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Fundamentals_of_Sequential_Programming

The document provides an overview of the fundamentals of sequential programming, focusing on the basics of programming, including syntax, semantics, variables, data types, and operators in C. It also covers control structures such as conditional statements and loops, illustrating their usage with examples. Key concepts include the definition of programming, the importance of syntax and semantics, and how to implement decision-making and repetition in code.

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olanrewajuusman32
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3 views

Fundamentals_of_Sequential_Programming

The document provides an overview of the fundamentals of sequential programming, focusing on the basics of programming, including syntax, semantics, variables, data types, and operators in C. It also covers control structures such as conditional statements and loops, illustrating their usage with examples. Key concepts include the definition of programming, the importance of syntax and semantics, and how to implement decision-making and repetition in code.

Uploaded by

olanrewajuusman32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Sequential Programming (CSC 218)

1. Basics of Programming

What is Programming?
Programming is the process of writing instructions (code) that a computer can understand and
execute.

Programming Syntax and Semantics


- Syntax: The rules of writing code correctly (like grammar in English).
- Semantics: The meaning of the code (does it do what you expect?).

Example (C Programming):
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n"); // Prints text to the screen
return 0;
}

- #include <stdio.h> -> This allows input/output operations (like printf).


- main() -> The starting point of every C program.
- printf("Hello, World!\n"); -> Prints "Hello, World!" on the screen.
- return 0; -> Ends the program successfully.

Variables and Data Types


A variable is a named storage location in memory that holds data.

Common data types in C:


- int -> Stores whole numbers (e.g., 5, 100).
- float -> Stores decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14).
- char -> Stores a single character (e.g., 'A').
- double -> Stores larger decimal numbers (e.g., 3.1415926535).

Example:
int age = 20; // Integer variable
float pi = 3.14; // Floating-point number
char grade = 'A'; // Character

Operators in Programming
Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values.

Types of Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
2. Relational Operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
3. Logical Operators: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)

Example:
int a = 10, b = 5;
int sum = a + b; // sum = 15
int result = (a > b) && (b < 10); // result = 1 (true)

2. Control Structures (Decision Making & Loops)

Conditional Statements (if, else, switch)

If-Else Statement:
int number = 10;
if (number > 0) {
printf("Positive number");
} else {
printf("Negative number or zero");
}

Switch Statement (Used for multiple conditions):


int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1: printf("Monday"); break;
case 2: printf("Tuesday"); break;
case 3: printf("Wednesday"); break;
default: printf("Invalid day");
}

If day is 3, the output will be "Wednesday".


Loops (for, while, do-while)
Loops allow us to execute code multiple times.

For Loop (Used when you know how many times to loop):
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
}
Output: 1 2 3 4 5

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