1

MATHEMATICS – I
STUDY MATERIAL
UNIT-I
ALGEBRA

INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the study of Binomial theorem and its expansions.

Binomial theorem states that for a positive, negative or Rational numbers.

(𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑐1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑐2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎2 + 𝑛𝑐3 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑎3 + ⋯

Now let us suppose a=1, then the following theorem holds,

(1 + 𝑥 )𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑐3 𝑥 3 + ⋯

𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
1.(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 2!
𝑥2 +
3!
𝑥3 + ⋯

If we replace ‘n’ by (–n) and’ x’ by( –x) , we get the following:

𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
2. (1 + 𝑥)−𝑛 = 1 − 𝑛𝑥 + 2!
𝑥2 − 3!
𝑥3 + ⋯

𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
3. (1 − 𝑥)−𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
2! 3!

𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
4. (1 − 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 − 𝑛𝑥 + 2!
𝑥2 − 3!
𝑥3 + ⋯

The above four formulae are called the standard Binomial forms.Similarly by replacing
n values by ±1, ±2, ±3, … we have the following more number of standard results.

1. (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯
2. (1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯
3. (1 + 𝑥)−2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + ⋯
4. (1 − 𝑥)−2 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
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1
5. (1 + 𝑥)−3 = (1.2 − 2.3𝑥 + 3.4𝑥 2 − 4.5𝑥 3 + ⋯)
1.2
1
6. (1 − 𝑥)−3 = 1.2 (1.2 + 2.3𝑥 + 3.4𝑥 2 + 4.5𝑥 3 + ⋯ )
1
7. (1 + 𝑥)−4 = 1.2.3 (1.2.3 − 2.3.4𝑥 + 3.4.5𝑥 2 − 4.5.6𝑥 3 + ⋯)
1
8. (1 − 𝑥)−4 = 1.2.3 (1.2.3 + 2.3.4𝑥 + 3.4.5𝑥 2 + 4.5.6𝑥 3 + ⋯).

We can see some problems by using the above formulae.

Problems:

 State Binomial Theorem.

Solution:
If ‘n’ is rational index and -1<𝑥<1,(i.e)|𝑥|<1,the sum of the series,
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1.)…(𝑛−𝑟+1)
1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯ is the real positive
2! 𝑟!
value of (1 + 𝑥 )𝑛
b
 Find a and b if a  1  2 x  .......
1 2x
Solution:
𝑎 + 𝑏(1 + 2𝑥)−1 = 1 + 2𝑥 + ⋯

𝑎 + 𝑏(1 − 2𝑥 + (2𝑥)2 − ⋯ ) = 1 + 2𝑥 + ⋯
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑥 (𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠)
Equating the constant terms, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
Equating the co-efficient of 𝑥, −2𝑏 = 2 , (𝑖. 𝑒) 𝑏 = −1.
Therefore, 𝑎 − 1 = 1,

(i.e) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −1.
 Find the fifth term of (𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃)−𝟏 .
Solution:
1 2𝑏 −1
(3a  2b)1 = (1 − )
3𝑎 3𝑎
1 2𝑏 2𝑏 2 2𝑏 3 2𝑏 4
= [1 + +( ) +( ) +( ) ]
3𝑎 3𝑎 3𝑎 3𝑎 3𝑎
1 2𝑏 4
Therefore, the fifth tem = ( )
3𝑎 3𝑎
(2𝑏)4 24 𝑏4
= =
(3𝑎)5 35 𝑎5

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 3

2 x  n(n  1)  2 x 
2

 Find the sum to infinity 1  n      ....

 1 x  2!  1  x 
Solution:
2𝑥 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2𝑥 2
Let S = 1 + 𝑛 ( )+ ( ) + ⋯ is of the form
1+𝑥 2! 1+𝑥
𝑛(𝑛+1)
1 + 𝑛𝑥 + (𝑥 )2 + ⋯ =(1 − 𝑥)−𝑛
2!
2𝑥
Here 𝑥 =
1+𝑥
2𝑥 −n
Therefore the given series becomes, S = (1 − )
1+𝑥
1+𝑥−2𝑥 −n
=( )
1+𝑥
1 − 𝑥 −n
=( )
1+𝑥
1+𝑥 n
=( )
1−𝑥

𝟏+𝟐𝒙 𝒏 𝒙 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒙 𝟐
 Show that [ ] = 𝟏 + 𝒏( )+ ( ) +⋯
𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝟐𝒙 𝟐! 𝟏+𝟐𝒙
Solution:
𝑥 𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑥 2 𝑥 −𝑛
RHS:1 + 𝑛 ( )+ ( ) + ⋯ = [1 − ]
1+2𝑥 2! 1+2𝑥 1+2𝑥
1+2𝑥−𝑥 −𝑛
=[ ]
1+2𝑥
1 + 𝑥 −𝑛
=[ ]
1 + 2𝑥
1 + 2𝑥 𝑛
=[ ]
1+𝑥

  b  n(n  1)  b 
2

 Show that (a  b)  a 1  n 
n n
    .....
  a b  2!  a  b  
Solution:
𝑏 −𝑛
RHS = 𝑎𝑛 [1 + ]
𝑎−𝑏
𝑛
𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑏 −𝑛
=𝑎 [ ]
𝑎−𝑏
𝑎 −𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛 [ ]
𝑎−𝑏
𝑛
𝑛 𝑎−𝑏
=𝑎 [ ]
𝑎
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛
=
𝑎𝑛
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
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= (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛
= LHS

 Find the coefficient of 𝒙2 in the expansion of 𝟏−𝟐𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝟏−𝟑𝒙
Solution:
1 1
+ = (1 − 2𝑥 )−1 + (1 − 3𝑥 )−1
1 − 2𝑥 1 − 3𝑥
= [1 + 2𝑥 + (2𝑥 )2 + ⋯ ] + [1 + 3𝑥 + (3𝑥 )2 + ⋯ ]
Co − efficient of𝑥 2 = 4 + 9 = 13

n
 Find the co-efficient of x in (2  3x)1
Solution:
3 −1
(2 + 3𝑥 )−1 −1
= 2 (1 + 𝑥)
2
1 3 3 2 𝑛
3 𝑛
= [1 − 𝑥 + ( 𝑥) − ⋯ + (−1) ( 𝑥) ],
2 2 2 2
1 3 𝑛 3𝑛
Therefore, co-efficient of 𝑥 𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 ( ) = (−1)𝑛
2 2 2𝑛+1

n 𝟏 𝟏
 Find the co-efficient of x in +
𝟏−𝟐𝒙 𝟏+𝟑𝒙
Solution:
1 1
+ = (1 − 2𝑥 )−1 + (1 + 3𝑥 )−1
1 − 2𝑥 1 + 3𝑥
= [1 + 2𝑥 + (2𝑥 )2 + ⋯ (2𝑥 )𝑛 ] +
[1 − 3𝑥 + (3𝑥)2 − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛 (3𝑥)𝑛 ]

Therefore, co-efficient of 𝑥 𝑛 = 2𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 (3)𝑛

𝟐
 Show that 𝟏 + 𝟏!𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝟏𝒙) + 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
𝟏
(𝟏 − 𝒙) + ⋯ = 𝒙𝒏
𝟐!
Solution:
LHS is of the form,
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2 1
(1 − 𝑥 )−𝑛 = 1 + 𝑥+ 𝑥 + ⋯ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 1 −
1! 2! −𝑛 𝑥
1
Therefore, LHS = [1 − (1 − )]
𝑥

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 5

1 −𝑛
= [1 − 1 + ]
𝑥
1 −𝑛
=( )
𝑥
= 𝑥𝑛 =RHS.

FORMULA TO FIND MIDDLE TERMS

The nth term or the general term in the expansion of standard

Binomial form is given by 𝒕𝒓+𝟏 = 𝒏𝑪𝒓 𝒙𝒓 𝒂𝒏−𝒓
𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Write the middle term of (𝒙 − )
𝒙

Solution:
Here 𝑛 = 12 is even
𝑛
So middle term = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ term
2
12
= ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ term
2
=7th term is the middle term
Therefore, general term 𝑡𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟
−2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑎 = , 𝑛 = 12, 𝑟 = 6
𝑥
−2 6
𝑡7 =12c6(𝑥 6 ) ( )
𝑥
6 64
=12c6(𝑥 ) ( 6 )
𝑥
=12c6×64
=924×64 =59136.

𝟑 𝟏𝟓
 Write down the middle term in the expansion of (𝟐𝒙 − ) (L1)
𝒙
Solution:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 15 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
𝑛 + 1 = 16 (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)
Therefore, t8 and t9 are the middle terms
General term is 𝑡𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟
−3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑎 = , 𝑛 = 15, 𝑟 = 7
𝑥
−3 8 (−3)8
t8=15c7(2𝑥)7 ( ) =15c7(2)7 𝑥 7 8
𝑥 𝑥
1
=15c7(2)7 (−3)8 ( )
𝑥
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
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1
=15c7(2)7 (3)8 ( )
𝑥
−3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑎 = , 𝑛 = 15, 𝑟 = 8
𝑥
7 (−3)7
8 −3
t9=15c8(2𝑥) ( ) = 15c8(2)8 𝑥 8
𝑥 𝑥7
7
= −15c8(2) (3) 𝑥
8

EXPANSIONS AND APPROXIMATIONS

The Binomial theorem can be used to obtain polynomial approximations to rational

and even irrational functions of xwhen x is small in value compared tounity.
When x is small 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 4 , … . . will be very small.Hence in problems of approximations
higher powers of x beyond a certain stage may be neglected.

When x is very large also we can use Binomial theorem to get approximate value of
1 1
f(x).In this case f(x) is expanded in series of ascending powers of 𝑥 And higher powers of 𝑥
1
beyond acertain stage are omitted,as 𝑥 will be small in value.

 Find the value of 𝒂 if x  a  x 2  1 1  ax 2

2

Solution:
1⁄
1⁄ 1⁄ 𝑥2 2
1
(𝑥 + 𝑎) − (𝑥 + 1) = [𝑎 (1 + )] − [1 + 𝑥 2 ] ⁄2
2 2 2 2
𝑎
1 𝑥2 1
= √𝑎 [1 + + ⋯ ] − [1 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ ]
2𝑎 2
1 √𝑎 1
= √𝑎 + 𝑥 2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 (Omitting higher powers)
2 𝑎 2

Given that , x2  a  x 2  1 1  ax 2
1 √𝑎 1
Therefore, 1 − 𝑎𝑥 2 = √𝑎 + 𝑥2 − 1 − 𝑥2
2 𝑎 2
Comparing the constant on both sides,
√𝑎 − 1 = 1, (𝑖. 𝑒)√𝑎 = 2,
Therefore, 𝑎 = 4

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 7

 Write the (n+1)th term in the expansion of (𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙)−𝟐 .

Solution:
−2
−2
2
(3 − 2𝑥 ) = [3 (1 − 𝑥)]
3
−2
2 −2
= (3) (1 − 𝑥)
3
1 2 2 2 2 𝑛
= [1 + 2 ( 𝑥) + 3 ( 𝑥) + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1) ( 𝑥) ]
9 3 3 3
1 2 𝑛 (2𝑥)𝑛
Therefore, (n+1)th term = [(𝑛 + 1) ( 𝑥) ] = (𝑛 + 1)
9 3 3𝑛+2

−𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄ 𝟏
 When 𝒙 is so small prove that ,(𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝟐 + (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟐 = 𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟒
nearly.(L6)
Solution:
1 1 3
−1 1 ( )
LHS: (1 − 𝑥 ) ⁄2 + (1 + 𝑥 ) ⁄2 = [1 + 2
𝑥+ 2 2
. 𝑥2 + ⋯ ] +
1! 2!
1 1 −1
.( )
[1 + 2
𝑥+ 2 2
𝑥2 + ⋯ ]
1! 2!
3 1
= 2 + 𝑥 + ( − ) 𝑥 2 (omitting the higher powers of 𝑥) =2+
8 8
1
𝑥 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦.
4
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
 When 𝒙 is small prove that (1- 𝒙)-1/2− (1+ 𝒙)1/2= + ,nearly.(L6)
𝟐 𝟒
Solution:
−1 1
LHS: (1 − 𝑥 ) ⁄2 − (1 + 𝑥 ) ⁄2
1 1 3 1 3 5
( ) ( )( )( )
= [1 + 2
𝑥+2 2
𝑥2 + 2 2 2
𝑥3 + ⋯ ]
1! 2! 3!
1 1 −1 1 −1 −3
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
− [1 + 2
𝑥+ 𝑥2 + 2 2 2
𝑥3 + ⋯ ]
1! 2! 3!
3 1 15 3
= ( ) 𝑥2 − ( ) 𝑥2 + ( ) 𝑥3 − ( ) 𝑥3
8 8 48 48
(omitting the higher powers of 𝑥 )
4 12
= ( ) 𝑥2 + ( ) 𝑥3
8 48
1 1
= ( ) 𝑥 + ( ) 𝑥 3, nearly
2
2 4

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 8

𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄ 𝟕
 When 𝒙 is large prove that(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) 𝟐 − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗) 𝟐 = .(L6)
𝟐𝒙
Solution:
1⁄ 1⁄
1⁄ 1⁄ 16 2 9 2
LHS:(𝑥 2 + 16) 2 − (𝑥 2 + 9) 2 = [𝑥 2 (1 + 2
)] − [𝑥 2 (1 + 2
)]
𝑥 𝑥
1⁄ 1⁄
16 2 9 2
= 𝑥 (1 + ) − 𝑥 (1 + )
𝑥2 𝑥2
1 1
16 2 2 9
= 𝑥 [(1 + + ⋯ ) − (1 + + ⋯ )]
1! 𝑥 2 1! 𝑥 2
8 9
=𝑥[ − ] (omitting the higher powers of 𝑥)
𝑥2 2𝑥 2
16 − 9 7
=𝑥( ) = 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
2𝑥 2 2𝑥

 If 𝒙 is small so that higher powers of 𝒙𝟐 may be neglected, find an

𝟏
(𝟑+𝟐𝟎𝒙)(𝟗+𝟏𝟎𝒙)𝟐
approximate value of 𝟏 [8 Marks]
(𝟏−𝟓𝒙)𝟓

Solution:
1 1
(3 + 20𝑥 )(9 + 10𝑥 )2 10 2 −1
1 = (3 + 20𝑥 ) [9 (1 + 𝑥)] (1 − 5𝑥 ) 5
(1 − 5𝑥 )5 9
1
10 2 −1
= (3 + 20𝑥 )(3) [(1 + 𝑥)] (1 − 5𝑥 ) 5
9
1 10 1
= (3)(3 + 20𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 + ⋯ ) (1 + 5𝑥 + ⋯ )
2 9 5
5
= (9 + 60𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥 + ⋯ )
9
= (9 + 60𝑥 + 5𝑥 )(1 + 𝑥 )(omitting the higher powers of 𝑥)
= 9 + 65𝑥 + 9𝑥
= 9 + 74𝑥, 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦.

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 9

−𝟓⁄ 𝟏
(𝟏−𝒙) 𝟐 +(𝟏𝟔+𝟖𝒙) ⁄𝟐 𝟐𝟑 𝟐
 If 𝒙 is small,show that, −𝟏 = 𝟏+ 𝒙 nearly.
(𝟏+𝒙) ⁄𝟐 + (𝟐+𝒙)𝟐 𝟒𝟎

[16 Marks]
Solution:
−5 −5 −7
−5 ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
(1 − 𝑥 ) ⁄2 = [1 + (−𝑥) + (−𝑥)2 + ⋯ ]
1! 2!
5𝑥 35 2
=1+ + 𝑥 , 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
2 8
1 1 1
1 𝑥 1⁄2 ( ) 𝑥
2
( ) ( − 1) 𝑥 2
(16 + 8𝑥 ) ⁄2 = 4 (1 + ) = 4 [1 + ( )+ 2 2 ( ) +⋯]
2 1! 2 2! 2
𝑥2
= 4 + 𝑥 − , 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
8
−1 −1 −3
−1⁄ ( ) ( )( )
(1 + 𝑥 ) 2 = [1 + 2 𝑥 + 2 2
𝑥2 + ⋯ ]
1! 2!
𝑥 3 2
=1− + 𝑥 , 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
2 8
5𝑥 35 𝑥2
(1 + + 𝑥 2 ) + (4 + 𝑥 − )
2 8 8
LHS = 𝑥 3
(1 − + 𝑥 2) + (4 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
2 8
7𝑥 17
5+ + 𝑥2
2 4
= 7𝑥 11
5+ + 𝑥2
2 8
7𝑥 17 2 7𝑥 11 2 −1
= (5 + + 𝑥 ) (5 + + 𝑥 )
2 4 2 8
7𝑥 17 2
5 (1 + + 𝑥 )
10 20
= 7𝑥 11
5 (1 + + 𝑥 2 )
10 40
7𝑥 17 2 7𝑥 11 2 −1
= (1 + + 𝑥 ) (1 + + 𝑥 )
10 20 10 40
−1
7𝑥 17 2 7 11
= (1 + + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 ( + 𝑥))
10 20 10 40

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
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7𝑥 17 2 7 11 2
7 11 2
= (1 + + 𝑥 ) [1 − 𝑥 ( + 𝑥) + 𝑥 ( + 𝑥) ] , 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
10 20 10 40 10 40
7𝑥 17 2 49 2 7 11 2 49 2
= (1 + + 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥− 𝑥 + 𝑥 )
10 20 100 10 40 100
17 2 11 2
=1+ 𝑥 − 𝑥
20 40
34 − 11 2 23 2
=1+( )𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 , 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 = RHS
40 40
𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟔𝟑
 When x is large, show that √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 − √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = − + nearly.
𝟐𝒙 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟓

[16 Marks]
Solution:
4 1
√𝑥 2 + 4 − √𝑥 2 + 1 = √𝑥 2 (1 + ) − √ 𝑥 2 (1 + )
𝑥2 𝑥2
1 1
4 2 1 2
= 𝑥 (1 + 2 ) − 𝑥 (1 + 2 )
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
4 2 1 2
= 𝑥 [(1 + 2 ) − (1 + 2 ) ]
𝑥 𝑥

1 4 1 1 −1 4 2 1 1 −1 −3 4 3
= 𝑥 [(1 + + ( ) ( 2) + ( ) ( ) ( 2) )
2 𝑥 2 2! 2 2 𝑥 3! 2 2 2 𝑥
1 1 1 1 −1 1 2 1 1 −1 −3 1 3
− (1 + + ( ) ( 2) + ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) )]
2 𝑥 2 2! 2 2 𝑥 3! 2 2 2 𝑥
2 2 1 64 1 1 1 3 1
= 𝑥 [1 + − + − 1 − + − ]
𝑥 2 𝑥 4 16 𝑥 6 2𝑥 2 8 𝑥 4 48 𝑥 6
2 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 [( 2 − 2 ) + 4 (−2 + ) + 6 (4 − )]
𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 8 𝑥 16
3 15 63
=𝑥[ 2− 4 + ]
2𝑥 8𝑥 16𝑥 6
3 15 63
= − 3+ = RHS
2𝑥 8𝑥 16𝑥 5

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 11

2
(8  3x) 3
5x
 Show that  1  nearly.
(2  3x) 4  5 x 8
Solution:
2
3 3
[8 (1 + 𝑥)]
8
LHS = 1
3 5 2
[2 (1 + 𝑥)] [4 (1 − 𝑥)]
2 4
2
2
3 3
8 (1 + 𝑥)
3
8
= 1
3 5 2
2.2 (1 + 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥)
2 4
2 −1
4 3 3 3 −1 5 2
= (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥)
4 8 2 4
2
3 3 3 1 5
= (1 + 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥) (1 + ( ) ( ) 𝑥) ,
8 2 2 4
2 3 3 5
(nearly) = (1 + ( ) ( ) 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)
3 8 2 8
1 3 5
= (1 + 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)
4 2 8
𝑥 3 5
= 1 + ( − 𝑥 + 𝑥)
4 2 8
2𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 5𝑥 5
=1+( ) = 1 − 𝑥, (nearly)
8 8
SUMMATION OF SERIES

If a given infinite series can be rewritten in such a form that it can be compared
with any standard Binomial series ,the sum of the series can be written easily
,using Binomial theorem.Often the given series may be compared with the
following series expansion:
−
𝒑 𝒑 𝒙 𝒑(𝒑 + 𝒒) 𝒙 𝟐
( 𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝒒 = 𝟏 + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
𝟏! 𝒒 𝟐! 𝒒
−
𝒑 𝒑 𝒙 𝒑(𝒑 + 𝒒) 𝒙 𝟐
( 𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒒 = 𝟏 − ( ) + ( ) −⋯
𝟏! 𝒒 𝟐! 𝒒

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 12

𝟑𝟏 𝟑.𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑.𝟓.𝟕 𝟏 𝟑
 Find the sum to infinity 1+ + ( ) + ( ) .
𝟏! 𝟒 𝟐! 𝟒 𝟑! 𝟒
Solution:
31 3.5 1 2 3.5.7 1 3
Let S=1+ + ( ) + ( )
1! 4 2! 4 3! 4
This is of the form,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑞 = 1 + + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞
𝑥 1 1
Here 𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = 2, = , (𝑖. 𝑒)𝑥 =
𝑞 4 2
−3⁄
1 2
Therefore, S= (1 − )
2
−3⁄
1 2
=( )
2
3
= (2) ⁄2
= √8 = 2√2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
 Find the sum to infinity 𝟏 + 𝟐 ( ) + 𝟑 ( ) + ⋯
𝟑 𝟑

Solution:
1 1 2
Let S= 1 + 2 ( ) + 3 ( ) + ⋯
3 3
1
= 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 =
3
= (1 − 𝑥 )−2
1 −2
= (1 − )
3
−2
2
=( )
3
3 2 9
=( ) =
2 4
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 Find the sum to infinity 𝟐 + 𝟔 ( ) + 𝟏𝟐 ( ) + 𝟐𝟎 ( ) + ⋯.
𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟕

Solution:
1 1 1
Let S= 2 + 6 ( ) + 12 ( ) + 20 ( ) + ⋯
3 9 27
1 1 2 1 3
S=1.2+2.3( ) + 3.4 ( ) + 4.5 ( ) + ⋯
3 3 3
This is of the form,
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 13

1
(1 − 𝑥 )−3 = (1.2 + 2.3𝑥 + 3.4𝑥 2 + 4.5𝑥 3 + ⋯ )
2
1
Therefore, S = 2(1 − 𝑥 )−3 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 =
3
−3
1
= 2 (1 − )
3
2 −3
= 2( )
3
3 3
= 2( )
2
27
S = 2( )
8
27
Therefore S =
4

 Sum of the series to infinity: 1.2𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑. 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + ⋯

Solution:
1.2𝑥 2 + 2.3𝑥 3 +3.4𝑥 4 + ⋯ = 𝑥 2(1.2 + 2.3𝑥 + 3.4𝑥 2 + ⋯ . . )

1
Since (1 − 𝑥 )−3 = (1.2 + 2.3𝑥 + 3.4𝑥 2 + ⋯ … )
2

2
2𝑥 2
= 𝑥 2(1 − 𝑥 )−3 =
(1 − 𝑥)3

𝟑 𝟑.𝟓 𝟑.𝟓.𝟕
 Evaluate the sum to infinity of the series, − + −⋯
𝟔.𝟏𝟐 𝟔.𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟓 𝟔.𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟓.𝟏𝟖

Solution:
3 3.5 3.5.7
Let S = − + −⋯
6.12 6.12.15 6.12.15.18
1 1
Multiply by ( ) ( ) , on both sides, we get,
3 9
1 1 3 3. (3 + 2)
( )( )S = − + −⋯
3 9 3.9(2.3)(3.4) 3.9. (2.3)(3.4)(3.5)
Multiply by (−3)(−1), on both sides, we get,
(−3)(−1) (−3). (−1). 1.3 1 4 (−3). (−1). 1.3.5 1 5
S= ( ) − ( ) +⋯
3.9 4! 3 5! 3

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 14

𝑥 1 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑝 = −3, 𝑞 = 2, = , (𝑖. 𝑒), 𝑥 =
𝑞 3 3
We know that,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 + 𝑥 ) = 1 −
𝑞 + ( ) − ( ) +⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞
2
(−3) 1 (−3). (−1) 1
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 − ( )+ ( )
1! 3 2! 3
(−3). (−1). 1 1 3
− ( ) 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
3! 3

S 3 1 1
+1+1+ . −
9 2 9 54
(−3) 1 (−3). (−1) 1 2 (−3). (−1). 1 1 3
= 1— ( )+ ( ) — ( ) ,
1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
3
S 1 1 2 2
(𝑖. 𝑒) + 2 + − = (1 + ) ,
9 6 54 3
3
S 1 1 5 2
(𝑖. 𝑒) + 2 + − =( )
9 6 54 3
S 13 1 5√5
(𝑖. 𝑒) + − =
9 6 54 3√3
6S + 117 − 1 5√5
(𝑖. 𝑒) =
54 3√3
6S + 116 5√5
(𝑖. 𝑒) =
54 3√3
6S + 116 5√5
(𝑖. 𝑒) =
18 √3
18.5√5
(𝑖. 𝑒)6S + 116 =
√3
6. √3. √3. 5√5
(𝑖. 𝑒)6S + 116 =
√3

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 15

(𝑖. 𝑒)6S = 30√15 − 116

Therefore,
58
S = 5√15 −
3
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓.𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟓.𝟐𝟏.𝟐𝟕
 Evaluate the sum to infinity of the series + + + ⋯∞
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔.𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟔.𝟐𝟒.𝟑𝟐

Solution:
15 15.21 15.21.27
Let S = + + +⋯
16 16.24 16.24.32
Multiply by 9 and divide by (1.8), on both sides, we get,
9 9.15 9.15. (15 + 6) 9.15. (15 + 6)(15 + 2(6))
S= + + +⋯
(1.8) (1.8)(2.8) (1.8)(2.8)(3.8) (1.8)(2.8)(3.8)(4.8)
9
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 + 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
(1.8)
9 9
S+1+
(1.8) (1.8)
9 9.15 9.15. (15 + 6)
= 1+ + +
(1.8) (1.8)(2.8) (1.8)(2.8)(3.8)
9.15. (15 + 6)(15 + 2(6))
+ +⋯
(1.8)(2.8)(3.8)(4.8)

9 9 9 1 9.15 1 2 9.15.21 1 3
(𝑖. 𝑒) S + 1 + = 1 + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
8 8 1! 8 2! 8 3! 8
We know that,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 − 𝑥 ) = 1 +
𝑞 + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞
𝑥 1 3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 9, 𝑞 = 6, = , (𝑖. 𝑒), 𝑥 =
𝑞 8 4
−9
9 9 3 6
(𝑖. 𝑒) S + 1 + = (1 − )
8 8 4

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 16

−3
9 17 3 2
(𝑖. 𝑒) S + = (1 − )
8 8 4
−3
1 2 3
= ( ) = (4)2 = √64 = 8
4
9 17
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, S + = 8,
8 8
9 17
(𝑖. 𝑒) S = 8 −
8 8
9 47
(𝑖. 𝑒) S =
8 8
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 9S = 47
47
(𝑖. 𝑒)S =
9
𝟒 𝟒.𝟏𝟐 𝟒.𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟎
 Sum the series + + + ⋯ ∞…. (L5) [16 Marks]
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖.𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟖.𝟐𝟕.𝟑𝟔
Solution:
4 4.12 4.12.20
Let S = + + +⋯
18 18.27 18.27.36
4 4. (4 + 8) 4. (4 + 8)(4 + 2(8))
= + + +⋯
2.9 (2.9)(3.9) (2.9)(3.9)(4.9)
4 1 4. (4 + 8) 1 2 4. (4 + 8)(4 + 2(8)) 1 3
= ( )+ ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1.2 9 1.2.3 9 1.2.3.4 9
(−4) 1
Multiply by ( ) on both sides, we get
1 9
(−4) 1 (−4). 4 1 2 (−4). 4. (4 + 8) 1 3
( )S = ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1 9 1.2 9 1.2.3 9
(−4) 1
Adding 1 + ( ) on both sides, we get,
1 9

(−4) 1 (−4) 1
1+ ( )+ ( )S
1 9 1 9
(−4) 1 (−4). 4 1 2 (−4). 4. (4 + 8) 1 3
=1+ ( )+ ( ) + ( )
1 9 1.2 9 1.2.3 9
(−4). 4. (4 + 8)(4 + 2(8)) 1 4
+ ( ) +⋯
1.2.3.4 9

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 17

(−4) (−4)
1+ + S
9 9
(−4) 1 (−4). 4 1 2 (−4). 4. (4 + 8) 1 3
=1+ ( )+ ( ) + ( )
1 9 1.2 9 1.2.3 9
(−4). 4. (4 + 8)(4 + 2(8)) 1 4
+ ( ) +⋯
1.2.3.4 9
We know that,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 − 𝑥) 𝑞 = 1 + + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞

𝑥 1 8
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑝 = −4, 𝑞 = 8, = , (𝑖. 𝑒), 𝑥 =
𝑞 9 9
4
4 4 8 8
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 − − S = (1 − )
9 9 9
1
5 4 1 2
(𝑖. 𝑒) − S = ( )
9 9 9
4 1 5 4 2 1
(𝑖. 𝑒) − S = − (𝑖. 𝑒) − S = − (𝑖. 𝑒)4S = 2,(𝑖. 𝑒)S = .
9 3 9 9 9 2

 Sum of the series to infinity: 1.2𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑. 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + ⋯(L3)

Solution:
1.2𝑥 2 + 2.3𝑥 3 +3.4𝑥 4 + ⋯ = 𝑥 2(1.2 + 2.3𝑥 + 3.4𝑥 2 + ⋯ . . )

1
Since (1 − 𝑥 )−3 = (1.2 + 2.3𝑥 + 3.4𝑥 2 + ⋯ … )
2

2
2𝑥 2
= 𝑥 2(1 − 𝑥 )−3 =
(1 − 𝑥)3

𝟏.𝟒….(𝟑𝒏−𝟐) 𝟏
 Sum the series∑ . (L5) [8 Marks]
𝒏! 𝟒𝒏

Solution:
1.4 … . (3𝑛 − 2) 1 1 1 1.4 1 2 1.4.7 1 3
LetS = ∑ = ( )+ ( ) + ( ) +⋯
𝑛! 4𝑛 1! 4 2! 4 3! 4
Adding 1 on both sides, we get,
1 1 1.4 1 2 1.4.7 1 3
1+S= 1+ ( )+ ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 4 2! 4 3! 4
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 18

We know that,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑞 =1+ + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞

𝑥 1 3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 1, 𝑞 = 3, = , (𝑖. 𝑒), 𝑥 =
𝑞 4 4
−1
3 3
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = (1 − )
4
−1
1 3
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = ( )
4
1
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = (4)3
1
3
(𝑖. 𝑒)S = (4)3 − 1 (or)S = √4 − 1
𝟏 𝟏.𝟒 𝟏.𝟒.𝟕
 Evaluate the sum of the series to infinity: + + +⋯
𝟔 𝟔.𝟏𝟐 𝟔.𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟖

Solution:
1 1.4 1.4.7
LetS = + + +⋯
6 6.12 6.12.18
1 1(1 + 3) 1(1 + 3)(1 + 2(3))
S= + + +⋯
1.6 (1.6)(2.6) (1.6)(2.6)(3.6)
1 1 1(1 + 3) 1 2 1(1 + 3)(1 + 2(3)) 1 3
S= ( )+ ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 6 2! 6 3! 6
Adding 1 on both sides, we get,
1 1 1(1 + 3) 1 2 1(1 + 3)(1 + 2(3)) 1 3
1+S=1+ ( )+ ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 6 2! 6 3! 6
We know that,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑞 = 1 + + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞
𝑥 1 3 1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 1, 𝑞 = 3, = , (𝑖. 𝑒), 𝑥 = =
𝑞 6 6 2

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 19

−1
1 3
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = (1 − )
2
−1
1 3
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = ( )
2
1
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = (2)3
1
3
(𝑖. 𝑒)S = (2)3 − 1 (or)S = √2 − 1

1
Estimate (1  x  x2  x3 ) 3 up to the terms to the power three.

Solution:
1
Let S = (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )3
We know that1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ = (1 − 𝑥)−1
1 −1
S = [(1 − 𝑥)−1]3 = (1 − 𝑥) 3
𝑛𝑥 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2
We know that(1 + 𝑥 )𝑛 = 1 + + 𝑥 +⋯
1! 2!
1
Here 𝑛 = − and 𝑥 = −𝑥
3

Therefore,
1 1 1
(− ) (−x) (− ) (− − 1)
3 3 3
S= 1+ + (−𝑥 )2
1! 2!
1 1 1
(− ) (− − 1) (− − 2)
3 3 3
+ (−𝑥 )3
3!
1 1 1 1
(− ) (− − 1) (− − 2) (− − 3)
3 3 3 3
+ (−𝑥 )4 …
4!

𝑥 4 2 28 3 280 4 𝑥 2 14 3 35 4
= 1+ + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 … = 1 + + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 …
3 9.2! 27.3! 81.4! 3 9 81 243

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 20

𝟏 𝟏.𝟑 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓
 Evaluate the sum to infinity of the series + + +⋯
𝟑 𝟑.𝟔 𝟑.𝟔.𝟗

Solution:
1 1.3 1.3.5
LetS = + + +⋯
3 3.6 3.6.9
1 1(1 + 2) 1(1 + 2)(1 + 2(2))
S= + + +⋯
3 3. (2.3) 3.2.3.3.3
1 1 1(1 + 2) 1 2 1(1 + 2)(1 + 2(2)) 1 3
S= ( )+ ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
Adding 1 on both sides, we get,
1 1 1(1 + 2) 1 2 1(1 + 2)(1 + 2(2)) 1 3
1+S=1+ ( )+ ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
We know that,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 − 𝑥 ) = 1 +
𝑞 + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞
𝑥 1 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 1, 𝑞 = 2, = , (𝑖. 𝑒), 𝑥 =
𝑞 3 3
−1
2 2
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = (1 − )
3
−1
1 2
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = ( )
3
1
(𝑖. 𝑒)1 + S = (3)2
1
2
(𝑖. 𝑒)S = (3)2 − 1 (or)S = √3 − 1
5 5.7
 Sum the series to infinity:   ... ...
4.8 4.8.12
Solution:
5 5.7
LetS = + +⋯
4.8 4.8.12

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 21

𝟏 𝟏.𝟑 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓
 Sum the series to infinity 𝟏 − + + + ⋯.
𝟒 𝟒.𝟖 𝟒.𝟖.𝟏𝟐

Solution:
1 1.3 1.3.5
LetS = 1 − + + +⋯
4 4.8 4.8.12
1 1.3 1.3.5
S=1− + + +⋯
4 (1.4)(2.4) (1.4)(2.4)(3.4)

1 1 1. (1 + 2) 1 2 1. (1 + 2). (3 + 2) 1 3
S= 1− ( )+ ( ) − ( ) +⋯
1! 4 2! 4 3! 4
We know that,
−𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 + 2𝑞) 𝑥 3
(1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑞 = 1 − + ( ) + ( ) −⋯
1! 𝑞 2! 𝑞 3! 𝑞
𝑥 1 2 1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 1, 𝑞 = 2, = , (𝑖. 𝑒), 𝑥 = =
𝑞 4 4 2
−1 −1
1 2 3 2
(𝑖. 𝑒)S = (1 + ) (𝑖. 𝑒)S = ( )
2 2
1
2 2 2
(𝑖. 𝑒)S = ( ) ⟹ S=√
3 3

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 22

EXPONENTIAL SERIES
INTRODUCTION
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛
For the real values of x, the sum of the series (1 + + + ⋯ + (𝑛−1)! + + ⋯)
1! 2! 𝑛!
𝟏 𝟏
is𝑒 𝑥 ,where e= (𝟏 + + + ⋯)
𝟐! 𝟑!

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛
That is 𝑒 𝑥 = (1 + + + ⋯ + (𝑛−1)! + + ⋯)
1! 2! 𝑛!

This series on the R.H.S. of the above is called the exponentialseries.

SOME STANDARD EXPONENTIAL EXPANSIONS:

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛
1. 𝑒 𝑥 = (1 + + + ⋯ + (𝑛−1)! + + ⋯)
1! 2! 𝑛!
1 1 1
2. 𝑒 = 1 + + + + ⋯∞
1! 2! 3!
1 1 1 1 1
3. 𝑒 −1 = 1 − + − +⋯= − + ⋯∞
1! 2! 3! 2! 3!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛
4. 𝑒 −𝑥 = (1 − + − ⋯ + (𝑛−1)! + (−1)𝑛 + ⋯)
1! 2! 𝑛!

𝒏 𝟐+𝟑𝒙
 Find the co-efficient of 𝒙 in the expansion of 𝒆𝟐𝒙
Solution:

2 + 3𝑥
2𝑥 = (2 + 3𝑥 )(𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑒
2𝑥 (2𝑥)2 𝑛−1
(2𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑛
(2𝑥)𝑛
= (2 + 3𝑥 ) [1 − + − ⋯ +(−1) + (−1) ]
1! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛!

2𝑛+1 2𝑛−1
Therefore,co-efficient of 𝑥 𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 + (−1)𝑛−13.
𝑛! (𝑛−1)!
(−1)𝑛 2𝑛−1
= [4 − 3𝑛]
𝑛!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 23

𝟏+𝟑𝒙 (𝟏+𝟑𝒙)𝟐
 Find the sum of the series + +⋯
𝟏! 𝟐!
Solution:
𝑥 𝑥2
This is of the form + + ⋯, where 𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑥
1! 2!
𝑥 𝑥2
We know that, 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + + +⋯
1! 2!
𝑥 𝑥2
(i.e)𝑒 𝑥 − 1 = + +⋯
1! 2!
(1+3𝑥)
Therefore, 𝑒 − 1 = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥 − 1.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 Find the value of (𝟏 + + + ⋯ ) (𝟏 − + − ⋯ ).
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟐! 𝟑!
Solution:
We know that
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑒 = 1+ + + + ⋯ ∞ and 𝑒 −1 = 1 − + − +⋯= − + ⋯∞
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3! 2! 3!

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 + + + ⋯ ) (1 − + − ⋯ ) = (𝑒 − ) (1 − [ − − ⋯ ])
2! 3! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
= 𝑒 − 1 1 − 𝑒 −1)
( )(
1 𝑒−1
= (𝑒 − 1) (1 − ) = (𝑒 − 1) ( )
𝑒 𝑒
(𝑒 − 1)2
=
𝑒
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒚 𝒚𝟐
 If 𝒚 = 𝒙 − + − + ⋯ , 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭𝒙 = + +⋯
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏! 𝟐!
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
Since 𝑦 = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ = log(1 + 𝑥 )
2 3 4
Taking exponentials on both sides ,we get,
𝑒𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦2
(i.e) 1 + + +⋯=1+𝑥
1! 2!
𝑦 𝑦2
(i.e) 𝑥 = + +⋯
1! 2!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 24

1 1 1
   ... ...
e  1 1! 3! 5!
2
 Prove that 2 
e  1 1  1  1  ... ...
1! 2! 4!
Solution:
1
𝑒−𝑒 −1 𝑒−𝑒
2 2 𝑒2 − 1
RHS = 𝑒+𝑒 −1
= 1 = 2 = LHS
𝑒+𝑒 𝑒 +1
2 2
 Find the co-efficient of 𝒙 in the expansion of
𝒏
𝒏
∑∞ 𝒏 (𝟐+𝟑𝒙)
𝟎 (−𝟏) .
𝒏!
Solution:
∞
𝑛
(2 + 3𝑥 )𝑛 (2 + 3𝑥 )1 (2 + 3𝑥 )2 (2 + 3𝑥 )3
∑ −1( ) =1− + − +⋯
𝑛! 1! 2! 3!
0
1
= 𝑒 −(2+3𝑥) = 𝑒 −2 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 2 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑒
1 3𝑥 (3𝑥 )2 𝑛
(3𝑥 )𝑛
= 2 [1 − + − ⋯ + (−1) ]
𝑒 1! 2! 𝑛!
𝑛
1 𝑛
(3)𝑛
Thererfore, Co − efficient of𝑥 = 2 [(−1) ]
𝑒 𝑛!

 Write the co-efficient of 𝒙𝒏 in the expansion of (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒆𝟏+𝒙.

Solution:
(1 + 𝑥)𝑒 1+𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 )𝑒𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒(1 + 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛
( )
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 (1 + + + ⋯ + + + ⋯)
1! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛
= 𝑒 [(1 + + + ⋯ + + + ⋯)
1! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛
+ 𝑥 (1 + + +⋯+ + + ⋯ )]
1! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛!
1 1
Therefore, Co − efficient of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 ( + )
(𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 25

 write the coefficient of 𝒙𝒏 in the expansion of

(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙)𝟐
𝟏+ + +⋯
𝟏! 𝟐!
Solution:
(1 + 2𝑥 ) (1 + 2𝑥 )2
1+ + + ⋯ = 𝑒 (1+2𝑥) = 𝑒 1𝑒 2𝑥
1! 2!
2𝑥 (2𝑥 )2 (2𝑥 )𝑛
= 𝑒 (1 + + + ⋯+ )
1! 2! 𝑛!
𝑛
(2)𝑛
Therefore, Co − efficient of𝑥 = e
𝑛!

SUMMATION OF SERIES
13 23 33
 Show that   .  .........  5e
1! 2! 3!
Solution:
13 23 33
Let S = + + +⋯
1! 2! 3!
To find the general term,
n3
tn =
n!
n3 A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1) + Dn(n − 1)(n − 2)
(i. e), t n = =
n! n!
(i. e), n3 = A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1) + Dn(n − 1)(n − 2)
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
𝐃 = 𝟏,
C − 3D = 0, (i. e), 𝐂 = 𝟑,
𝐀 = 𝟎,
B − C + 2D = 0,
(i. e)B − 3 + 2 = 0, (i. e)𝐁 = 𝟏.
n3 n + 3n(n − 1) + n(n − 1)(n − 2)
Therefore, =
n! n!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 26

𝑛 3n(n − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)

(i. e), tn = + +
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛!
1 3 1
tn = + +
(𝑛 − 1)! (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 − 3)!
Put n=1,2,3,… we get,
1 1 3 1 3 1
t1 = , t2 = + , t3 = + + , …
0! 1! 0! 2! 1! 0!
Adding together columnwise, we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ + + ] +3[ + + ] +[ + + ]
0! 1! 2! 0! 1! 2! 0! 1! 2!
= e + 3e + e
⟹ S = 5e
𝟏 𝟏+𝟐 𝟏+𝟐+𝟑
 Sum the series: + + + ⋯∞
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑!

Solution:
1 1+2 1+2+3
Let S = + + +⋯
1! 2! 3!
To find the general term,
1+ 2+3 +⋯+ 𝑛
tn =
n!
n(n+1)
2
=
n!
1 (𝑛 + 1)
=
2 (𝑛 − 1)!
1 𝑛 1
= [ + ]
2 (𝑛 − 1)! (𝑛 − 1)!
1 𝑛+1−1 1
= [ + ]
2 (𝑛 − 1)! (𝑛 − 1)!
1 1 2
tn = [ + ]
2 (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 − 1)!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 27

Put n=1,2,3,… we get,

1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
t1 = [0 + ] , t 2 = [ + ] , t 3 = [ + ] , …
2 0! 2 0! 1! 2 1! 2!
Adding together columnwise, we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= {[ + + ] + 2 [ + + ]}
2 0! 1! 2! 0! 1! 2!
1 3𝑒
= [e + 2e] ⟹ S=
2 2
𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝟑𝟐
 Sum the series to infinity : 𝒙 + + + ⋯.
𝟏! 𝟐!
Solution:
𝑥 2 22 𝑥 3 32
Let S = 𝑥 + + +⋯
1! 2!
To find the general term,
𝑥 𝑛 𝑛2
tn = , 𝑛 = 1,2, …
(n − 1)!
n2 n + n(n − 1)
=
(n − 1)! (n − 1)!
𝑛−1+1 n
= +
(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
1 1 n+2−2
= + +
(n − 2)! (n − 1)! (n − 2)!
1 1 1 2
= + + +
(n − 2)! (n − 1)! (n − 3)! (n − 2)!
1 3 1
Therefore, t n = 𝑥 𝑛 [ + + ]
(n − 3)! (n − 2)! (n − 1)!
Put n=1,2,3,… we get,
1 3 1 1 3 1
t1 = 𝑥 [0 + 0 + ] , t 2 = 𝑥 2 [0 + + ] , t 3 = 𝑥 3 [ + + ] , …
0! 0! 1! 0! 1! 2!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 28

Adding columnwise , we get,

S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥 5 + ⋯ ) + ( 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 + ⋯ ) + ( 𝑥 +
0! 1! 2! 0! 1! 0!
1𝑥 2 1
+ 𝑥 3 + ⋯)
1! 2!

3
𝑥 𝑥2 2
𝑥 𝑥2
= 𝑥 [1 + + + ⋯ ] + 3𝑥 [1 + + + ⋯ ]
1! 2! 1! 2!
𝑥 𝑥2
+ 𝑥 [1 + + +⋯] = 𝑥 3 e𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 e𝑥
1! 2!
+ 𝑥e𝑥
Therefore, S = e𝑥 [𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ]

𝟐.𝟑 𝟑.𝟓 𝟒.𝟕

 Sum the series to infinity : + + +⋯
𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓!

Solution:
2.3 3.5 4.7
Let S = + + +⋯
3! 4! 5!
To find the general term for the numerator, we use t n = a + (n − 1)d.
Therefore,
𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 1,for the first term,
(i. e)t n = 2 + (n − 1)(1)
=2+𝑛−1
=𝑛+1
𝑎 = 3, 𝑑 = 2,for the second term,
(i. e)t n = 3 + (n − 1)(2)
= 3 + 2𝑛 − 2
= 2𝑛 + 1
(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
Therefore, tn =
(n + 2)!
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 29

2𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 𝑛 + 1
=
(n + 2)!
2𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1
=
(n + 2)!
2𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1 A + B(n + 2) + C(n + 2)(n + 1)
(𝑖. 𝑒), =
(n + 2)! (n + 2)!
2𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1 = A + B(n) + 2(B) + C(𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2)
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
𝐂 = 𝟐,
B + 3C = 3,
(i. e)𝐁 = −𝟑,
A + 2B + 2C = 1,
(i. e)A − 6 + 4 = 1
(i. e)𝐀 = 𝟑,
2𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1 3 − 3(n + 2) + 2(𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2)
Therefore, =
(n + 2)! (n + 2)!
3 3(n + 2) 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
(i. e), tn = 2𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1 = − +
(n + 2)! (n + 2)! (n + 2)!
3 3 2
(i. e), tn = − +
(n + 2)! (n + 1)! n!
2 3 3
Therefore, tn = − +
n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)!
Put n=1,2,3,… we get,
2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
t1 = − + , t2 = − + , t3 = − + , …
1! 2! 3! 2! 3! 4! 3! 4! 5!
Adding together columnwise , we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
=[ + + ]−[ + + ]+[ + + ]
1! 2! 3! 2! 3! 4! 3! 4! 5!
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 30

5
= 2[e − 1] − 3[e − 2] + 3 [e − ]
2
15
= 2e − 2 − 3e + 6 + 3e −
2
7
⟹ S = 2e −
2
𝟓𝒏+𝟏 𝒆 𝟐
 Show that ∑ ( = +
𝟐𝒏+𝟏)! 𝟐 𝒆
Solution:
5𝑛 + 1 A + B(2𝑛 + 1)
LHS = =
(2𝑛 + 1)! (2𝑛 + 1)!
5𝑛 + 1 = A + B(2𝑛 + 1)
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
5
2B = 5, ⟹ B = ,
2
A + B = 1,
5 −3
(i. e)A + =1 ⟹A=
2 2
−3 5
5n + 1 ( ) + ( ) (2𝑛 + 1)
Therefore, = 2 2
(2n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
5n + 1 −3 5(2n + 1)
tn = = +
(2n + 1)! 2(2n + 1)! 2(2n + 1)!
−3 5
tn = +
2(2n + 1)! 2(2n)!
1 5 3
Therefore, t n = [ − ]
2 (2n)! (2n + 1)!
Put n=0,1,2,3,… we get,
1 5 3 1 5 3 1 5 3 1 5 3
t0 = [ − ] , t1 = [ − ] , t 2 = [ − ] , t 3 = [ − ] …
2 0! 1! 2 2! 3! 2 4! 5! 2 6! 7!
Adding together column wise , we get,
S = t 0 + t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3
= [ + + + ]− [ + + + ]
2 0! 2! 4! 6! 2 1! 3! 5! 7!
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 31

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= [5 (1 + + + ) − 3 ( + + + )]
2 2! 4! 6! 1! 3! 5! 7!
1 e + e−1 e − e−1
= [5 ( )− 3( )]
2 2 2
1 5 1 3 1
= [ (𝑒 + ) − (𝑒 − )]
2 2 𝑒 2 𝑒
1 5 e2 + 1 3 e2 − 1
= [ ( )− ( )]
2 2 𝑒 2 𝑒
1 5e2 + 5 3e2 − 3
= [( )−( )]
2 2𝑒 2𝑒
1 5e2 + 5 − 3e2 + 3 1 2e2 + 8 e2 + 4 𝑒 2
= [ ]= [ ] = = +
2 2𝑒 2 2𝑒 2𝑒 2 𝑒
= RHS

𝒏𝟑 −𝒏+𝟏
 Evaluate∑ ]
𝒏!

Solution:
𝑛3 − 𝑛 + 1 A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1) + Dn(n − 1)(n − 2)
LHS = =
𝑛! n!

⟹ 𝑛3 − 𝑛 + 1 = A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1) + Dn(n − 1)(n − 2)

Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
𝐃 = 𝟏,
C − 3D = 0, ⟹, 𝐂 = 𝟑,
𝐀 = 𝟏,
B − C + 2D = −1, ⟹ B − 3 + 2 = −1, ⟹ 𝐁 = 𝟎.
𝑛3 − 𝑛 + 1 1 + 3n(n − 1) + n(n − 1)(n − 2)
Therefore, =
n! n!
1 3n(n − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)
(i. e), tn = + +
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 32

1 3 1
tn = + +
𝑛! (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 − 3)!
Put n=1,2,3,… we get,
1 1 3 1 3 1
t1 = , t2 = + , t3 = + + , …
1! 2! 0! 3! 1! 0!
Adding together columnwise, we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ + + ] +3[ + + ] +[ + + ]
1! 2! 3! 0! 1! 2! 0! 1! 2!
= e − 1 + 3e + e
⟹ S = 5e − 1
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
 Show that + + +⋯= .
𝟑! 𝟓! 𝟕! 𝟐𝒆
Solution:
1 2 3
Let S = + + +⋯
3! 5! 7!
To find the general term
𝑛 A(2n + 1) + B
tn = =
(2𝑛 + 1)! (2𝑛 + 1)!

n = A(2𝑛 + 1) + B
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
𝟏
2A = 1⟹ 𝐀 =
𝟐
𝟏
A + B = 0, ⟹ B = −A ⟹ 𝐁 = −
𝟐

1 1
𝑛 (2n + 1) −
2 2
Therefore, =
(2𝑛 + 1)! (2𝑛 + 1)!
𝑛 1 1
tn = = −
(2𝑛 + 1)! 2(2𝑛)! 2(2𝑛 + 1)!
1 1 1
= [ − ]
2 (2𝑛)! (2𝑛 + 1)!
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 33

Put n=1,2,3,… we get,

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t1 = [ − ] , t2 = [ − ] , t3 = [ − ] …
2 2! 3! 2 4! 5! 2 6! 7!
Adding together , we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= [( + + + ⋯ ) − ( + + + ⋯ )]
2 2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
1 e + e−1 e − e−1
= [( − 1) − ( − 1)]
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
= [ (𝑒 + − 2) − (𝑒 − − 2)]
2 2 𝑒 2 𝑒
1 1 e2 + 1 − 2e 1 e2 − 1 − 2e
= [ ( )− ( )]
2 2 𝑒 2 𝑒
1 e2 + 1 − e2 + 1
= [ ]
2 2𝑒
1 2 1
= [ ]= = RHS
2 2𝑒 2𝑒
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐
 Show that + + + ⋯ = 𝟐𝒆.
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑!

Solution:
12 22 32
Let S = + + +⋯
1! 2! 3!
To find the general term,
𝑛2
tn = , 𝑛 = 1,2, …
n!
n2 A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1)
=
n! n!
(i. e), n2 = A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1)
n2 = A + n(B − C) + n2 C
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
𝐂 = 𝟏,
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 34

𝐀 = 𝟎,
B − C = 0, ⟹ 𝐁 = 𝟏.
n2 n + n(n − 1)
Therefore, =
n! n!
1 1
tn = +
(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
Put n=1,2,3,… we get,
1 1 1 1 1
t1 = , t2 = + , t3 = + , …
0! 1! 0! 2! 1!
Adding together columnwise, we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1
=( + + + ⋯)+ ( + + +⋯)
0! 1! 2! 0! 1! 2!
= 2e
Therefore, S = 2e
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
 Evaluate the sum of theseries: + + + ⋯.
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑!

Solution:
1 3 5
Let S = + + +⋯
1! 2! 3!
To find the general term
2𝑛 − 1 A + Bn
tn = =
𝑛! 𝑛!

⟹ 2𝑛 − 1 = A + Bn
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
𝐀 = −𝟏
𝐁=𝟐
2𝑛 − 1 −1 + 2n
Therefore, =
𝑛! 𝑛!
2𝑛 − 1 −1 2
tn = = +
𝑛! 𝑛! (𝑛 − 1)!
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 35

−1 2
= +
𝑛! (𝑛 − 1)!
Put n=1,2,3,… we get,
−1 2 −1 2 −1 2
t1 = [ + ] , t2 = [ + ] , t3 = [ + ]…
1! 0! 2! 1! 3! 2!
Adding together column wise , we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [− ( + + ) + 2 ( + + )]
1! 2! 3! 0! 1! 2!
= −(e − 1) + 2e
= −e + 1 + 2e = e + 1
𝟏.𝟐 𝟐.𝟑 𝟑.𝟒 𝟒.𝟓
 Evaluate the sum to infinity of the series + + + + ⋯∞
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!

Solution:
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
Let S = + + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4!
𝑛(𝑛+1)
To find the general term, t n = , 𝑛 = 1,2, …
n!

𝑛(𝑛 + 1) n2 + 𝑛 A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1)

= =
n! n! n!
(i. e), t n = n2 + n = A + B(n) + Cn(n − 1)
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get
𝐂 = 𝟏, 𝐀 = 𝟎, B − C = 1, ⟹ 𝐁 = 𝟐.
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2n + n(n − 1)
Therefore, t n = =
n! n!
2n n2 n
tn = + −
n! n! n!
2 𝑛 1
tn = + −
(n − 1)! (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
2 𝑛−1+1 1
= + −
(n − 1)! (n − 1)! (n − 1)!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 36

2 1 1 1
= + + −
(n − 1)! (n − 2)! (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
2 1
Therefore, t n = +
(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
2 2 1 2 1
Put n=1,2,3,… we get, t1 = , t2 = + , t3 = + ,…
0! 1! 0! 2! 1!

Adding together column wise, we get,

S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2[ + + ]+[ + + ]
0! 1! 2! 0! 1! 2!
= 2e + e
S = 3e
5 7 9
 Sum the series to infinity    ........
1! 3! 5!

Solution:
5 7 9
Let S = + + +⋯
1! 3! 5!
To find the general term
2𝑛 + 3
tn =
(2n − 1)!
2𝑛 + 3 A + B(2n − 1)
=
(2n − 1)! (2n − 1)!

A + B(2n − 1) = 2𝑛 + 3
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
A=4
B=1
2𝑛 + 3 4 + (2n − 1)
Therefore, =
(2n − 1)! (2n − 1)!
4 2n−1 4 1
tn = + = +
(2n−1)! (2n−1)! (2n−1)! (2n−2)!

Put n=1,2,3,… we get,

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 37

1 4 4 1 4 1
t1 = + , t2 = + , t3 = + , …
0! 1! 3! 2! 5! 4!
Adding together column wise, we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 4 4 4
=[ + + ]+[ + + ]
0! 2! 4! 1! 3! 5!
1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ + + + ⋯] +4[ + + +⋯]
0! 2! 4! 1! 3 5!

𝑒+𝑒 −1 𝑒−𝑒 −1
=[ ]+ 4[ ]
2 2
5𝑒 3
𝑆= −
2 2𝑒
LOGARITHMIC SERIES
INTRODUCTION

If −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

2 3 4
𝑥𝑛
1. log(1 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ + (−1 )𝑛 + ⋯∞
𝑛

𝑥𝑛 2 3 4
2. log(1 − 𝑥 ) = −(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ + + ⋯∞
𝑛
1 1 1
3 .𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 1 − + − + ⋯ ∞
2 3 4

1 (1+𝑥) 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥 2𝑛−1
4. log( )=𝑥+ + + ⋯+
2 (1−𝑥) 3 5 2𝑛−1

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 38

PROBLEMS:
1 1 1
 Prove that    ... ... = log 2.
2
1.2 2.2 3.23
Solution:
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3
LHS can be written as ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯
1 2 2 2 3 2
𝑥2 𝑥3
This is of the form 𝑥 + + + ⋯,
2 3
1
Therefore, LHS= −log(1−𝑥), where 𝑥 =
2
1
= −log(1 − )
2
1
= −log( )
2
1 −1
=log( ) =log2=RHS.
2

 Write the expansion of log(1−𝒙) in ascending powers of x.

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
log(1 − 𝑥) = − (𝑥 + + + … )
2 3 4

 Find 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒆 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒆 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝒆 − ⋯

Solution:
1 1 1
log 2 𝑒 − log 4 𝑒 + log 8 𝑒 − ⋯ = − + −⋯
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 4 log 𝑒 8
1 1 1
= − + −⋯
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 22 log 𝑒 23
1 1 1
= − + −⋯
log 𝑒 2 2 log 𝑒 2 3log 𝑒 2
1 1 1
= [1 − + − ⋯ ]
log 𝑒 2 2 3
1
= (log 𝑒 2) = 1.
log 𝑒 2

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 39

 If 𝒙 is large, find the value of 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 upto first degree

terms.(L1)
Solution:
We know that
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
log(1 + 𝑥) = (𝑥 − + − …)
2 3 4
1+𝑥 1 1 1 1 2
log(1 + 𝑥 ) − log 𝑥 = log ( ) = log (1 + ) = − ( ) + ⋯
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥

1
= nearly
𝑥

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 Prove that  . 2  . 3  ... ...   . 2  . 3
4 2 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 3
Solution:
1
In LHS, Let = . We get,
4
𝑥2 𝑥3
LHS = 𝑥 + + + ⋯ = − log(1 − 𝑥 )
2 3
1 3
= −log (1 − ) = −log ( )
4 4
−1
3 4
= log ( ) = log ( )
4 3
1
= log (1 + )
3
2
1 1 1 1 1 3
= − ( ) + ( ) − ⋯ = RHS
3 2 3 3 3

𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒚 𝒚𝟐
 If 𝒚 = 𝒙 − + − + ⋯ , 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭𝒙 = + +⋯
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏! 𝟐!
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
Since 𝑦 = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ = log(1 + 𝑥 )
2 3 4
Taking exponentials on both sides ,we get,
𝑒𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦2
(i.e) 1 + + +⋯=1+𝑥
1! 2!
𝑦 𝑦2
(i.e) 𝑥 = + +⋯
1! 2!

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 40

𝒂−𝒙 𝟏 𝒂−𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 𝒂−𝒙 𝟑

 Show that ( )+ ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙.
𝒂 𝟐 𝒂 𝟑 𝒂

Solution:
𝑎−𝑥
In LHS, put 𝑦 = ,
𝑎
𝑦2 𝑦3
We get, LHS = 𝑦 + + + ⋯ = − log(1 − 𝑦)
2 3
a−𝑥
= −log (1 − )
a
𝑥
= −log ( )
a
a
= log ( )
𝑥
= log a − log 𝑥 = RHS
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 Sum the series to infinity + + + ⋯.
𝟏.𝟑 𝟐.𝟓 𝟑.𝟕

Solution:
1 1 1
Let S = + + +⋯
1.3 2.5 3.7
To find the general term
1 A B
tn = = +
𝑛(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 2𝑛 + 1
1 A(2n + 1) + Bn
(i. e)t n = =
𝑛(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛(2𝑛 + 1)

⟹ A(2𝑛 + 1) + Bn = 1
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,A = 1
2A + B = 0, ⟹ B = −2A ⟹ B = −2A ⟹ B = −2,
1 1(2n + 1) − 2n
Therefore, =
𝑛(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛(2𝑛 + 1)
1 1 2
tn = = −
𝑛(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 2𝑛 + 1
Multiply and divide by 2, we get,
1 2
tn = 2 [ − ]
2𝑛 2(2𝑛 + 1)
1 1
tn = 2 [ − ]
2𝑛 (2𝑛 + 1)
Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 41

Put n=1,2,3,… we get,

1 1 1 1 1 1
t1 = 2 [ − ] , t 2 = 2 [ − ] , t 3 = 2 [ − ] …
2 3 4 5 6 7
Adding together , we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2[ − + − + − −⋯]
2 3 4 5 6 7
−1 1 1 1 1 1
= −2 [ + − + − + −⋯]
2 3 4 5 6 7
= −2[log2 − 1]
= −2log2 + 2 = 2(1 − log2)
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑𝟐
 Show that [𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 + 𝟕
+ 𝟏𝟒
+ + ⋯ ] is equal to log 2.
𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝟐𝟏

Solution:
3 1 1 3 1 32
LHS = [log10 + 7 + 14 + 21 + ⋯ ]
10 2 22 32
3 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 3
= log10 + [ + ( ) + ( 7) + ⋯ ]
10 10 27 2 27 3 2
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
we know that, log(1 − 𝑥) = − (𝑥 + + + …)
2 3 4
3 1 3
Therefore, LHS = log10 + [−log (1 − 7 )]
10 10 2
3 1 125
= log10 − [log ( 7 )]
10 10 2
3 1
= log10 − [log(53 ) − log(27)]
10 10
3 3 7
= log10 − log5 + log2
10 10 10
3 7
= log2 + log2 = [1]log2 = log2 = RHS.
10 10

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 42

 If a, b, c are three consecutive integers, Prove that

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐚 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐜 + + +⋯
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒄 + 𝟏 𝟑(𝟐𝒂𝒄 + 𝟏)𝟑
Solution:
Since a, b, c are three consecutive integers, we have a=b-1 and c=b+1
and ac=b2 − 1
1 1 1 1
RHS = loga + logc + + +⋯
2 2 2𝑎𝑐 + 1 3(2𝑎𝑐 + 1)3
1 1 1
= logac + + +⋯
2 2𝑎𝑐 + 1 3(2𝑎𝑐 + 1)3
1
1 1 (1 + )
2 2ac+1
( )
= log b − 1 + log [ 1
]
2 2 (1 − )
2ac+1

1 2ac + 2
= [log(b2 − 1) + log ( )]
2 2ac
1 ac + 1
= [log(b2 − 1) + log ( )]
2 ac
1 2
b2 − 1 + 1
= [log(b − 1) + log ( 2 )]
2 b −1
1 b2
= [log(b2 − 1) + log ( )]
2 b2 −1
1
= [log(b2 − 1) + logb2 − log(b2 − 1)]
2
1
= [logb2] = logb = RHS
2

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 43

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 Sum the series to infinity: + + + ⋯.
𝟐.𝟑 𝟒.𝟓 𝟔.𝟕

Solution:
1 1 1
Let S = + + +⋯
2.3 4.5 6.7
To find the general term
1
tn =
(2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1)
1 𝐴 B
= +
(2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛) 2𝑛 + 1
1 A(2n + 1) + B(2n)
=
(2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1)

A(2𝑛 + 1) + B(2n) = 1
Comparing the co-efficient of like powers, we get,
𝐀=𝟏
2A + 2B = 0, ⟹ B = −A ⟹ 𝐁 = −𝟏
1 1 1
Therefore, = −
(2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛) 2𝑛 + 1
1 1
tn = −
(2𝑛) 2𝑛 + 1
Put n=1,2,3,… we get,
1 1 1 1 1 1
t1 = [ − ] , t 2 = [ − ] , t 3 = [ − ] …
2 3 4 5 6 7
Adding together , we get,
S = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ − + − + − ]
2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − [− + − + − + ]
2 3 4 5 6 7

= −(log2 − 1)
= 1 − log2

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.
 44

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 Sum the series to infinity:𝟏 + + ( + ) + ( + ) + ⋯ ∞.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟓 𝟔 𝟗𝟐

Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Let S = 1 + +( + ) +( + ) 2+⋯
2 3 4 9 5 6 9
11 1 1 1 11 1 1
= [1 + + + ⋯ ] + [ + + + ⋯]
3 9 5 92 2 4 9 6 92
Multiply and divide by (3) in the first term, we get,

1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 11 1 1
S = 3 [ + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ ] + [1 + + + ⋯]
3 3 3 5 3 2 2 9 3 92
Multiply and divide by (9) in the second term, we get,
1
1 1+
3 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 3
S = 3 [ log ( 1)] + 2 [9 + 2 (9) + 3 (9) + ⋯ ]
2 1−
3
3 4 9 1
= log ( ) − log (1 − )
2 2 2 9
3 9 8
= log2 − log ( )
2 2 9
3 9 23
= log2 − log ( 2 )
2 2 3
3 9
= log2 − [3log2 − 2log3]
2 2
3 27
= log2 − log2 + 9log3
2 2
3 27
= log2 [ − ] + 9log3
2 2
24
= log2 [− ] + 9log3
2
= log2[−12] + 9log3 = 9log3 − 12log2

Department of Mathematics, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal – 600 095.