COPLANAR

EQUILIBRIUM
ANALYSIS
CE 001: Statics of Rigid Bodies
MODULE 4

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARC DANIEL LAURINA

01 Definition of Equilibrium

02 Free-Body Diagram

03 Coplanar Equilibrium Equation

Equilibrium of Concurrent
04 Force System

05 Two and Three-Force Member

06 Equilibrium From Moments

Equilibrium of Parallel Force System

07
08 Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent
Force System

09 Constraints and Statical Determinacy

EQUILIBRIUM
Introduction

Statics deals primarily with the description of the force conditions necessary and sufficient to maintain
the equilibrium of engineering structures.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Definition of Equilibrium

• A body is said to be in equilibrium if it remains at rest if

originally at rest, or has a constant velocity if originally
in motion.
 Two Types of Equilibrium:
1. Static Equilibrium
• It is a state where bodies are at rest;
2. Dynamic Equilibrium
• It is a state where bodies are moving at
a constant velocity (rectilinear motion).

• In both cases the sum of the forces acting on them is

zero.
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Static Equilibrium
• In statics, motion is classified into two major categories:
1. Translation: A linear or straight-line movement of an object
2. Rotation: A spinning or turning of an object about a reference point or axis
• When an object acted upon by a system of forces and moments is in equilibrium, the following
conditions are satisfied:
1. The sum of the forces is zero:

Translational Equilibrium

2. The sum of the moments about any point is zero:

Rotational Equilibrium

• A body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of the force system that acts on the body
vanishes. Equilibrium means that both the resultant force and the resultant couple are zero
 FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Mechanical System
• In everyday life we encounter mechanical systems,
which usually consist of a number of structural
elements.
• They have to be properly designed so that they can
sustain loads applied upon them during their lifetime.
• In order to design any particular structural element
we have to know magnitudes and locations of the
forces acting upon it. These forces comprise loads and
Ayala Bridge
supports.
• To calculate these forces structural element has to be
singled out and analyzed. This analysis is the most
important part in solving problems in mechanics.
Importance of Physical Model
• To be a good, experienced engineer means having a good judgment
on what can be considered as being negligible
• A common step in the required idealization process is an assumption
that the observed structural element acts as a rigid body.
• Structural element may be modeled as a rigid body if the change of
its geometry due to forces acting upon it is negligible
• A rigid body with a simplified geometry, applied loads, and
symbolically represented supports is called a physical model of an
observed structural element.
• As a matter of fact, drawing a physical model is essentially a step to
simplify the structure so that it will belong to a certain group of
problems, for which procedure to obtain the solution is known.
Without doing this we cannot solve the problem.
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Free-Body Diagram

• It is a sketch of the idealized rigid body with forces and moments,

representing all loads and supports.
• The term free implies that all supports have been removed and replaced by
the forces (reactions) that they exert on the body

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Free-Body Diagram

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

A. Support Reactions

• The function of a support is to prevent movements of the observed rigid body.

 Reactions
• They are moments and forces that are preventing any rigid body motion.
• These loads that represent the effect of supports on the rest of the rigid body
 General rules
• If a support prevents the translation of a body in a given direction, then a
force is developed on the body in that direction.
• If rotation is prevented, a couple moment is exerted on the body.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

 Support Used in Two-Dimensional Application
No. of No. of
Unknowns Unknowns

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Roller and Rocker Support
• A ball, roller, or rocker can exert a compressive
force R on the body. The line of action of the force
R is perpendicular to the surface supporting the
ball, roller, or rocker.
Roller and Rocker Support

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Frictionless or Smooth Surface

• Contact force is compressive and is normal to the surface.

• Beams and bridges are sometimes supported in plane
smooth surface so that they will be free to undergo
thermal expansion and contraction

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Flexible Cord, Cable, Rope or Spring

• A flexible cable, rope or spring exerts a pull, or tensile force, in the direction of the cable, rope or
spring.

Spring support

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Hinge or Pin Support
• A freely hinged pin connection is capable of supporting a force in any direction in the plane normal
to the pin axis

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Hinge or Pin Support
Constrained Pin or Slider
• The supports are similar to the roller support in that they cannot exert a couple and can only exert
a force normal to a particular direction. (Friction is neglected.) In these supports, the supported
object is attached to a pin or slider that can move freely in one direction but is constrained in the
perpendicular direction

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Built-in or Fixed Support
• A built-in or fixed support is capable of supporting an axial force F, a transverse force V (shear
force), and a couple M (bending moment) to prevent rotation

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Built-in or Fixed Support

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

B. Internal Forces

• Internal forces that act between adjacent particles in a body always occur in collinear pairs such
that they have the same magnitude and act in opposite directions (Newton’s third law).
• Since these forces cancel each other, they will not create an external effect on the body.
• It is for this reason that the internal forces should not be included on the free-body diagram if the
entire body is to be considered.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

C. Weight and Gravitational Attraction

• The gravitational attraction of the Earth on a body is the weight W of the body.
• The line of action of the force W passes through the center of gravity of the body and is directed
toward the center of the Earth
• Also, when the body is uniform or made from the same material, the center of gravity will be
located at the body’s geometric center or centroid;

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

D. Idealized Models

• When an engineer performs a force analysis of any object, he or she considers a corresponding
analytical or idealized model that gives results that approximate as closely as possible the actual
situation.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Sample of Free Body Diagrams

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Sample of Free Body Diagrams

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Sample of Free Body Diagrams

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Sample of Free Body Diagrams

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

 COPLANAR
EQUILIBRIUM
EQUATIONS
Static Equilibrium
• In statics, motion is classified into two major categories:
1. Translation: A linear or straight-line movement of an object
2. Rotation: A spinning or turning of an object about a reference point or axis
• When an object acted upon by a system of forces and moments is in equilibrium, the following
conditions are satisfied:
1. The sum of the forces is zero:

Translational Equilibrium

2. The sum of the moments about any point is zero:

Rotational Equilibrium

• A body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of the force system that acts on the body
vanishes. Equilibrium means that both the resultant force and the resultant couple are zero
Coplanar Equilibrium Equations
• When the body is subjected to a system of forces which all lie in the x–y plane, the forces can be
resolved into their x and y components. Consequently, the conditions for equilibrium in two
dimensions can be written in scalar form as:

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Coplanar Equilibrium Equations in Force System

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Coplanar Equilibrium Equations in Force System

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

EQUILIBRIUM OF
CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force System
• Also known as “Equilibrium of Particle”

Three Methods of Solution:

1. Using Horizontal and Vertical Axes
2. Using Rotated Axes
3. Using Force Triangle

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 1

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STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 2

A body with a mass of 250 kg is supported by the flexible cable system shown in figure. Determine
the tensions in cables A, B, C, and D.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 3

The cylinders in figure have the indicated weights and dimensions. Assuming smooth contact
surfaces, determine the reactions at A, B, C, and D on the cylinders.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

TWO AND THREE-
FORCE MEMBER
Two - Force Member
• For any two-force member to be in equilibrium, the two forces acting on
the member must have the equal, opposite, and collinear (having the same
line of action), directed along the line joining the two points where these
forces act
• The shape of the member does not affect this simple requirement.
• In the illustrations cited, we consider the weights of the members to be
negligible compared with the applied forces.
Three - Force Member
• If a member is subjected to only three forces, it is called a three-
force member .
• The body is in equilibrium, the lines of action of the three forces
must be either concurrent or parallel.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

 EQUILIBRIUM
FROM MOMENTS
Equilibrium from Moments
There are two additional ways in which the equations of equilibrium can be expressed for a body
subjected to a two-dimensional system of forces.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

EQUILIBRIUM OF
PARALLEL
FORCE SYSTEM
Equilibrium of Parallel Force System

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 4
Determine the reactions R1 and R2 of the beam in figure loaded with a concentrated load of 1600 lb and
a load varying from zero to an intensity of 400 lb per ft.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

 Problem 5

For the system of pulleys shown in figure, determine the

ratio of W to P to maintain equilibrium. Neglect axle
friction and the weights of the pulleys.

If each pulley shown in figure weighs 36 kg and W = 720 kg,

find P to maintain equilibrium.

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STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

 EQUILIBRIUM OF
NON-CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Force System

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 6
• A pulley 4 ft in diameter and supporting a load 200 lb is mounted at B on a horizontal beam as
shown in figure. The beam is supported by a hinge at A and rollers at C. Neglecting the weight of
the beam, determine the reactions at A and C.

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STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 7
• The bulk head AD is subjected to both water and soil-backfill pressures. Assuming AD is “pinned”
to the ground at A, determine the horizontal and vertical reactions there and also the required
tension in the ground anchor BC necessary for equilibrium. The bulk head has a mass of 800 kg

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STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 8
• Determine the reactions on the bent rod which is supported by a smooth surface at B and by a
collar at A, which is fixed to the rod and is free to slide over the fixed inclined rod

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 9
• The smooth pipe rests against the opening at the points of contact A, B, and C. Determine the
reactions at these points needed to support the force of 300 N. Neglect the pipe’s thickness in the
calculation

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STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

CONSTRAINTS
AND STATICAL
DETERMINACY
Statical Determinancy
• To ensure equilibrium of a rigid body, it is not only necessary to satisfy the equations of
equilibrium, but the body must also be properly held or constrained by its supports

Statically Determinate
• A member or structure whereas the equilibrium equations are enough to determine the
unknown external forces or reactions. (no. of external reactions = no. of equations)
𝒓 = 𝟑𝒏
where, n = the total parts of structure members r = the total number of unknown reactive forces and moment components

Statically Indeterminate
• A member or structure that cannot be analyzed by the equations of statics (equilibrium). It
contains unknowns in excess of the number of equilibrium equations available.
𝒓 > 𝟑𝒏
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Redundant Supports

• When a body has redundant supports, that is, more supports than are necessary to hold it in
equilibrium, it becomes statically indeterminate. This means that there will be more unknown
loadings on the body than equations of equilibrium available for their solution.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Redundant Supports

What are the advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate

structures?

• There are several advantages in designing indeterminate structures.

• Engineers use redundant supports whenever possible for strength and safety
• These include the design of lighter and more rigid structures.
• With added redundancy in the structural system, there is an increase in the
overall factor of safety.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Constraints

Constraint - restriction of movement

A. Partial Constraints
• 𝒓 < 𝟑𝒏 ∴ 𝑼𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
• Unstable if there are fewer reactive forces than equation of equilibrium

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Constraints
B. Improper Constraints
• Support reactions are concurrent forces

• Support reactions are parallel forces

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

STABILITY in Life in God’s Presence
REST in God’s Presence
END OF
SLIDE

TO GOD BE THE GLORY