Faculty of Engineering & Technology (FET)

Department of CivilEngineering
Course Code: CIV 3115
Course Name: Structural Analysis
Assignment # 1(The Principle of Virtual Work &Castigliano’s Theorem)

Lecturer: Sir Sean Sarran

Date of Submission: 6th November,2024.

Page 1 of 56
 Task Sheet

Group Members USI# Task

Achim Abrams 1045584 Question # 5
Alyisa Lambert 1045605 Question # 3
Amit Singh 1043107 Question # 4
Grace Hinds 1043200 Question # 1
Jafari Adamms 1044299 Question # 1
Keshav Deonarine 1045050 Question # 3
Leticia Andrews 1044015 Question # 2
Narendra Shivprasad 1043255 Question # 4
Natisha Dos Santos 1043584 Question # 2
Shemar Lanferman 1039043 Question # 5

Table of Content:

Page 2 of 56
QUESTION # 1....................................................................................................................................................

QUESTION # 2....................................................................................................................................................

QUESTION # 3....................................................................................................................................................

QUESTION # 4....................................................................................................................................................

QUESTION # 5....................................................................................................................................................

Question 1

Determine the vertical displacement of joint B. AE is constant. Solve using:

Page 3 of 56
 a. The Principle of Virtual Work

b. Castigliano’s Theorem

(a) Solution:
Step 1: Determine the reactions at the supports
+↻ ∑ M c =0

A x (6)+150(8)=0
1200
A x=
6
∴ A x =200 kN →

+↑ ∑ F y =0

−150+C y =0

∴ C y =150 kN ↑

+→ ∑ F x =0

C x +200=0

∴ c x =200 kN ←

So: A x =200 kN , c x =200 kN , and C y =150 kN

Step 2: Draw the Real System.

C y =150 kN 150 lb
c x =200 kN
C
B
Page 4 of 56
 A
A x =200 kN

Step 3: Use the Method of Joints to determine the internal forces in each member.
@Joint C
+↑ ∑ F y =0

150−F CA =0

F CA =150 kN ↑

+→ ∑ F x =0

F CB−200=0

F CB=200 kN →

@ Joint B

10
6

+→ ∑ F x =0

8
−200− F =0
10 BA
F BA=−250 kN

F BA=250 kN (C)

Step 4: Draw the Virtual System.

Cy 1 kN
Cx

6 ft
Page 5 of 56
Step 5: Determine the reactions at the supports.
+↻ ∑ M c =0

A x (6)−1(8)=0
−8
A x=
6
A x =1.33 kN ←

+↑ ∑ F y =0

- C y +1=0

C y =1 kN ↑

+→ ∑ F x =0

C x −1.333=0

C x =1.33 kN →

So: A x =1.33 kN , C x =1.33 kN , and C y =1 kN .

Page 6 of 56
Step 6: Use the Method of Joints to determine the internal forces in each member.
@ Joint C
+↑ ∑ F y =0

F CA −1=0

F CA =1 kN (C)

+→ ∑ F x =0

F CB +1.333=0

F CB=1.33 kN (C)

@ Joint A

10
6
8

+→ ∑ F x =0

8
−1.333+ F =0
10 AB
F AB=1.667 kN (T)

Step 7: Tabulate the results

Member n (lb) N (lb) L (ft) nNL (lb². ft)

AB 1.667 250 10 4167.5

AC -1 150 6 -900.0

BC -1.333 200 8 2128.0

∑ ¿−7195.5

Step 8: Calculate the Displacement

Page 7 of 56
 nNL −7195.5
1 lb ∙ ∆ Bv =∑ =
AE AE
7195.5 lb ∙ ft
∴ ∆ Bv = ↑
AE

(b) Solution:
Step 1: Determine the reactions at the supports
+↺ ∑ M c =0

A x (6)−P(8)=0
−8
A x= P
6
∴ A x =1.33 P kN ←

+↑ ∑ F y =0

−C y + P=0

∴ C y =P kN ↓

+→ ∑ F x =0

C x −1.33 P=0

∴ c x =1.33 P kN →

So: A x =−1.33 P kN , c x =P kN , and C y =1.33 kN

Step 2: Use the Method of Joints to determine the internal forces in each member.
@Joint C
+↑ ∑ F y =0

−F CA −P=0

F CA =−P kN (C )

+→ ∑ F x =0

F CB +1.33 P=0

Page 8 of 56
F CB=−1.33 P kN (C)

@Joint A

10
6
8

+→ ∑ F x =0

8
−1.333 P+ F =0
10 AB
1.33 P 1.33 P
F AB= =
8 800
10
F AB=1.667 P kN (T )

Step 3: Tabulate the results.

Member N δN N(P = 150 lb) L (ft) δN
N( )L(lb ∙ ft )
δP δP
AB 1.667 1.667 250.05 10 4168.33
AC -1 -1 -150.0 6 900.0
BC -1.33 -1.33 -199.5 8 2122.68

∑ ¿7191.01

Step 4: Calculate the Displacement

δN L 7191.01
∆ B v =∑ ( ) =
δP AE AE
7191.01 lb ∙ ft
∆ B v= ↓
AE

Question 2

Page 9 of 56
Determine the horizontal displacement of joint A. AE is constant. Solve using:
a. The Principle of Virtual Work
b. Castigliano’s Theorem

Checking for level of determinacy.

M = 4, r = 4, j = 4
M + r = 2j
4 + 4 = 2(4)
Therefore 8 = 8; Determinate

Calculating the length CD

Let CD = x
x
Cos 60⁰ =
2
X = 1m
CD = 1m

Virtual Works Method

Free body diagram

Considering joint A

Finding for FAC

Page 10 of 56
↑+ ∑ Fy= 0

FAC Sin 60⁰-7kN = 0

7 kN
FAC =
sin 60⁰
FAC = 8.083 kN

Finding for FAB

→+∑Fx = 0
FAB +FAC Cos60⁰ = 0
FAB = 8.083 kN (Cos 60⁰)
FAB = -4.0415 kN

Considering Joint C

Finding for FBC

↑+∑Fy = 0
-FAC Sin 60⁰ - FBC Sin60⁰ = 0
-8.083 Sin 60⁰ - FBCSin60⁰ = 0
-8.083 Sin60⁰ = FBC Sin60⁰
FBC = -8.083 kN

Finding for FCD

→+∑Fx = 0
-FAC Cos60⁰ + FBC Cos60⁰ + FCD = 0
-8.083kN Cos60⁰ - -8.083kN Cos60⁰ +FCD = 0
-4.0415kN -4.0415kN + FCD = 0
FCD = 8.083k
Summary of Calculations:

Member n(kN) N(kN L(m) nNL(kN².m)

Page 11 of 56
 AB 1 -4.0415 2 -8.083

AC 0 8.083 2 0

BC 0 -8.083 2 0

CD 0 8.083 1 0

Total ∑-8.083kN

nNL 8.083 kN ². m
Therefore 1kN x ▲Ah = ∑ =
AE AE
2
8.083 k N . m(−1 kN )
▲Ah =
AE
8.083 kN . m
▲Ah =
AE

Castiglione’s Method.

Finding for FAC

↑+∑Fy = 0
FAC Sin60⁰ - 7kN=0
7 kN
FAC =
sin 60⁰
FAC = 8.083kN

Finding for FAB

+→ ∑Fx = 0
P- FAB + FAC Cos60⁰ = 0
P- FAB + 8.083kN Cos60⁰ = 0
FAB = P - 4.0415kN
Considering joint C

Finding for FBC

Page 12 of 56
↑+∑Fy = 0
-FAC Sin 60⁰ - FBC Sin60⁰ = 0
-8.083 Sin 60⁰ - FBC Sin60⁰ = 0
-8.083 Sin60⁰ = FBC Sin60⁰
FBC = -8.083 kN

Finding for FCD

→+∑Fx = 0
-FAC Cos60⁰ + FBC Cos60⁰ + FCD = 0
-8.083kN Cos60⁰ - -8.083kN Cos60⁰ +FCD = 0
-4.0415kN - 4.0415kN + FCD = 0
FCD = 8.083kN

Summary of Calculations:

Member N(kN) δN N(P-0)(kN L(m) N

δP δN
( )L(kN . M )
δP

AB P-4.0415 -4.0415 2 -8.083

AC 8.083 8.083 2 0

BC -8.083 -8.083 2 0

CD 8.083 8.083 1 0

Total ∑-8.083

δN L 8.083 kN . m
Therefore ∑N( )= =-
δP AE AE
2
8.083 k N . m(−1 kN )
=
AE
8.083 kN . m
=
AE
Question 3

Page 13 of 56
(a) Principle of Virtual Work

↺+ ∑ MB = 3m*By – 6KN (3m)

3mBy – 18KNm = 0
18 KNm
By =
3m
By = 6KN ↑

←+ ∑ Fx = Ax – 6KN
Ax = 6KN ←

↑+ ∑ Fy = Ay + 6KN – 6KN = 0
Ay = 0

Page 14 of 56
Real System
Consider Joint B:

↑+ ∑ Fy = 6KN + FBC = 0
FBC = 6KN (C)

←+ ∑ Fx = 0
FAB = 0

Considering Joint A:

3
→+ ∑ Fx = FAC ( ) – 6KN = 0
3 √2
3
FAC ( ) - 6KN = 0
4.24
FAC = 8.48 KN (T)

Considering Joint D:

∑ Fx = 0
FCD = 0

Page 15 of 56
Summary of Internal Forces in Real System

Virtual Systems

↺+ ∑ MA = -1K (3m) + By (3m)

3 KNm
By =
3m
By = 1KN ↑

↑+ ∑ Fy = 1KN + Ay
Ay = 1KN ↓

←+ ∑ Fx = Ax – 1KN

Page 16 of 56
 Ax = 1KN ←
Joint B:

↑+ ∑ Fy = 1KN + FBC = 0
FBC = 1KN (C)
←+ ∑ Fx = 0
FAB = 0

Joint A:

3
→+ ∑ Fy = FAC ( ) - 1KN = 0
4.24
FAC = 1.41 KN (T)
3
↑+ ∑ Fy = FAD + 1.41 ( ) -1KN
4.24
FAD = 0

Joint D:

→+ ∑ Fx = FCD + 1 KN
FCD = 1KN (C)

Page 17 of 56
Summary of Internal Forces in Virtual System

Member Length N n nNL

AB 3m 0 0 0

BC 3m -6 KN -1 KN 18 KN2m

AC 4.24m 8.48 KN 1.41 KN 50.7 KN2m

AD 3m -6 KN 0 KN 0

CD 3m 0 -1 KN 0

∑= 68.7 KN2m

1K (∆CH) =
∑ nNL = 68.7 KN 2 m
AE AE

(b) Castigliano’s Theorem

Page 18 of 56
External Force (P)

↺+ ∑ MA = -P (3m) - 6KN (3m) + By (3m)

-3P – 18 + 3By = 0
18+3 P
By =
3
By = 6 + P

↑+ ∑ Fy = Ay + By – 6KN = 0
Ay + 6 + P – 6 = 0
Ay = -P

←+ ∑ Fx = Ax – 6KN + P = 0
Ax = 6KN + P
Ax = 6 + P

Internal Forces, N

Joint B:
←+ ∑ Fx = 0
FAB = 0

↑+ ∑ Fy = FBC + 6 + P = 0
FBC – 6 – P
Page 19 of 56
 FBC = 6 + P (C)
Joint A:
3
→+ ∑ Fx = FAC ( ) – (6+P) = 0
4.24
3
FAC ( ) -6 – P = 0
4.24
4.24
FAC = (6+P)
3
FAC = 8.48 + 1.41P (T)

FAD + 6 + P – P
FAD = 6 KN (C)

Joint D:

→+ ∑ Fx = P + FCD = 0
FCD = -P
FCD = P (C)

Member N ∂N N(P=0) L ∂N
N( )L
∂P ∂P

AB 0 0 0 3 0

BC -(6+P) -1 -6 3 18

AC 8.48 + 1.41P 1.41 8.48 4.24 50.7

AD -6 0 0 3 0

CD -P -1 0 3 0

∑= 68.7 KN2m

Page 20 of 56
 2
∂N L 68.7 KN m
1K (∆CH) = ∑ N =
∂ P AE AE
Question 4
Determine the vertical displacement of joint D. AE is constant. Solve using:
a) The Principle of Virtual Work
b) Castigliano’s Theorem

Solution:
a) Finding the vertical displacement of joint D by the principle of virtual work.

Page 21 of 56
→ + ∑ Fx=0
Ax=0

+ ∑ M A =0

−Cy ( 6 m) +1 KN ( 3 m )=0
−6 Cy −3
= ∴Cy=0.5 KN ↑
−6 −6

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

Ay+Cy−1 KN =0
Ay+Cy=1 KN
Ay=1−0.5=O .5 KN ↑

Considering Joint A

↑+ ∑ Fy=0
4
0.5 KN −F AD =0
5
−4
F =−0.5
5 AD
−0.5
F AD= =0.625 KN (C)
−4
5

→ + ∑ Fx=0

Page 22 of 56
 3
−F AB−F AD =0
5
3
−F AB=0.625( )
5
−F AB=0.375

F AB=0.375 KN (T )

∴ F AD =F DA ∧F AB=F BA

Considering Joint C

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

4
0.5 KN −F CD =0
5
−4
F =−0.5
5 CD

−0.5
F CD = =0.625 KN (C)
−4
5

→ + ∑ Fx=0
3
F CB + F CD =0
5
3
F CB=−0.625( )
5
F CB=0.375 KN (T )

∴ FCD =F DC ∧FCB =F BC

Page 23 of 56
Consider Joint B

F AB=0.375 KN

F BC =0.375 KN

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

F BD=0 KN

Real Forces

Page 24 of 56
→ + ∑ Fx=0
Ax=0

+ ∑ M A =0

−Cy ( 6 m) +50 KN ( 3 m) =0
−6 Cy −150
= ∴ Cy=25 KN ↑
−6 −6

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

Ay+Cy−50 KN =0
Ay+Cy=50 KN
Ay=50−25=2 5 KN ↑

Consider Joint A

↑+ ∑ Fy=0
4
25 KN −F AD =0
5
−4
F =−25
5 AD
−25
F AD= =31.25 KN (C)
−4
5

Page 25 of 56
→ + ∑ Fx=0
3
−F AB−F AD =0
5
3
−F AB=31.25( )
5
−F AB=18.75 KN

F AB=18.75 KN (T )

∴ F AD =F DA ∧F AB=F BA

Consider Joint C

↑+ ∑ Fy=0
4
25 KN −F CD =0
5
−4
F =−25
5 CD

−25
F CD = =31.25 KN (C )
−4
5

→ + ∑ Fx=0
3
F CB + F CD =0
5
3
F CB=−31.25( )
5
F CB=18.75 KN (T )

∴ FCD =F DC ∧FCB =F BC

Page 26 of 56
Consider Joint B
F AB=18.75 KN

F BC =18.75 K

↑+ ∑ Fy=0
31.25 31.25
−F BD−50 KN =0

−F BD=50 KN

F BD=50 KN (T )

18.75 18.75

3m 3m

Member n (KN) N (KN) Length (m) Nnl (KN2 m)

AB 0.375 18.75 3 21.09

AD -0.625 -31.25 5 97.66
BC 0.375 18.75 3 21.09
BD 0 50 4 0
CD -0.625 -31.25 5 97.66
∑ ¿237.5

1 KN . ∆ DV =
∑ nNL
AE

AE – is constant

Page 27 of 56
 2
237.5 KN m
∆ DV =
AE

b) Finding the vertical displacement of joint D by the Castigliano's Theorem

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

P

4m
5 4

Ax B C
A 3m
Ay 50 KN Cy

Reactions (External Force P)

→ + ∑ Fx=0
Ax=0

+ ∑ M A =0

−Cy ( 6 m) + P ( 3 m )+ 50 kn=0
−6 Cy −3 P−50 kn
= ∴ Cy=0.5 P+ 25 KN ( ↑ )
−6 −6

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

Ay+Cy−P−50 KN =0

Page 28 of 56
Ay+ 0.5 P+ 25 KN – P – 50KN= 0
Ay=0.5 P+25 KN (↑)

4m
5 4

B C
A 3m
0.5 P+25 KN 50 KN 0.5 P+25 KN

Joint A

N AD

A N AB

0.5 P+25 KN

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

4
0.5 P+25 KN + N AD =0
5

Page 29 of 56
4
N =−0.5 P−25 KN
5 AD
−0.5 p−25 kn
N AD = =−0.625 P−31.25 KN (C )
4
5

→ + ∑ Fx=0
3
N AB + N AD =0
5
3
N AB + (−0.625 P−31.25 KN )=¿0
5
N AB=0.375 P+18.75 KN (T )

∴ N AD=N DA ∧N AB=N BA

Joint C
N CD
4 5

3 C

N BC

0.5 P+25 KN

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

4
0.5 P+25 kn+ N CD =0
5
4
N =−0.5 P−25 KN
5 CD

−−0.5 P−25 KN
N CD = =−0.625 P−31.25 KN (C )
4
5

→ + ∑ Fx=0

Page 30 of 56
 3
N CB + N CD =0
5
3
N CB + (−0.625 P−31.25 KN )=0
5

0.625 P+ 31.25 KN
N CB =
3
5
N CB =0.375 P+18.75 KN (T )

∴ N CD =N DC ∧N CB =N BC

Joint B
P
N BD

B
0.375 P+18.75 KN 0.375 P+18.75 KN

50KN
N AB=0.375 P+18.75 KN

N BC =0.375 P+18.75 KN

↑+ ∑ Fy=0

N BD=0 KN

P
D
−0.625 P−31.25 KN −0.625 P−31.25 KN

4m 5

5 4 4

Page 31 of 56
 3 3

0.375 P+18.75 KN B0.375 P+18.75 KN C

A 3m
0.5 P+25 KN 50 KN 0.5 P+25 KN

Member N (KN) ∂N N(P=0) (KN) Length (m) N(∂N/∂P) L

∂P (KN/ m)

AB 0.375P + 18.75 0.375 18.75 3 21.09

BC 0.375P + 18.75 0.375 18.75 3 21.09
AD - 0.625P – 31.25 -0.625 -31.25 5 97.66
CD - 0.625P – 31.25 -0.625 -31.25 5 97.66
BD 0 0 0 4 0
∑ ¿237.5

AE (Constant)
∂N L
∆ D =∑ N ( )
v
∂ P AE

ANSWER
237.5 KN /m
∆D =
v
AE

Page 32 of 56
 Question 5

DETER
MINACY
M = 13
R= 3
J= 8
M + R= 2J
13 + 3 = 2(8) Therefore, Structure is Determinate
Virtual System

Page 33 of 56
 EX
A B C D E

2m 2m 2m 2m

1 KN EY
A
Y

Solving for Reactions

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
Ay + Ey -1 = 0
Ay + Ey = 1

⭮ + ive ∑: MA = 0

-Ey (8) + 1 (4) = 0

-8Ey = -4
Ey= -4 / -8
Ey= 0.5

∴Ay + 0.5 =1
Ay = 1 -0.5
Ay= 0.5

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0

Ax = 0

A B C D E
Page 34 of 56
 2m 2m 2m 2m

0.5 KN 0.5 KN
1 KN

Using Method of Joints to Calculate Virtual Forces

 JOINT A

FA
H

A FAB

0.5

Page 35 of 56
 + ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
0.5 + FAH = 0
2.828
2
FAH = -0.5 /
2.828
FAH = -0.707 kN (Compression)

Finding for FAB

FAH = 0.707

FAB
A
+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
FAB – FAH *
2.828
2
FAB = 0.707 *
2.828
FAB = 0.5 kN (Tension)

JOINT E
FEF

F\\ED E

0.5

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0

Page 36 of 56
 2
0.5 + FEF = 0
2.828
2
FEF = -0.5 /
2.828
FEF = -0.707 kN (Compression)

Finding for FED

FEF = 0.707

FED E

0.5
+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
FED – FEF *
2.828
2
FED = 0.707 *
2.828
FED = 0.5 kN (Tension)

JOINT D

FDF

FCD FED
D =0.5

Page 37 of 56
 + ive ∑: Fy = 0
FDF = 0 (Zero force in y member)

Finding for FCD

FCD FED
D =0.5

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
0.5 – FCD = 0
FCD = 0.5 kN (Tension)
JOINT B

FBH

FAB = 0.5 FBC

B

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
FBH = 0 (Zero force in y member)

Finding for FBC

FAB =0.5 FBC

B

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
0.5 – FBC = 0
FBC = 0.5 kN (Tension)

Page 38 of 56
JOINT H

H
FHG

FHC
FAH= 0.707

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
0.707 – FHC = 0
– FHC = -0.707
FHC = 0.707 kN (Tension)

Finding for FHG

H
FHG

FHC = 0.707

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
FHG * + 0.707 =0
2.828
2
FHG = 0.707 /
2.828
FHG = -0.999
FHG = -1 kN (Compression)

Page 39 of 56
JOINT F

F
FGF

FCF
FEF = 0.707
+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
0.707 – FCF = 0
– FCF = -0.707
FCF = 0.707 kN (Tension)
Finding for FGF

FGF F

FCF = 0.707

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
FGF * + 0.707 =0
2.828
2
FGF = 0.707 /
2.828
FGF= -0.999
FGF= -1 kN (Compression)

Real Forces

Page 40 of 56
⭮ + ive ∑: MA = 0
-Ey (8) + 30 (6) + 40 (4) + 30 (2) = 0
-8Ey + 180 + 160 + 60 = 0
-8Ey + 400 = 0
−400
Ey =
−8
Ey= 50 kN

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
Ay – 30 -40 -30 + 50 = 0
Ay – 50 =0
Ay = 50 kN

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
Ex= 0

JOINT A
FAH

A FAB

50 KN
Page 41 of 56
+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
50 + FAH =0
2.828
2
FAH = 50 /
2.828
FAH = -70.7 kN (Compression)

Finding for FAB

FAH = 70.7

FAB

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
FAB – 70.7 * =0
2.828
50 KN
FAB – 50 = 0
FAB = 50 kN (Tension)

JOINT E

FEF

F\\ED E

50

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
50 + FEF = 0
2.828

Page 42 of 56
 2
FEF = -50 /
2.828
FEF = -70.7 kN (Compression)

FED

FEF = 70.7

FED E

50
+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
-FED + FEF *
2.828
2
-FED + 70.7 *
2.828
-FED + 50 = 0
FED = 50 kN (Tension)

JOINT D

FDF

FCD FED =50

30

Page 43 of 56
 + ive ∑: Fy = 0
-30 + FDF = 0
FDF = 30 kN (Tension)

FCD
50
D
+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
50 – FCD = 0
-FCD = -50
FCD = 50 kN (Tension)

JOINT B

FBH

FAB = 50 FBC
B

30

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
FBH – 30 = 0
FBH = 30 kN (Tension)

Page 44 of 56
 Finding for FBC

FAB = 50 FBC
B

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
FBC – 50 = 0
FBC = 50 kN (Tension)

JOINT H

H
FHG

FHC
FAH = 70.7 30

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
70.7 – 30 * - FHC = 0
2.828
28.78 – FHC = 0
-FHC = -28.78
FCH = 28.78 kN (Tension)

Finding for FHG

Page 45 of 56
 H
FHG

FAH= 70.7

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
70.7 + FHG = 0
FHG = - 70.7 kN (Compression

JOINT F

F
FGF

FCF
30 FEF = 70.7

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
70.7 – 30 * - FCF = 0
2.828
FCF = 28.78 kN (Tension)

Finding for FGF

FGF F
Page 46 of 56
 FCF = 70.7

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
-FGF – 70.7 = 0
- FGF = 70.7
FGF = -70.7 kN (Compression)

Member n (KN) N (KN) L (m) n NL (KN2.m)

AB 0.5 50 2 50
AH -0.707 -70.7 2 √2 141.36
BC 0.5 50 2 50
BH 0 30 2 0
CD 0.5 50 2 50
CF 0.707 28.78 2 √2 57.54
CG 0 0 2 0
CH 0.707 28.78 2 √2 57.54
DE 0.5 50 2 50
DF 0 30 2 0
EF -0.707 -70.7 2 √2 141.36
FG -1 -70.7 2 141.4
GH -1 -70.7 2 141.4
∑: 880.6
Table Showing Resultant Forces for the respective Joints

Page 47 of 56
 nNL
1 kN. ΔCv = ∑ = 880.6 kN2 . m / AE
AE
880.6 kN . m
ΔCv =
AE

Castigliano's Theorem

Vertical Displacement (Joint C)

1()=N . ¿

Free Body Diagram

EX
A B C D E

2m 2m 2m 2m

Page 48 of 56
 P EY
A
Y
N.B. A vertical force is applied to the truss at joint C

Support Reactions

Sum of bending moment

+ ↻ Ma = 0
= Ēy (8) – P (4) = 0

Ēy = 0.5 P

Sum of vertical forces

+ Yi = 0
= Āy + Ēy – P = 0
Āy + 0.5 (P) – 1.0 (P) = 0
Āy = 0.5 (P)
Sum of horizontal forces
+   Xi = 0
Āx – 0 = 0
Āx = 0

A B C D E

Page 49 of 56
 2m 2m 2m 2m

P
0.5 P + 50 kN 0.5 P + 50 kN

Considering Joint A

FAH = 0.707

FAB

0.5 P + 50kN
50
+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
0.5(P) + 50 + FAH =0
2.828
2
FAH = 0.5(P) + 50 /
2.828
FAH = -0.7071P + 42.43 kN (C)

FAH = 0.707

FAB = 0.5 P
A

Page 50 of 56
 + ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
FAB 0.5(P)– 70.7 * =0
2.828
FAB 0.5(P) – 50 = 0
FAB = 30 kN (T)

Considering Joint E

FEF

F\\ED E

0.5 P + 50
+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
0.5(P)50 + FEF = 0
2.828
2
FEF = 0.5(P) -50 /
2.828
FEF = -0.7071P + 42.43 kN (C)

FEF = 0.707

FED E

0.5 P + 50
+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
2
-FED + FEF *
2.828

Page 51 of 56
 2
-FED + 0.5 (P) 70.7 *
2.828
-FED + 0.5(P) 50 = 0
FED 0.5 (P) + 30 (T)

Considering Joint D

FDF

FCD FED =0.5

D

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
-30 + FDF = 0
FDF = 30 kN (T)

FCD FED =0.5 P + 50

D

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
0.5(P) + 50 – FCD = 0
-FCD = 0.5P + 30 (T)
FCD = 0.5 + 30 kN (T)

Page 52 of 56
 Considering Joint B

FBH

FAB = 0.5 FBC

B

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
FBH – 30 = 0
FBH = 30 kN (T)

FAB =0.5P + FBC

50 B

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
FBC 0.5(P) – 50 = 0
FBC = 0.5(P) + 30 kN (T)

Considering Joint H

H
FHG

FHC = 0.5P + 50
FAH= 0.707

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
0.5 (P) + 70.7 – 30 * - FHC = 0
2.828
Page 53 of 56
 0.5 (P) + 28.78 – FHC = 0
-FHC = 0.7071P
FCH = 0.7071P kN (T)

H
FHG = 0.5P + 50

FHC = 0.707

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
0.5 (P) + 70.7 + FHG = 0
FHG = - (P + 30) kN (C)
Considering Joint F

F
FGF

FCF = 0.5P + FEF = 0.707

50

+ ive ∑: Fy = 0
2
0.5(P) + 70.7 – 30 * - FCF = 0
2.828
FCF = 0.7071P kN (T)

F
FGF = 0.5P + Page 54 of 56
50
 FCF = 0.707

+ ive ∑: Fx = 0
-FGF 0.5(P) +(– 70.7) = 0
- FGF = - (P + 30)
FGF = -(P+30) kN (C)

Table Showing Resultant Forces for the respective Joints

Page 55 of 56
Member N (KN) ∂N N(P=40) (KN) Length (m) N(∂N/∂P) L
∂P
(KN/ m)

AB 0.5P + 30 0.5 50 2 50
DE 0.5P + 30 0.5 50 2 50
BC 0.5P + 30 0.5 50 2 50
CD 0.5P + 30 0.5 50 2 50
AH -0.7071P + 43.43 -0.7071 -70.71 22 142.83
EF -0.7071P + 43.43 -0.7071 -70.71 22 142.83
BH 30 0 30 2 0
DF 30 0 30 2 0
CH 0.7071P 0.7071 28.28 22 56.87
CF 0.7071P 0.7071 28.28 22 56.87
CG 0 0 0 2 0
GH -P+30 -1 -70 2 140
FG -P +30 -1 -70 2 140
∑ ¿ 879.4

Page 56 of 56