[ ....

I
lf
'l
t
0rgan1sat1on o_f- Data •

L .. . . ..... ::..;.,,.__ ··= -~- --- ~--...

--~ -- --~ --u -', -'- •-. ..... ....

Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you should be
able to:
classify the data for further statistical analysis.
distinguish between quantitative and qualitativ
e classification.
prepare a frequency distribution table.
know the technique of forming classes.
discuss the method of tally marking.
differentiate between univariate and bivariate
frequency distributions.
...

IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS

1. Organisation of data is a process in
which collected 5. In spatial classification, the data is
data is organised in such a way that in investiga classified
tion, the reference to geographical locations such as cowm
mass of data becomes easy for comparison and ill
further states, cities etc.
analysis.
6. In chronological classification, the data is cl
2. Classification of data is a technique ••
with the help of on the basis of time. For example, we may prese
which the collected data is arranged into different m
groups . population of a country on the basis of time (say
or classes, according to some common characte
ristics, so 7. In qualitative classification, the data is classified
as to facilitate the tabulation, analysis and inter Oil
pretation basis of some attribute or quality such as sex,
of data. li1
- religion etc.
3. Broadly, the data can be classified
on four basis in 8. In quantitative classification, the data is classi
accordance with their characteristics: fied
the basis of some characteristics which are capab
(a) Geographical classification or spatial class
k
ification dire~t quantitative measurement such as height,
••
(b) Chronological classification income etc. In this type of classification, there
are
(c) Qualitative classification elements, i.e., variable and frequency.
(d) Quantitative classification 9. The main objectives of classification of data are:
(a) To condense the mass of data in such
4. In geographical classification, the data is a 9111
classified on the their similarities and dissimilarities t,ecoJDO
basis of geographical or locational differences,
between clear.
the various items. For example, we may pres
ent the (b) To facilitate comparison or to mak
e tho
number of sugar mills statewise.
comparable. ..
 Organisation of Data 35
. .
lowing types of frequency distribution·
ta 17 . We can form. the fol.
portant features of the da upper 11·mt·t of th e class•
(c) To point out the mo
st im
(a) Ex clusive senes, where the I
.
IS excluded and
put as lower limit •·n the next c ass •
at a glance. p . .
up er-11m1t an d
in a condense form. (b) Inclusive series, where both the
(d) To present the data . . in the same
are included
ti~tive lower-hm1t of the class
are capable ofdi r~ t quan
The characteristics, which He igh t, we igh t, class.
are called a variable. . it of the
measure me nt
are all variable s. A va na
.
ble
(c) Op en -en de d ser
ies, where the lower lim
• .on, consumpn·on etc • . r limit of the las class
t is
producti continuous. _A dts~rete
vanable first class an d the uppe ov e).
may be either discrete or 5) ........... (20 and ab
isolated or discontinuou
s value. missing like (less than cla ss interval
is one which takes only nb er of (cl) Unequal series, wh
ere class width or
red in a match, the nw is no t eq ua l lik e (0
- 5),
The number of goals sco bles. of dif fer en t cla sse s
examples ofdiscrete varia d so on.
children in a family etc. are lue in a (5 - 15), (15 - 30 ) an
one which takes any va only one
A continuous variable is fre ency distribution
qu
in a (e) Un de r cumulative lower
tures recorded of patients giv en on the basis of
specified interval. Tempera ges of lim it is given. If it is tha n'
I students of a school, wa ps then the ter m 'm or e
hospital, height ofclass XI bles. lim it of the class gr ou of
mples of continuous varia it is giv en on the ba sis
workers in a factozy are exa wi ll be used. An d if, d.
w many times an obser
vation m 'Jess tha n' will be use
Frequency refers to ho up pe r lim it, the n the ter
observations
urs in a given series. a me tho d ofclassifying
18. Inclusive me tho d is lim it of a
d data can be classified
in three
an ob ser va tio n eq ua l to the up pe r
Raw data or unclassifie in wh ich
ss.
ways: class is pu t in tha t cla
ng observations
a) Simple array or ind
ividual series
. Ex clu siv e me tho d is a me tho d ofclassifyi
19 lim it of a
discrete series n eq ua l to the up pe r
b) Frequency array or ies in wh ich an ob ser va tio
(c) Frequency distrib
ution or continuous ser class is pu t in the ne xt
cla ss.
gement n the tw o
series is an orderly arran or va lue tak en be tw ee
imple array or individual ing order 20. M id- va lue is the po int
se rv ati on s
ending or descend en tat ive of all the ob
f data according to the asc anged limits of cla ss as rep res
an array, the data is arr
f magnitude. To prepare itude. in the class.
scending order of magn ss int erv al is the dif fer
en ce be tw ee n
ther in ascending or de 21. M ag nit ud e of cla
0

data
hnique of classifying the low er lim it of a cla ss.
requency array is a tec takes the up pe r lim it an d the
ch a discrete variable no n- me as ur ab le ch ara
cte ris tic or
or a discrete variable. Su ency 22. At tri bu te ref ers to the
ctional values. In .frequ ur ed nurnericaUy.
tegral values and no t fra h of which ca nn ot be me as
that correspond to eac
y, we have frequencies tion ma y be of tw o kin
ds :
23. Frequency distribu
integral values. en cy dis tri bu tio n
data (a) Univariate fre qu
a technique ofclassifying
.frequency distribution is ws (b) Bivariate fre qu en
cy dis tri bu tio n
frequency distribution sho fre qu en cy
a continuous variable. A uted in fre qu en cy dis tri bu tio n is the
of a variable are distrib A un iva ria te ari ate
ow the different values va ria ble wh ere as a biv
th their corresponding
class dis tri bu tio n of a sin gle bu tio n of
·trerent classes alongwi dis tri bu tio n is the fre qu en cy dis tri
fre qu en cy
uencies.
Jike two variables.
cy distribution, concepts lcu lat ion s are
the formation of.frequen and tribution, sta tis tic al ca
erval, class frequency 24. In a frequency dis
s, class limits, class int ma rk or mi d-v alu es, ins
tea d of
s mid-values are used. based on ly on the cla ss-
servations.
values having two ends
calJed actual values of the ob
• A class is a group of co ns tru cti on of
ste ps tha t are inv olv ed in th e
class limits. 25 . M ai~
two class limits is called contmuous series are:
The difference between the the nu mb er of cla sse s
the class interval/class siz
e. (a) Determination of
ran ge
limits is caJied the mid- (b) Determination of
The average of the class erv als
value (or mid-point). (c) Siz e of class int
36 7 ~ u,,U4® Economics-11

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

ObiectiveNery Short Answer Typ
e Questions [1 Mark] 8. _ _ _ _ is the process of arra
1. Raw data is made comprehen nglag dai.
sible by: or classes on the basis of certain
pr Ptrtt '-
(a) Collection of data. Ans. Classification of data 0
(b) Classification of data.
ea.
9. When data is classified on
(c) Organisation of data. the basis of
is known as _ _ _ _. 81
(d) Presentation of data.
Ans. qualitative classification
Ans. (b)
2. The two important functions 1o. A _ _ _ _ refers to qua
ntity who
of classification are: from one investigation to anothe se values
(a) scrutiny and editing of
data. r.
Ans. variable
(b) presentation and interp
retation of data.
(c) reducing bulk data and
facilitating comparison. l 1. _ _ _ _ series includ
es the upper limit
(d) forming trend and ten class-interval.
dencies. 11
Ans. (c) Ans. Exclusive
3. Classification of population 12. The arrangement of raw
of India in terms of years data in ascendiatJ
is an example of: descending ord er of magni
tude is knoWI
(a) Geographical classifica
tion. ---------·
(b) Chronological classifica Ans. array
tion.
(c) Quantitative classifica 13. A _ _ _ _ signifies one
tion. occurrence of
(d) Qualitative classification corresponding to a particular 11
. interval.
Ans. (b) Ans. tally bar
4. The data classified with referen 14. _ _ _ _ refers to number
ce to countries is called: of times a givea
(a) Spatial. (b) Chronological. appears in a distribution.
(c) Both (a) and (b) • (d) Ans. Frequency
None of these
Ans. (a) 15. Height or weight of ind
ividuals are conti11
5. In a frequency distribution, variable as they can be fraction.
the class may be: (Troe/It
(a) singular or plural. Ans. True, as in case of continu
ous variable, data is ••••
(b) subjective or objective
. by measurements.
(c) individual or discrete. 16. Class-intervals need to be
mutually exclusive.
(d) inclusive or exclusive
. (l'ral
Ans. (d) Ans. True, as the observations
with magnitude greatct'
6. In case of inclusive metho '- or equal to lower limit but less than
d: the upper
a class are included in it.
(a) upper limit of class interval is
excluded. 17. Statistical calculation in clas
(b) lower limit of class interval is sified data is
excluded. the lower class limit.
(c) both upper limit and lower lim
it are included. Ans. False, as the statistical calc
(d) both upper limit and lower lim ulation is based on
it are excluded. mid-point.
Ans. (c)
Note: In the following questions,
7. A frequency distribution tab a statement of
le showing value of sales is followed by a statement of rea
in different columns and adverti son ls given. 0
sement expenditure correct answer out of the follow
in different rows ii termed as: ing choices. (Q.18
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Rea
(a) bllatenl frequency dlltrlb son (R) are
utlon. Reason {R) ls the correct explanado
(6) n of
treq11eney dlltrlb utlon• (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason
(R) are true
•.frea"89. dlltrlbutlon. (R) ls not the correct explan
adon of
(c) Assertion (A) ls true but Rea
son {R) 11 :
(d) Assertion (A) Is false but
Reason {R) 11
------- Or ga nis ati on of Da ta
37

[DoEJ
27. Define class-interval.
dual is a var iab le. between
. (A)·• Age of an indivi ss-width is the difference
JS. Assertion Ans. Class interval or cla en
istic which lower class limit a giv
of
. Va riable means the character the upper class limit and
Reason (R) • class.
changes. ) are tru e and (NCT 2017, 131
sse rtio n (A) and Reason (R
(A) 28 . W ha t is exclusive series?
BOth A •
way that
ns. (a) Reason (R) is the correct explanation ofAssertion
•
we form classes in such a
Ans. Under this method, class
classification is based on coincides with the upper
• (A)·• Chronological the lower limit of a class
J9. Assertion limit of the previous class.
period of time.
ssi fic ati on is ba sed up
on de d' distribution?
Reason (R): Sp ati al cla 29. W ha t is an 'op en -en
the first class
loc atio n. An s. A dis trib uti on in whic~ the low er limit of
geographical ssing.
th As ser tio n (A ) and Re ason (R) are t~ e and and up per limit of the last class are mi
s. (b) Bo
rre ct ex pla na tio n of
Reason (R) is no t the co tions [3 /4 M ar ks ]
Sh ort An sw er Type Ques
Assertion (A) fyi ng ra w da ta with the
te var iab le mo ve in a finite jump. 30. Ex pla in the pu rp ose of cla ssi
o. Assertion (A) : Dis cre
ss is an example of discrete help of an exa mp le. s
a cla allah
disorganised as the Kabadiw
Reason (R) : De sk in
Ans. Ra w data is as highly mb ers e to
om
variable.
) are tru e and jup k, wh ich is quite large and als o ve ry cu
ason (R it is. It caUs for a pro pe
r
Both Assertion (A) and Re of dle. It cannot be use d as
co rre ct ex pla na tio n han for
Reason (R ) is no t the ion bef ore it can be use d
organisation an d presentat
Assertion (A) aft er the da ta ha s bee n
fur the r statistical analysis. Thus, ted
21. Give the meaning of
organisation of data. anised an d the reb y pre sen
in wh ich coU ect ed collected it has to be org
a process
s. Organisation of data is n, in a classified form.
ani sed in suc h a way that in investigatio s mp ris es of old
dat a is org
y for com par iso n and Fo r ex am ple Ka ba diw all ah jun k co
e eas etc.
the mass of data may becom pty gla ss bottles, pla sti cs
newspapers, magazines, em s or
further analysis. households, he seg rag ate
So, aft er co1Jecting it from
wa y he ma ke s his tra de
2. What is raw data? cla ssi fies them itemwise. Th is ise d
m ite mw ise an d in an org an
investigator in its original for easy, as jun k is classified
s. The data coUected by the
is called 'raw data'. way.
of
ssificati on . IDo EJ
ssification wi th the he lp
3. State the meaning of cla 31 . Ex plain chronological cla
of
a technique with the help
s. Classification of data is a sche~ule.
ang ed int o different groups ing to tim e, suc h a
which the collected dat a is arr
cs so An s. Wh en the raw data is classified acc ord
e common character isti ssification'.
or classes, according to•som '
cla ssi fic atio n is kn own as 'Chronological Cla
n
, analysis and interpretatio are classified in asc en din
g or
as to facilitate the tabulation In this classification, da ta nth s
of data. of time such as weeks ' mo '
descending order in terms
bute' . years, decades etc.
. Give an example of 'attri
e qua lity suc h as
basis of som Population of lndJa
s. The data classified on the mp les of an
on etc . are exa
marital status, literacy, religi Year Population (fn crores)
"attribute ".
pulation' a time series? 2011 121.0
S. Why Js the variable 'po
on' is a time series, as it dep
icts 2001 102.7
s. The :ariable 'populati
years. 81.8
a senes of values of different 1991
6• Give the meaning of Mid-value. 1981 68.4
mid point which lies
•· Mi d-value of a class refers to the 1971 54 .6
class limit and the upper
half way between the lower 1961 43.8
class limit of a class.
 ~ ~® E co no m ic s- 11
38 7
.
32. Di st 1n gu 1s between the di sc re te va ri
· h
. us variable ab le an d Th e difference betw
con ti nuo (NCT 20 15 ; D oE . een th
Ans. A "discrete • \ a class mterval is ca eupper
variable" is the one lled th
or discontinuous va which takes only isolated T he numerical fi emagru.tu and loWer
d
lues. There are ju .
a discrete variabl
e, e.g., number of
m ps in ca se of up pe r limits of a gu re s us ed t0 e of the t'C,....III.
go als sc or ed in a , clas . sp
match. Intem1ediat
e values between Fo r example if th s interval' ecify •'-- 'Ill: t...
2 and 3 are not po
ssible as there ca
l an d 2 or be tw ee n ,
lo w er class limit
e
c 1as s .
m te ar
1.e cau-~
""tla""1a.Jti
nnot be 1.4 or 2. is 15 and rv a is
goals in a match. Si 5 case. the 1S - 19
milarly, the numbe
r of UpPer r ..
family, number of ch ild re n in a 36. Exp llllit 11 19 •
students in a class, lain the 'exclusive
factory in a particu fans pr od uc ed in ' an d ,.
lar year etc. are ex a in classification '
amples of discrete of dat inclusive' lllett.....
variables. a. -·'" 911
Whereas a continuo
us variable is th e Or lNcr
any value in a spec on e w hi ch ca n ta ke D is tin gu is h be tw
ified interval. Tem m et ho d. ee n exclusive
of patients in a ho perature re co rd ed methOd Ind
spital, heights of
a University, wag all B B A students Th er e
es of all workers of Ans. . ar e two methods of cl
asS1'fyin
examples of cont in a f:actory are
so m e c l as s m te rv als, namely, g data lNcr
inuous variables.
33 . St at e w hi ch (a ) Exclusive m
of th e fo ll ow in ethod• Under thi
s
variable and w hi g re pr es en t di sc re te of
. th e cl.ass is excluded Th method,,._
ch represent cont mterval IS the low • e upper lim-i'lit "Ior
(a) H ei gh t of th inuous variable. er limit of th
e st ud en ts of cl as Marks enextclaa,
(b) N um be r of s X I in a sc ho ol
ch il dr en in a fa 0 -1 0 10-20 20
(c) N um be r of
(d ) W ei gh t of
go al s sc or ed in
th e st ud en ts of
m ily
a m at ch W
N o. of Students
e in cl ud e th
2
ose students in fir
5
st group
t
A ns . (a ) Contin cl as s X I in a sc ho marks are O or mor
uous ol e but less than 10. If
(b ) D is cr et e of a student are l the
(c) D is cr et e 0, he is not included
(d) Continuous group bu t in the se in 111
34 . W ha t do yo cond group, i:e., 10
u kn ow ab ou t Fr (b ) Inclusive m -20.
eq ue nc y distribu ethod. Under this
Class lim it s an d tion, lower limit and th me tho d,
C la ss m ar k. e upper limit is includ
Ans. A compreh re sp ec tiv ed·
ensive w ay to clas e class, e.g.,
sify ra w data of a qu
va ri ab le is kn ow antitative Marks
n as a frequency 0 -9
distribution. • N o.
C la ss li m it s ar e of St udents
th e tw o en ds of 2
va lu e is ca lle d 'lo a cl as s. T he lo w We include student
w er cl as s lim it' an es t s in th e first group wlMJaD
d th e highest valu are between 0 and
is ca lle d th e 'u pp e 9. If the ID8lks of a
er cl as s lim it' of l 0, he is included
a distribution. in the next group, i.e
C la ss m ar k refers 37. W ha t is loss .. lit
to class 'mid-point of information in
value of a class. It ' w hi ch is th e middle cla ssified ctata!
is calculated by th
e formula given be (Netlt11
.Cl 'd ~ow. Ans. Ther
C lass m arkl ass rm -p . U pp er lim it + Lo e is an inherent shortcomin
oi nt = w er limit g in the c)as.,ifiell
matter classificatio
35 . W ha t is a 2 n of data summarisC
cl as s interval? H
ow do th e magni making it concise an 5 the -
th e cl as s in te rv tu d ea sy to co mp rehell
al an d class lim de of show the details fo d- ~ :. .
its ge t determined und in the raw data-
A ns . W he n th e ? '{b el e•odd
w ho le ra ng e of of information in cl
values is classifie as si ~ ~w.d a ta
gr ou ps in th e fo rm d in some much is gained by -~
of intervals, th en summariS1ll8 it as 1
is kn ow n as cl as ea ch such interval Once the data are gr .
;n,ttllllll!
s -interval. Fo r ex ouped into ctasseS,
am pl e, w e m ay want ha s no sig nificance in further an
to classify a gr ou statistical caliedlMl!!l!I
p of pe op le acco th e us
Here, th e cl as s inte rd in g to age group. e of class mark instead
rvals m ay be 15 - of tbe actual
19 years, 20 - 24 observation in statis
years, 25 - 29 year tics in vo lv es inc,ieed. •
. s etc. loss of informatio
n.
.
 Organisation of Data 39

Long An~er Type Questions [6 Marks] Class Tally Bars Frequency (/J

38. What are the general guidelines for the construction

0- 5 II 2

of a frequency distribution? 5 - 10 llfl II 7

Ans. The general guidelines for the construction ofa frequency 10 - 15 llfl llfl 10
distribution are: 15 - 20 Ill 3
(a) The number of classes should neither be too small
nor too large, preferably between 5 to 15.
20 - ·25 llfl Ill . 8
Tl= 30
(b) All class intervals should be of equal size.
(c) Open-end classes should be avoided. In this series, items cannot be exactly measured.
(d) We should preferably classify the data into exclusive The items assume a range of values and are placed
series (if it is not specified otherwise). within the range/limits. The range is called the
(e) We should avoid unequal sized class intervals. "class interval".
39. Explain the following series with the help of suitable 40. What do you mean by 'classification of data'? State
examples: the different methods of classification of data.
(a) Individual series (b) Discrete series
Ans. Classification of data implies conversion of raw data
(c) Continuous series
into statistical series.
s. (a) Individual series are those series where there is no
frequency of the items, i.e., it is a series without There are different methods ofclassification ofdata like:
frequencies. They are presented according to serial (a) Spatial classification. When the raw data is classified
numbers or in ascending or descending order, E.g., with reference to geographical locations such as
15, 10, 25, 7, 20 are marks of 5 students in English. countries, states, cities etc. is known as spatial
Individual Series (Marks arranged in classification.
ascending order) (b) Chronological classification. When the raw data
X can be grouped according to time, it is known
7 as "chronological classification". In such a
10 classification data is classified either in ascending
15 or in descending order w.r.t. time such as years,
months, days etc.
20
(c) Qualitative classification. When the raw data is
25
classified on the basis of qualities or attributes of
(b) Discrete series are those series in which data are
data such as honesty, beauty, intelligence etc., it is
presented in away that exact values of items are
known as qualitative classification.
clearly shown, e.g., 15, 10, 7, 20, 10, 5, 25, 7, 5,
(d) Quantitative classification. When the raw data is
30 are marks of 10 students in English.
classified on the basis of quantitative measurement
Discrete Series
such as age, height, weight, sales etc., it is known
t) Marks Tally Ban Frequency as quantitative classification.
5 II 2
7 II 2 Competency/Case-based Questions
10 II 2 41. Read the given case carefully and answer the following
15 I 1 questions on the basis of the same.
20 I 1 Classification is the grouping of related facts into
25 I I classes. Facts in one class differ from those of another
30 I 1 class with respect to some characteristics is called
I/= 10 a basis of classification. Classification of data is a
(c) Continuous series are those series in which the items function very similar to that of sorting letters in a post
assume a range of values and are placed within the office. Classification condense the mass data in such a
range or limits, e.g., manner that similarity and dissimilarity can be readily
40 7 ~ """-® Economics-11

apprehended. It helps in comparison. Classification

(iii) Both (i) and (i,)
can be done on the basis of location, time, quality or
(iv) None of the above
measurement.
(b) A series is called open end d
(a) Facts of _________ _ (similar/di fferent) e when•
(1) Lower limit is not menti •
characteristics are grouped in a class. 'r\ 0Ded,
(b) Classification of data is _ _ _ _ stage of
(
", Vpper limit is not menti
.. r\ 0Ded.
(
statistics. m, Both lower and upper Ii .
mentioned. mits •re
(l) first
(iv) All of the above
(ii) second
(c) In
.
which series lower limit of the I .
(iii) third cass11
m the same class?
(iv) None of the above (1) Inclusive
(c) Classification on the basis of •IS
(i,) Exclusive
known as chronological classification. .
(iii) Both (1) and (ii)
(1) location
(iv) None of the above
(ii) time
(d) - - - - (Inclusive/Exclusive) method is
(iii) Both (i) and (ii) more in practice in statistics.
(iv) None of the above Ans. (a) (z) Inclusive
(d) Arranging scrap as per their characteristic by (b)" (iv) All of the above
scrap dealer is called: (c) (iii) Both (z) and (iz)
(1) Collection of data (d) Exclusive
(ii) Classification of data 43. Read the given passage and answer the questio1
(iii) Both (i) and (ii) . that follow.
(iv) None of the above The data collected from primary and secondary sour1
Ans. (a) similar are raw or unclassified. Once the data are colle1
(b) (ii) second the next step is to classify them for further stati: ••
analysis. 'Classification' brings order to raw data ••
(c) (ii) time
can be lassified through the frequency distribution inj
(d) (ii) Classification of data comprehensive manner. Once you know the tecJ •
42. Read the given case carefully and answer the following of classification, you can easily construct a freQuellt
questions on the basis of the same. distribution, both for the continuous and discrete
Acontinuous variable can take any numerical value,,
There are two methods of classification of data on the
height, weight etc. whereas a discrete variable can
basis of class-interval namely exclusive i:nethod and
only certain value, e.g., number of children, numbcr 1

inclusive method.
chairs etc.
Exclusive method is the method when the class intervals (a) Explain how does classification of data
are so fixed that the upper limit of one class is the lower order to raw data.
limit of the next class. Whereas under inclusive method (b) Give an example each of a discrete variabk 1

of classification, the upper limit of one class is included a continuous variable.

I in that class itself. Exclusive method of classification Ans. (a) 'Classification of data' brings order to raW~ 1

is used more in practice so when the data is given in the sense that raw data can be classified thlO'f
inclusive series then it is first arranged in exclusive series frequency distribution in a comprehensive_
of c,.....itllPII
for further statistical enquiry. Once one masters the teehn1ques. 1
_t!,

(a) The method in which both lower and upper limit one can easily construct a frequency 1

of du• are included in same class is known as both for the discrete variable and tho

---- ladulve
method. variable.
(b) Discrete variable - Number of chili
·;Bsdllllve Continuous variable - Height of
 Or ga nis ati on of Da ta
41

.
the Economics test:
• al Qu es tio ns
k ht ·ne d by 25 stu de nts of a class in
s o a1
Nu me ricare a frequency arr ay of ma r , 40, JO, 50 , 25, 30 , 30 , 15
, 45
20 35 35' 50 ' 15' 50' 25' 40 , 45 50, 50, 50
,
'
• 44. Pre p 40 25 25 30 ,40 , ' 25 25 30 30 30 30, 30, 35, 35, 40, 40, 40, 40
' ,25 ,25 , ' , ,
30, 15',20 ',20 ,20 , ,
20, 15
20, 15,. 15 Fre qu en cy Ar ray
An s. Array. , '
f
TaUy Ba n
Ma rks 3
Ill 3
15
20
Ill 4
25
/Ill 5
30
tH1 2
35
II 4
40
Ill / I
45
I 3
• Ill
50 "1;f 25

En gli sh tes t:
g are the ma rks ob tai ne d by 20 stu de nts in an . .
45. Followin .
25, 25 , 26 , 26, 30 , 31 , 31 , 34 , 35: 42 , 48
5, 16, 17, 17, 20, 21, 22 , 22, 22 , lus1ve me tho d.
ing cla ss int erv al of 10 usi ng ex clu siv e an d 1nc
Pre pa re a firequency dJS • tri bu tio n tak In clu siv e Me tho d
ve e th o d
s. • E xcIus1• M Ta lly Ba rs f
f C. I.
C.I. Tally Ba rs 1
1 0- 9 I
0- 10 I 3
3 10 - 19 Ill
10 - 20 Ill 9
20 - 30 t/11 Ill / 9 20 - 29 tH1 Ill /
5
30 - 40 ' t/11 5 30 - 39 tH1
40 - 49 II 2
40 - 50 II 2
"1;f = 20
I;f = 20
cy dis tri bu tio n wi th cla ss int erv al
m of exc lus ive fre qu en
en. Pre sen t the m in the for
46. Wa40 ges of. 50 workers are giv
as -50 79 79 79 78
72 76 77 77
87 88 70 60 61 62
90 88 82 86 87 59 60 60 60
95 92 91 63 63 63 63 64 58
78 68 67 67 66 65
54 53 52 52 so
55 55 55 56 57 , 62 , 62 ,
62 62 , 57 58 , 59 , 60 , 60 , 60 , 60 , 61
53, 54, 55, 55, 55
, 56 78 , 79 ,
s. Arr ay: 50, 52, 52, 67 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 76 , 77 , 77 , 78 ,
An 66, 67,
62, 63, 63, 63, 63, 64, 65, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95
82, 86, 87, 87, 88,
79, 79,
str ibu tio n
Exclusive Fre qu en cy Di
Class Tally Ba.n
50 - 60 tH1 tH1 II 12
60 - 70 tH1 tH1 tH1 Ill 18
70 - 80 tH1 tH1 10
80 - 90 tH1 I 6
90 - 100 Ill/ 4
l;f = 50
 42 7 ~ r«d® Economics- 11

47. The marks obtained by 25 students in a class are as follows:

22 28 30 32 35 37 40 41 43 44 45 45 48 49 52 53 54 56 56 Ai
60 62 65 68 69
(a) Arrange the above data on frequency distribution taking class intervals

..
20 - 29, 30 - 39, 40 - 49, 50 - 59, 60 - 69
(b) Form the cumulative frequency distribution also.
r-----.------,i-------r--
Ans. (a) (b) I I Exclusive I

I
. C.I. Tally Bars f C.I. Groups
f
20 - 29 II 2 20 - 29 19.5 - 29.5 2
30 - 39 /Ill 4 30 - 39 29.5 - 39.5 4
40 - 49 tlfl Ill 8 40 - 49 39.5 - 49.5 8 14
50 - 59 tlfl I 6 50 - 59 49.5 - 59.5 6 20
60 - 69 tlfl 5 60 - 69 59.5 - 69.5 5 2S
rf = 25 rf = 2S
48. Convert the following inclusive series into exclusive series:

C.I. 1- 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25
No. of Workers 10 15 20 25 30
Ans. Exclusive Series
C.I. f.
0.5 - 5.5 10
5.5 - 10.5 15
I
10.5 - 15.5 20
15.5 - 20.5 25
20.5 - 25.5 30
:Ef = 100
49. From the following frequency distribution, prepare 'less than' and 'more than' cumulative frequency distribudoa:1
11 j

Wages (f) 100-110 110-120 120-130 130-140 140-150 j

No. of Workers 4
I I
l

12 20 7 s j
Ans.
Wages (f) No. of workers (() c.f.
c.f.
-,

! ;
Oess than)
100- 110 4
(more thu) I l
4 48 l
110- 120 12 .lj
16 44 j;.,
120-130
20 ·il;
36
130-140 32
7
43
140-150 12
5
48
If=48
s

so. Convert the following 'less than' cumulative frequency series Into 'mo~ than' cumulative frequency serfell
Marb (lea tban). 5 10 1 15
.Ctmrdatlve !!equency 12
25 I 35
 Org ani sat ion of Da ta 43

(b) Ste p II - 'M ore tha n'

cum ula tive ser ies
ncy series
Ans. (a) Step I - Simple freque Marks c.f.
f 55
Ma rks More than 0
12 43
0- 5 More than 5
13 30
5-10 Mo re than 10
10 20
10 - 15 More than 15
20
15 - 20
r.J = 55
ncy series:
51. Pre par e 'less tha n' and
'mo re tha n' cum ula tive fre que 20 -3 0
10 -2 0
0- 10 I 10
I Marks 6
4 I
No. of Stu den ts 'M ore tha n' cum ula tiv e ser
ies

Ans. 'Le ss tha n' cumulative series c.f.

Ma rks
Marks c.f. 20
Mo than 0
re
Less than 10 4 16
More than IO
Less than 20 10 IO
More than 20
Less than 30 20
continuous series:
52. Change the following into 55
35 45
15 25
5
Mid-value 8 4
24 30 18
Frequency
16

C.I. f
ns.
0- IO 16

10 -20 24

20 -30 30
30 -40 18
40 -50 8
50 -60 4

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
es of
Type Questions [1 Mark] 3 • - - - - - and _ _ _ _ _ are the two typ
Objedive/Very Short Answer qualitative classification.
l. In the exclusive method: series include the value of bot
h the upp er
excluded but lower class 4. . .
(a) the upper class limit is hm1t and low er lim it itself.
limit is included. __ _ lim it of a class are
S. __ __ _ limit and __
(b) ~e_l~w~r class limit is
excluded but upper class called class Jimit.
hm1t 1s included. gin al for m is kno wn as
6. A ma ss of dat a in its ori
(c) ~oth the upper class lim
it and lower class limit are
tion.
mcluded. 7. __ __ _ cannot be in frac
(d) None of these largest and the sm alle st
8. Range is the ave rag e of the {True/False)
2• W h'h
ic is' an attribute out of the following? observation.
(b) Weight known as one wa y frequency
(a) Height 9. Univariate frequency is also {True/False)
{c) InteJligence (d) Age distribution.
,4 70 9e ~ ~ ® Eco nom ics- 11

~ote: In the following questions, a stat

ement of assertion
.s foll owe d by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the 1 bi-variate frequency distribution or two way
~orrect answer out of the following choices distribution.
. (Q.10 and Q.11)
(a) Bot h Ass erti on (A) and Rea son (R) (a)
are true and Frequency distribution leads to loss ofinf1
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of as van•able ts
• arranged m:
·
Assertion (A)
(b) Bot h Ass erti on (A) and Rea son (i) ascending order.
(R) are true and
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (ii) descending order.
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (iiz) a class.
(R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (iv) All of the above
(R) is true (b) Univ
ariate frequency distribution ha s-- ~•
10. Assertion (A): In indi vidu al seri es freq variable.
uency of each
vari able is zero. (z) one (iz) two
Reason (R): Individual series is also known (ii,) Both (1) and (ii) (iv) three
as ungrouped
data. (c) _ _ _ _ _ _ is calculated through
univr--•'
variable.
11. Ass erti on (A): In exc lusi ve seri es bo!h
limi ts of the (i) Mean
clas s are excl ude d from the class.
(iz) Median
Reason (R): Exc lusi ve seri es is formed und
er frequency (iiz) Mode
dist ribu tion .
(iv) All of the above
12. Stat e the mea ning of qua litat ive clas (d) Mid-value series is an example
sification. [DoE ] of '11
13. Wh at is vari able ? (discrete/continuous) series.
• [DoE]
14. Wh at do you mea n by ~frequency' • 19. Rea d the given pass age and answ er
m stati• stics
• ? the question
. follows.
Sh ort An sw er Typ e Qu est ion s The classification of data as a frequency distributi
[3/ 4 Ma rks ] on h:
an inherent shortcoming. While it summarises
15. Dif fere ntia te betw een chro nolo raw
gica l and spat ial making it concise and comprehensible it does
not sb
clas sific atio n. the datails that are found in raw data. There
is loss
16. Cate gori se and exp lain the following information in classifying raw data. Once the
variables as discrete data .
vari able s and con tinu ous .variables: grou ped into classes, an individual observation has
significance in further statistical calculation.
(a} Hei ght of a stud ent This
so because when the data are grouped into
( b) Dist ance cov ered class es •
1 individual observation has no significance
(c) Num ber of Students in a class in
calculation. This is so because when data are 1
17. Wh at is the difference betw een univ gro
ariate and Bivariate 'classes' all values say in a given class 0-10 are
gro
freq uenc y distribution? with a frequency of say 6, but not their actu
al
All values in this class are assumed to be equa
Co mp ete ncy /Ca se- bas ed Qu est l
ion s middle value of the class interval (i.e., 5).
, 18. Rea d the given case carefully and
answer the following What do you understand by the 'loss ofinform
que stio ns on the basi s of the same. atii
classified data? Explain with the help of an
ex:
Freq uen cy distribution is a table, which show
s how the
different values of a variable are distributed Num eric al Que stio ns
in different
classes along with their corresponding class 20. Construct a frequency distribution with
frequencies. a class
The freq uen cy distribution summarises of 4 on exclusive basis for the following data
the raw data :
by mak ing it concise and comprehensible.
However, 91, 94, 111, 121, 95, 103, 99, 110, 100, 101,
it doe s not show the details that are foun 110, 111, 93, 96, 98, 106, 94, 115
d in raw data
and leads to loss of information. Frequency
distribution 21. From the following data relating to wages
can also be done for two variables known of20
as bivariate prepare frequenc
. y distribution with a class in1
frequency distribution. When the data is an exclusive basis: .
classified on
the basis ·of two variables such as sales and
purchase, 10, 15, 25, 27, 29, 20, 24, 23, 22, 12, 14,'1
exp ort and imports etc. the distribution
is known as 19, 18, 16, 15, s, 9
 Organjsation of Da ta 45

expenditure on food:
end the following monthly271 169
•• • 310 129 335 184 234 245
212 223 256
22. 30 fam1hes m an area ;~5 220 238 278 243 220 238 238
172 229 173
115 159 196 135 .
241 265 298 144
of
(a) Prepare a frequency dist
ribution with the class mterval
.
250, 250 - 300, 300 - 350
100 - 150, 150 - 200, 200 - e on foo is
d
(b) F. d the number of fam
ilies whose monthly expenditur
(ii) more than ? 300 (iii) between ? 200 and t 300
(i;nless tha n? 25 0
ribution-
mto ord.mary frequency dist
23. Convert the following 35 40 45 50
n 25 30 105 120
(a) Les s tha 50 85
8 22
f 50
40
I I I 11 4
(b) I Mo r~ than I 5~
I
given data:
er lim it of the first class and upper limit of last class from the
24. Calculate low
Fre que ncy
Classes
12
Less than IO 15
IO- : 20 4
20 -30 16
30 -40 3
Above 40
50
Total

ONS
NSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTI
16. (a) Height of a student
is a continuous variable. It is
1. (a) 2. (c) al val ues like 80.85
ld classification so because it can take fraction
3. Simple classification, manifo cm, f0I .62 cm etc.
5. Upper, lower continuous variable. It is so
4. IncJusive (b) Distance covered is a
7. Discrete series values like 48. 4 km ,
6. raw data because it can take fractional
8. False, as range is the differe
nce between the largest and 59.2 km etc.
the smaJiest observation. (c) Nu mb er of students in
a class is a discrete variable
ole num ber s only.
9. True, as data is classified on
the basis of single variable. because it can take val ue of wh
, e.g.. num ber of
but Reason (R) is true It can not tak e fractional values
JO. (d) Assertion (A) is false not 40.5 or 40.6.
Reason (R) is true students can be 40 or 41 but
11. (d) Assertion (A) is false but trib uti on is the fre que ncy
based on quality is cal led 17. Un iva ria te fre que ncy dis
12. A classification of dat a le, wh ere as .Bi var iate
"Qualitative Classification". dis trib utio n of a sin gle var iab
frequency distribution of
d to measure an "attribute" frequency distribution is the
13. A variable is a quantity use
which can take different two variables.
• ofsomething or some persons,
values in different situ ations. 18. (a) (iii ) a class
ation occurs in the given
14. Number of times the observ (b) (i) one
series is called frequen cy.
(c) (iv) All of the above
on the basis of time then it
JS. When the data is classified (d) continuous
cation". For e~ample,
is known as "chronological classifi n in cla ssif yin g raw data.
on the basis of number of 19. Th ere is los s of informatio
we may present population classes an individual
years. On ce the dat a are gro upe d into
the basis of place such nce in fur the r sta tist ica l
When the data is classified on obs erv atio n has no sig nif ica
as country, state, are a etc ., it
is kno wn as "sp atia l when the data are grouped
calculations. The reason being
duction of wheat in ation has no significance
classification". For example, pro into classes an individual observ
different States of lndia. because when dat a are
in futher calculation. This is so
 7 ~ """-® Economics-11

grouped as 'classes' all values say in a given class 0-10

are grouped with a frequency of say 6 but not their actual Frequency Distribution
values. All values in this class are assumed to be equal C.I. Tally Ban
to the mid value of the class, i.e., 5. 100 - 150 Ill/
Array: 91, 92, 93, 94, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103,
1. 150 - 200 tHI I 6
105, 106, 110, 110, 111, 111, 115, 121 200 - 250 I tH/ tHI III 13
The lowest value is 91 and the highest is 121. We have
to take class interval of 4. The classes will be 90- 94,
250 - 300 I tHI s
' 94 - 98 and so on. 300 - 350 I II 2
C.I. Tally Bars Frequency If= 30 J
90 - 94 Ill 3 (b) (z) Number of families having expenditure
94 - 98 Ill/ 4 than, 250 = 13
98 - 102 /Ill .4 (iz) Number of families having expenditure
102 - 106 II 2 than, 300 = 2
106 - 110 I 1 (iiz) Number of families having expendi1
110 - 114 Ill/ 4 between f 200 and f 300 = 18
114 - 118 I 1 23.. (a) j C.L
118 - 122 I 1. 20-25
l:f = 20 25-30 14
30-35 28
21. Array: 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 19, 20, 22,
35-40 35
23,24,25, 27,29 40-45 20
Exclusive Method 45-50 15
l:f = 120
Wages Tally Bars Frequency
. (b) •· C.I.· Frequency
5-10 II 2 0-10 4
10-15 Ill 3 10-20 6
20-30 20
15-20 /Jl1 Ill 8 30-40 9
40-50 7
20-25 Ill/ 4
50-60 4
25-30 Ill 3 If=SO
24. In the given question, as the class intervals of
:Ef=20
and 4th classes are uniform, i.e., 10 we can
·22. (a). Array: 115, 129, 135, 144, 159, 169, 172, assume that the class-intervals of open-end c.
173, 184, 196, 205, 212, 220, 220, also equal to 10. •
223, 229, 234, 238, 238, 238, 241, This means that the lower limit of the first c:
243, 245, 256, 265, 271, 278, 298, 10 - 10 = 0 and the upper limit of the last cl
310, 335 40 + 10 = 50.

CERT EXERCISES
of tbe followln& alternadves is true? (b) The product of upper clasS Umlt1
c1UI midpoint II equal to: lower class limit.
3)e averqe of the upper class llmlt and (c) The rado of the 1:1pper dlll
~' ,_ ,. . . . . llmlt. lower class limit.
(d) None of the above
•
 Organisatio n of Data 47

4. Explain the 'exclusive' and 'inclusive' methods used

ncy distribution of two variables is
(ii) The tirequ e in classification of data.
known as: Ans. In the classification of raw data, we use •exclusive' and
(a) Univariate -?is~ib~tion •inclusive' methods. Under the exclusive method, the
(b) Bivariate D1str~bu?on. lasses are formed in such a way that the lower limit
(c) Multivariate D1stnbution
:r a class coincides with the upper class limit of the
(ti) None of the above
previous class. For example,
Statistical calculations in classified data are based
(iii)
Class No. of Students
on:
(a) the actual values of observation s. 10-20 , 5
(b) the upper class limits. 20-30 6
(c) the lower class limits. 4
(ti) the class midpoints. 30 40
.
. Under the •inclusive method', both the class lmuts are
(iv) Range is the:
(a) difference between the largest and the parts of the given class. For example,
smallest observations Class No. of students
(b) difference between the smallest and the
10- 19 5
largest observations
(c) average of the largest and the smallest 20-29 6
observations
30-39 4
(ti) ratio of the largest to the smallest observation
_ (ii) (b) (iii) (a)
s. (i) (a)
(iv) (a) It should be observed that there is no continuity
2. Can there be any advantage in classifying things? maintained when the above classes are made, i.e.,
Explain with an example from y_our daily life. there is discontinuity between the upper limit of a
s. There are many advantages in classifying things like: class and the lower limit of the next class.
(a) Classification makes raw data comprehensible.
(b) Classification enables one to locate things easily.
We find a 'gap' of I between the upper limit of a class
(c) Classification facilitates making comparisons. and the lower limit of the next class. So to ensure the
(d) Classification helps in dra'Ying inferences without continuity of the variable we make an adjustment in
any difficulty. the class interval in the following way.
In our daily life, we try to classify our set of clothes,
itemwise in our almirahs so that they can be easily (a) Find the difference between the lower limit of
located. the second class and the upper limit of the first
3. What is a variable? Distinguish between a discrete class (i.e., 20 - 19 = 1).
and a continuous variable. = 0.5
(b) Divide the difference obtained by 2, i.e.,
Ans. A variable is a quantity used to measure an "attribute"
of something or some persons, which can take different (c) Subtract the value obtained, i.e., 0.5 from lower
values in different situations. There are two kinds of limits of all classes (i.e., lower limit - 0.5)
variables - discrete and continuous.
(d) Add the value obtained, i.e., 0.5 to the upper limit
• A discrete variable can take only certain value
whereas a continuous variable can take any of all classes.
numerical value, which may be an integral value, The above adjustment in class-interv al restores the
or a fractional value. continuity of data as shown below.
• A discrete variable would assume values that are
Cius • •No. or Studeaq
only whole numbers whereas continuous variable
may take a fractional value. 9.5 - 19.5 s
• Example of discrete variable - number of students
19.S - 29.S 6
in a class.
Example of continuous variable - weights of the 29.S - 39.S 4
students in a class.
 48 7 ~ ""-"® Economics-11

5. Use the data in Table 3.2 that relate to monthly household expend
iture (in on food of 50 h
(1) Obtai n the range of monthly household expenditure
on food. ouseholds •nd
(ii) Divide _the range into appro priate numb er of class
interv als and obtain the frequenc d
expen diture .
Y lstrn,"'-
(ii,) Find the numb er of households whose monthly expen
diture on food is
(a) less than f 2000
(b) more than f 3000
(c) between f 1500 and f 2500
Table 3.2
Month ly Household Expen diture (in Rupees) on Food of 50 House
holds
1904 1559 3473 1735 2760 2041 1612 1753 1855
5090 1085 1823 2346 1523 1211 1360 1110 2152 1111
1218 1315 1105 2628 2712 4248 1812 1264 1183 11'11
4248 1812 1264 1183 1171 1007 1180 1953 1137 20I
1007 1180 1953 1137 2048 2025 1583 1324 2621 361
1397 1832 1962 2177 2575 1293 1365 1146 3222 131
Ans. (l) Range = Hv - Ly = 5,090 - 1,007 = f 4,083
(ii) Frequency distribution of expenditure of 50 households
Expenditure c.r. c.f.
No. of Households •
(in ') (less than) (more than
1,000 - 2,000 33 33 50
2,000 - 3,000 11 44 17
3,000 - 4,000 3 47 6
4,000 - 5,000 2. 49 3
5,000 - 6,000 1 50 1
Total Lf = 50
(iii) (a) There are 33 households whose monthly expend
iture on food is less than f 2,000.
(b) There are 6 households whose monthly expenditure on
food is more than f 3,000:
. In a city 45 families were surveyed for the numbe r of celf. phones
6 they used. Prepa re a frequency array b
their replies as record ed below.
1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 3 2 2 6 1 6 2 1 5 1 5 3
z 4 2 7 4 2 4 3 4 2 0 3 1 4 3
Frequency Array
Numb er of cell phones Tally Bars No. of fa
0 I 1
I tH1 II 7
2 tH1 tH1 tH1 15
3 tH1 tH1 II 12
4 tH1 s
5 II 2
6 II 2
7 I 1
If== 45
 Organisation of Data 49

!s better organised than raw data which is unorganised

7. What is 'loss of information' in classified data? m nature.
An•· 'Loss of!nfonnation' in classi~ed ~ata. is an in~ere~t • Raw data is unclassified data, which is summarised
hortcoming of frequency d1stnbutton. Whtie 1t and made comprehensible by classification.
:ummarises the raw data by making it c~ncise and • Classification of data enables making comparison
comprehensible but it fails to show the de~1ls that ~re and to draw inferences without any difficulty.
found in raw data. There is thus a loss of mformatton
in classifying raw data, though much is gained b?" 9. Distinguish between •univariate and bivariate
summarising it as a classified data. For example, 1f frequency distribution.
a class 0 - 10 consists of observations 0, 2, 3, 5, Ans. • Univariate frequency distribution is the frequency
9. When these observations are grouped in a class distribution of a single variable whereas Bivariate
o- IO, in the frequency distribution, it provides only the frequency distribution is the frequency distribution
number of units in that class, which is its frequency and of two variables.
is 5 in this case, and not their actual values. • 'Bivariate distribution' is studied in the analysis of
8. Do you agree that classified data is better than raw correlation, which focusses on the relation between
two variables and not one/single variable.
data? Why?
s. Yes, indeed classified data is better than raw data, because
classification brings order in the raw data. Classified data
JO. Prepare a frequency distribution by inclusive method taking class interval of 7 from the following data.
28 17 15 22 29 21 23 27 18 12 7 2 9 4 1 8 3 10 5 20 16 12
8 4 33 27 21 15 3 36 27 18 9 2 4 6 32 31 29 18 14 13 15 11
9 7 1 5 37 32 28 26 24 20 19 25 19 20 6 9
. ;1be l~wCst v_alue is 1 and the highest is 37. We have to take class interval of 7. The various class intervals of 7 on
mclus1ve basts are:
Frequency Distribution

Tally Bars f .
C.I. . , J '

1-7 tH1 tH1 tH1 15

8-14 I
tH1 tH1 II 12

15 -21 tH1 tH1 tH1 I 16

22-28 tH1 Ill/ 9

29-35 tH1 I 6
36-42 II 2
:Ef= 60
11. "The
tt quick
.
.
b rown fox J·umPs over the lazy dog " Examin th •
e ers ID each word. Treating the number of le~ers in a ve . e given sentence carefully and note the number of
s. 1 . ariable, prepare a frequency array for this data.
Freque.ncy Array

Wo.-ds
The
Quick /Jfl 5
Brown /Jfl 5
Fox Ill 3
Jumps /Jfl
Over Ill/
The Ill
Lazy
Dog