RESULTANT OF

COPLANAR
FORCE SYSTEM
CE 001: Statics of Rigid Bodies
MODULE 3

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARC DANIEL LAURINA

 01 02 03
Introduction Resultant of Coplanar Moment
Concurrent Forces

04 05 06 07
Couple Reduction of A Force Resultant of Coplanar Resultant of Coplanar
System into A Force Parallel Forces Non-Concurrent
and A Couple Force System
 01

INTRODUCTION
1. Characteristics of Forces

2. System of Forces

3. External and Internal Forces

4. Principle of Transmissibility

5. Classification of Forces

6. Free-Body Diagram
Characteristics of Forces

• The characteristics of a force are as follows:

1. Its magnitude
2. Its direction (slope and sense)
3. Its point of application

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

System of Forces

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

System of Forces
 Coplanar forces and Non-coplanar Forces
• Coplanar Forces - the line of action of all forces is lying on the same plane.
• Non-coplanar Forces - the lines of action of all the forces are lying on a different plane

 Collinear Forces
- the line of action of the entire force system is in the same direction

 Concurrent and Non-concurrent Forces

• Concurrent Forces - the line of line of action of all forces passing through a single point then the
force system
• Non-concurrent Forces - the line of action of all forces does not pass through a single point

 Parallel Forces
- the line of actions of all forces is parallel to each other.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

System of Forces

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

External and Internal Forces
 External Forces and Its Effects
• External forces represent the action of other bodies on the rigid body under
consideration.
• They are entirely responsible for the external behavior of the rigid body.
• They will either cause it to move or ensure that it remains at rest
• Effects: Reactions for Statics; Motion for Dynamics

 Internal Forces and Its Effects

• Internal forces are the forces which hold together the particles forming the rigid body.
• Internal forces are developed inside the object as a response to the applied external
loads.
• Effects: Stress and Strains (Deformation)

Note: In dealing with the mechanics of rigid bodies concern is only to the net external effects of
forces.
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
External and Internal Forces

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Principle of Transmissibility

A force may be moved anywhere along its line of action without changing
its external effects on a rigid body

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Classification of Forces
• Forces are classified as either contact or body forces

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Classification of Forces
• Forces may be further classified as either
concentrated or distributed.

 Distributed Force
• A force applied along a length or over an area is
known as a distributed force. The distribution can
be uniform or non-uniform.
• Surface distributed loads (also known as surface
pressures) are loads that act over a prescribed
area.
• Volumetric distributed loads are loads that act
over a volume.
 Concentrated Force
• A force applied to a relatively small area compared
with the size of the loaded member
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Free-Body Diagrams
• It is simply a sketch which shows the particle
‘free’ from its surroundings with all the
forces that act on it.
• It is an isolated view of a body which shows
only the external forces exerted on the body.
• Drawing a free-body diagram involves three
steps.

1. Identify the object you want to isolate.

2. Draw a sketch of the object isolated from
its surroundings.
3. Draw vectors representing the external
forces acting on the object.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Free-Body Diagrams of Contact Forces
 Surfaces
• Smooth Surface – deals only Normal Force
• Rough Surface – deals Normal Force and Friction

 Ropes, Cables and Pulleys

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Free-Body Diagrams of Contact Forces
 Springs
• The magnitude of force exerted on a linear elastic
spring with stiffness k, deformed a distance s
measured from its unloaded position is

F = ks

(s = l – lo) is determined from the difference in the

spring’s deformed length and its undeformed length

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

 02
RESULTANT OF
COPLANAR
CONCURRENT FORCE
Resultant of Concurrent Forces

𝑹 = ∑𝑭

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑅𝑦 j : Vector Form
Scalar Form:
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦

2 𝑅𝑦
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 tan 𝜃𝑥 =
𝑅𝑥
Problem 1

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 2

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 3

The block shown in figure is acted upon by its weight W = 200 lb, a horizontal
force Q = 600 lb and the pressure P exerted by the inclined plane. The resultant R
of these forces is up and parallel to the incline thereby sliding the block up it.
Determine P and R. Hint: Take one axis parallel to the incline.

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 03

MOMENT
Moment of a Force
• The moment of a force about an axis or line is the
measure of its ability to produce turning and twisting
about the axis.
• The magnitude of a moment |M| is defined as the
product of the magnitude of a force |F| and the
perpendicular distance d from the line of action of the
force to the axis.

• Point O is called the moment center, distance d is

called the moment arm, and line AA is called the axis
of the moment.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Moment of a Force

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 4

Four forces are applied to a plate as shown in

figure. Determine
a. The moment of force Fd about point B.
b. The moment of force Fb about point A.
c. The moment of force Fc about point B.
d. The moment of force Fc about point A.

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Problem 5
The moment exerted about point E by the weight is 299 in-lb. What moment does
the weight exert about point S?

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Principle of Moments: Varignon’s Theorem
• The principle of moments (Varignon’s theorem) states that the moment of a force about a
point is equal to the sum of the moments of the force’s components about the point.
• This is particularly convenient since it is often easier to determine the moments of a
force’s components rather than the moment of the force itself (e.g., in two dimension)

𝑀𝑂 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑦 − 𝐹𝑦 𝑥

𝑀𝑂 = 𝐹𝑥 ∗ 𝑖𝑦

𝑀𝑂 = 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝑖𝑥

where 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑖𝑥 are the intercepts

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 5
Use the principle of moments to determine the moment about point B of the
300-N force shown in figure

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 6
In Figure shown, the moment of a certain force F is 180 ft·lb clockwise about O
and 90 ft·lb counterclockwise about B. If its moment about A is zero, determine
the force.

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 04

COUPLE
Couple

Couple is a system of forces whose magnitude of the resultant is zero and yet has
a moment sum. Geometrically, couple is composed of two equal forces that are
parallel to each other and acting in opposite direction. The magnitude of the
couple is given by

C=𝑭∗𝒅
Where F are the two forces and d is the moment arm, or the perpendicular
distance between the forces.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Couple

Couple is independent of the moment center, thus, the effect is unchanged in the
following conditions.
• The couple is rotated through any angle in its plane.
• The couple is shifted to any other position in its plane.
• The couple is shifted to a parallel plane.
In a case where a system is composed entirely of couples in the same plane or
parallel planes, the resultant is a couple whose magnitude is the algebraic sum of
the original couples.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Couple

Figures indicate the several transformations of a

couple can be made without changing any of the
external effects of the couple on the body.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 7
The sum of the moments about point A due to the forces and couples acting on the bar is zero.
(a) What is the magnitude of the couple C?
(b) Determine the sum of the moments about point B due to the forces and couples acting on
the bar

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 05
REDUCTION OF A
FORCE SYSTEM INTO
A FORCE AND A COUPLE
Equivalent Force-Couple System
• The process of transforming one force applied at one point, into a force and
a couple at some other point is known as resolving a force into a force and
a couple.
• There are a few reasons that we may want to do this, but one primary
reason is to find the equivalent force couple system for a complex set of
forces and moments.
• The equivalent force couple system is used to simplify more complex
analysis, and consists of a single force and a single pure moment (couple)
that are statically equivalent to some more complex combination of forces
and moments.
• An important first step in finding the equivalent force couple system is to
resolve all the forces so that everything is acting at the same point.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Equivalent Force-Couple System

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Equivalent Force-
Couple System
Problem 8
Replace the force and couple system shown in figure by an equivalent resultant force and couple
moment acting at point O

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 06
RESULTANT OF
COPLANAR PARALLEL
FORCES
Resultant of Coplanar Parallel Forces
Parallel forces can be in the same or in opposite directions. The sign of the direction can be chosen
arbitrarily, meaning, taking one direction as positive makes the opposite direction negative.

𝑹 = ∑𝑭 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + 𝑭𝟑 + …
𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒐𝒏′ 𝒔 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎: 𝑹𝒅 = ∑𝑭 ∗ 𝒙 = 𝑭𝟏 (𝒙𝟏 ) + 𝑭𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝑭𝟑 (𝒙𝟑 ) + …
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Problem 9
Find the value of P and F so that the four forces shown in figure produce an upward
resultant of 300 lb acting at 4 ft from the left end of the bar.

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Resultant of Distributed Normal Load
The resultant of a distributed load is equal to the area of the load diagram. It is acting at the centroid
of that area as indicated.

R R

Magnitude of Resultant = Area under the loading diagram R is located at the centroid of the load diagram
R = Area of Load Diagram
R

R
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Centroids of Some Common Geometric Shapes

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Resultant of Distributed Normal Load
The figure below shows the three common distributed loads namely; rectangular
load, triangular load, and trapezoidal load.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 10
Replace the loading by an equivalent resultant force and specify its location on the
beam, measured from point B.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Problem 11
Determine the resultant force and specify where it acts on the beam measured from A.

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 07
RESULTANT OF
COPLANAR
NON-CURRENT FORCE
SYSTEMS
General Coplanar Force System
• A general coplanar force system is shown in figure with all the forces lying in
the xy-plane. The origin O is located at any convenient point in the plane.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

General Coplanar Force System
• The resultant of non-concurrent force system is defined according to
magnitude, inclination, and position.
• The magnitude of the resultant can be found as follows
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦

2 2
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦

• The inclination from the horizontal is defined by:

𝑅𝑦
tan 𝜃𝑥 =
𝑅𝑥

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

General Coplanar Force System
• The position of the resultant can be determined according to the principle
of moments.

Where,
R = magnitude of the resultant
θx = angle made by a force from the x-axis
MO = moment of forces about any point O
d = moment arm
MR = moment at a point due to resultant force
ix = x-intercept of the resultant R
iy = y-intercept of the resultant R
Problem 12

Three forces and a couple are applied to a bracket

as shown in Figure.
Determine
a. The magnitude and direction of the resultant.
b. The perpendicular distance dr from point O to
the line of action of the resultant.
c. The distance Xr from point O to the intercept
of the line of action of the resultant with the
x-axis.

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

,
END OF SLIDE

TO GOD BE, THE GLORY