GETHICS Reviewer: Ni ALING MYRA

What is Philosophy?
- Philosophy is the love of wisdom, seeking to understand the fundamental nature of reality,
knowledge, and values.
- It helps develop critical thinking, communication skills, and a deeper understanding of the
world.
How to Read Philosophy:
- 5 Steps:
1. Identify the Issues
2. Identify the Author’s Answers
3. Identify the Reasons
4. Evaluate the Reasons
5. Consider Different Perspectives
- Explication: Unravel the author’s position and arguments.
- Elucidation: Sum up the author’s meaning and implications.
- Evaluation: Critically analyze the author’s position, considering your own beliefs and
potential counter-arguments.
Branches of Philosophy:
Axiology: The study of values, including ethics (moral values) and aesthetics (beauty and artistic
values).
Metaphysics: Deals with the nature of reality, existence, and the universe.
Epistemology: The study of knowledge—how we know what we know, and what counts as
knowledge.
Aesthetics: Focuses on beauty, art, and taste, exploring what makes something pleasing or
beautiful.
Logic: Concerned with reasoning and the principles of valid argumentation and critical thinking.
Politics: Studies the nature of power, government, laws, and the role of individuals within
society.
Ethics: Explores moral principles and the distinction between right and wrong behavior.
The Importance of Active Reading
- Don’t just skim: Engage with the text, read slowly, and actively consider the author’s ideas.
- Understand the context: What is the author trying to convince you of?
- Identify the conclusion: What is the main point the author is making?
- Identify the reasons: What arguments are used to support the conclusion?
- Evaluate the reasons: Are the arguments convincing? Do you agree with the author’s logic?
- Consider different perspectives: How might someone with a different background respond to
the author’s conclusions?
Critical Evaluation
- Judge the author’s position: Ask yourself:
- Have I looked to see if every conclusion in the text is well defended?
- Have I thought about how an undefended conclusion could be defended?
- Do I think the arguments for the conclusions are persuasive? Why or why not?
- Can I think of any counter-examples to any assertion made by the author?
- Can I put my finger on exactly what bothers me about what the author says?
- Can I explain where and why I think the author made a mistake?
- Have I thought about how the author might respond to my criticism?
- Have I identified some of my own beliefs that can’t be true if the author is right?
- Is there a conflict between what I believe and what the author says? If so, to avoid being a
hypocrite I must ultimately change my mind or show that the author's reasoning fails in some
way.

CHAPTER 2
I. Moral Standards and Rules
Moral Experience:
- Definition: Moral experience encompasses our sense of values being realized or thwarted in
everyday life. It includes our interpretations of encounters that fall on spectrums of right-wrong,
good-bad, or just-unjust.
Varieties of Moral Experience:
Moral Perception: Involves using our senses to perceive moral situations.
Moral Emotions: Include both positive (gratitude, respect, admiration) and negative (shame,
guilt, indignation) emotions that are morally significant.
Moral Judgment: Involves forming opinions about the morality of actions, character, or
institutions.
Moral Deliberation: The process of considering reasons for and against different moral
propositions.
Moral Agency: Exercising our capacity to act morally, including making decisions, planning,
and striving towards moral goals.
Moral vs. Non-Moral Standards:
Moral Standards: Universal principles aimed at promoting a harmonious and good life,
applicable to all human acts. Examples include: “Do unto others what you want others do unto
you,” “killing innocent people is wrong.”
Non-Moral Standards: Specific rules or preferences that apply to particular groups or
situations. Examples include: table etiquette, grammar rules, policies, laws, rubrics.
Importance of Ethics: Ethics provides a framework for guiding our actions, reflecting on life’s
ultimate questions, and examining our values and priorities.
II. Moral Act and Dilemma
Amoral: An act that is neither morally good nor morally bad.
Moral: An act that conforms to moral standards.
Immoral: An act that violates moral standards.
Moral Dilemma: A situation where a person must choose between two possible alternatives,
both with potentially negative consequences.
III. Human Acts and Responsibility
Human Act: A free, voluntary, and deliberate action done with knowledge and consent.
Essential Elements:
A. Knowledge: Understanding the nature and consequences of the act.
 B. Freedom of the Will: The ability to choose between different options.
C. Voluntariness: Acting intentionally and willingly.
D. Acts of Man: Bodily actions performed without deliberation or will.

INSTRUCTION: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement is
wrong.
1. “Philosophy” is derived from two Greek words; namely, ‘philos’ and ‘sophos’ which means
wisdom and love; respectively.
2. Philosophy is, in a sense, escapable since life confronts every thoughtful person with some
philosophical questions, and nearly everyone is guided by philosophical assumptions.
3. Philosophical training enhances our problem-solving capacities, our abilities to under- stand,
express ideas and persuade.
4. Philosophy guarantees wisdom, leadership, and an excellent guide for our counterfeit
existence
5. Philosophy helps one gain better self-knowledge, better foresight, and a better sense of
direction in life.

Choose the correct answer

1. This deals with the principles, structures, and meanings that underlie all observable reality. It
seeks to understand the nature of reality.
A. Ontology. b. Cosmology C. Metaphysics
2. This is the study of the origin and development of the universe. It is also a study of the fate of
the universe.
a. Ontology. b. Cosmology. C. Metaphysics
3. This is the theory of knowledge. It deals with the possibilities and limits of human knowledge.
a. Ontology. b. Epistemology. C. Cosmology
4. This is the study of Being in general. It also deals with concepts about essence and existence.
a. Ontology. b. Epistemology. C. Cosmology
5. This is the justification of the divine goodness and providence in view of the existing evil.
a. Logic. b. Theodicy. C. Aesthetics
6. This concerns with the nature of beauty, the arts, and taste or appreciation.
a. Logic. b. Theodicy. C. Aesthetics
7. This deals with human behavior, morality, and responsibilities of people to each other and to
society.
a. Theodicy. b. Axiology C. Ethics
8. This deals with human values.
a. Theodicy. b. Axiology. C. Ethics
9. This is defined as the science and art of correct thinking or valid argumentation.
a. Logic. b. Theodicy. C. Aesthetics
10. This studies Perception, Memory, Reason, and Testimony.
a. Aesthetics. b. Epistemology. C. Cosmology