweenCand
() Object
Fig. 7.1

square
Method rectangular or (i.e.
Candle and Screen consists of a
the object
is
needed, whichcertain positions of mirror.In order
screen are and the between
Aspecial type of perspex. There candleintroduced in
sheet of white plastic or betweenthe from the
is formed screen has to be coming is
Candle) for vwhich the image light PS
Screen, the would obstructthe suchthatedge
to obtain the image on the so, it cutting aslot
PQRS screen.If
screen
the candle and the mirror. If donecome by centre C ofthe it as shownin
throughthe
Candle. The difficulty can be overpassescardboard, in
cut a slotcardboard. slit
and
in the middle of the Screen and portion ofthe 7.2Screen witha
of Fig.
0s not available, then take a piece remaining 125
on the Book - XII
Figure 7.22paste the white paper Physics
Practical
Bharat
Procedure:
Step 1. Find the rough focal length of concave mirror by obtaining asharp image on
t optical whi
Step 2. Mount the concave mirror in the holder in an upright at one end of the te paper
The screen.
bench.
towards the optical bench.
Step 3. Mount the cardboard screen on second upright and hold it from the miror.at a mir or should fara
length of the mirror. distarnce
equalAto
Step 4. Mount the burning candle on the third upright at the other end of the optical bench
Step 5. The heights of the three uprights is adjusted so that an inverted image of candle flame
rough foKal
cardboard screen facing the mirror. Move the card board screen suitably so is
sharp as possible. that image seen
of candle or tha
Step 6. The uprights carrying the burning candle is moved towards the mirror.The screen
the mirror to obtain sharp image of the candle flame. The image is inverted and hasto be moved eflarneisa

Step 7. When candle flame is at centre of curvature of the mirror, the its size
screen has to be at goes on i away from
image is inverted and of the same size as the candle flame itself.
Step 8. As the candle flame is moved closer to the mirror, the
the
same iposi
ncreatisoinn.g,
The
upright carrying cardboard
away from mirror to obtain a magnified inverted image of the flame on the screen. Screen has to bbe
Step 9. When the candle flame is at focus of the mirror image is at
infinite distance and moved
SCreen. cannot be obtain on
Step 10.When candle flame is between focus and pole of the the
mirror, a virtual, erecttand
is seen at the back of the mirror, which cannot be
taken on screen. magnifiedimagecf the flame
Step 11.To measure the size of the image, a graph paper may be fixed on
the screen.
Observations
Rough focal length of the mirror F= ......Cm.
Size of candle flame X= .......... Cm.

Sr. Positions of
Concave Mirror Position of candle Position of
No. flame relative to mirror Size of Image
(cm) Image (cm)
(in cm) relative to object
1
At Infinity
2. Diminished
Beyond C
3 Diminished
At C
4 Equal
BetweenCand F
Magnified
Conclusion / Result
The change in position, size
and nature of the image formed by a
changing the distance of the object are in concave mirror as observed experimentaly u
accordance with the theory.
Precautions
1
Perform this activity at shaded face
2. Alluprights should be placed otherwise image may not be distinctly visible.
3 exact
The aperture of mirror should be verticals over the optical bench.
small otherwise the
distance more than 25 cm fromimage
4. Eye should be kept at a formed will not be
the image being formeddistinct.
on the suie

126 Physics Practical Book XII Bharat