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Unit 5 Exam Review

The document reviews key concepts in cognition, focusing on memory stages (encoding, storage, retrieval), types of memory, and factors affecting forgetting. It also covers cognition-related topics such as problem-solving strategies, language components, and theories of intelligence, including multiple intelligences and the distinction between crystallized and fluid intelligence. Additionally, it discusses intelligence testing methods and the implications of intelligence across various demographics.

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23 views3 pages

Unit 5 Exam Review

The document reviews key concepts in cognition, focusing on memory stages (encoding, storage, retrieval), types of memory, and factors affecting forgetting. It also covers cognition-related topics such as problem-solving strategies, language components, and theories of intelligence, including multiple intelligences and the distinction between crystallized and fluid intelligence. Additionally, it discusses intelligence testing methods and the implications of intelligence across various demographics.

Uploaded by

georgeburns1016
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Psychology Test Review – Unit 5 – Cognition

● Memory:
o 3 stages = encoding, storage, retrieval
▪ Encoding = getting the information in, can be:
● Automatic = flashbulb memory
● Effortful
o Rehearsal = practicing information
o Chunking = organizing information into manageable units
o Mnemonics = memory aids
o Spacing = distributing study over time (improves memory)
▪ Storage = holding onto memory (3 stages)
● Sensory memory
o Iconic = visual sensory memory, lasts ≈ ¼ second
o Echoic = auditory sensory memory, lasts ≈ 3 – 4 seconds
● Working memory
o Duration ≤ 30 seconds without rehearsal
o Capacity = magic number 7 ± 2 pieces of information
● Long-term memory
o Duration = relatively permanent
o Capacity = limitless
o Types of long-term memory
▪ Semantic = general concepts and knowledge

▪ Episodic = autobiographical events

▪ Procedural = how to do something

▪ Retrieval = getting information out


● Ways to measure retrieval
o Recall = retrieving information from memory (ex = short answer question)
o Recognition = identifying information (ex = multiple-choice or matching
question)
o State-dependent memory = can retrieve information better if in same state as
when it was learned
o Mood-dependent memory = can retrieve information better if in same mood as
when it was learned
o Serial position effect = we remember some parts of information better (middle
gets forgotten)
▪ Primacy = we remember beginning

▪ Recency = we remember end


o Mnemonics help with retrieval
o Forgetting can be due to
▪ Amnesia
● Anterograde = can’t form new memories
● Retrograde = can’t remember past
● Infantile = don’t remember things that happened before age 4
▪ Misinformation = we can incorporate misleading information into our memories

● Cognition = all activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
o Concepts = mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people
o Prototype = best example of a category
o Representativeness heuristic
o Creativity = ability to produce new and useful ideas
▪ Convergent thinking = narrowing all solutions to best one

▪ Divergent thinking = expanding number of possible solutions


o Problem solving
▪ Algorithm = methodical, logical procedure that guarantees a solution

▪ Heuristic = simple strategy that’s more efficient than algorithms, but also error-prone

▪ Insight = sudden realization of a solution (“aha” or lightbulb moment)

▪ Obstacles to problem solving


● Functional fixedness/fixation = thinking of things only in terms of their usual functions
● Mental set = using a strategy that has worked in the past to solve a problem
● Language = spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
o Structural components of language
▪ Phoneme = smallest unit of sound

▪ Morpheme = smallest unit of meaning

▪ Grammar = system of rules that enables us to communicate

▪ Semantics = using the right word

▪ Syntax = putting the words in the right order


o Language development = babbling to sentences
▪ Skinner says we learn through reinforcement

▪ Chomsky says we are born to learn language


● Intelligence = ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
o Theories of intelligence
▪ Spearman’s g factor = one factor of intelligence that underlies all mental abilities

▪ Gardner’s multiple intelligences = 8 types of intelligence (linguistic, logical-mathematical,


spatial, naturalistic, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical)
▪ Social and emotional intelligence = ability to understand social situations and emotions

▪ Types of intelligence
● Crystalized = accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases with age)
● Fluid = ability to reason and think abstractly (decreases with age)
▪ Intelligence tests = method of assessing individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with
others
● Achievement test = what you have learned
● Aptitude test = predicts future ability
● Binet and mental age
● Terman and Stanford-Binet
● Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
● Criteria: reliability, validity
o Intellectual disability = low IQ and difficulty adapting to independence
o Giftedness = high achievement capability
o Intelligence and nature vs nurture
o Intelligence and gender, race, and culture

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