Physics 2024

Explanation
&Exercises

Second secondary class

Second Term

1
 fluid

Materials that are characterized by their ability to flow and do not take a specific shape,
such as liquids and gases

Gases are distinguished from liquids in that they are easily compressible,
because gases do not have a fixed volume

But liquids resist almost any pressure on them

because they have a fixed volume
Therefore, fluids are characterized by incompressible
streamlined motion
Liquids have a specific volume, while gases occupy
any space in which they are located.
Density

Density: is the mass of a unit volume of a substance

Density =
ρ =

Density Dimensions Formula : M.L-3

Measuring unit: kg/m3
2
What are the factors on which density depends?!!

1- The atomic weight of the element or the molecular weight of the compound
2- The distances between atoms or molecules

graphic relationship

The mass of the substance and the

volume of the same substance
Slope = = ρ

Give reasons …….?!!

Density of a pure substance does not change with the change in mass or volume from
which it is taken
Because density is a distinctive property of matter, its value is constant when pressure
and temperature are constant
When does the density of matter change?!

1- type of material
2- The degree of purity of the substance,
the percentage of impurities contained in the substance
3- temperature
4- Pressure in the case of gases because the volume of the gas changes with the change
in pressure when the mass and temperature are fixed

next table
Represents the different masses of
matter x and the volumes of those masses
m ( kg) 2 3 4 6 7
Vol ( m3) 4 6 8 12 14
ρ ........... ........... ........... ........... ...........
A- Draw the graph between the density of the substance on the vertical axis and the
volume of the substance on the horizontal axis
b- Draw the graph between the density of the substance on the vertical axis and the
mass of the substance on the horizontal axis

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 Relative density of a substance (specific weight)
It is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at the same
temperature
The ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to the mass of the same
volume of water at the same temperature

density (specific weight) =

density (specific weight) =

1- When two or more substances are mixed:

A- Mass of the mixture = the sum of the masses of the materials before mixing
m ( mixture) = m 1 + m 2 + …………..

( ρ Vol ) mixture= ρ 1 ( Vol ) 1 + ρ 2 ( Vol ) 2

b- The volume of the mixture = the sum of the

volumes of the materials before mixing
( Vol ) mixture= ( Vol ) 1+ ( Vol ) 2

2-Density of a substance =
its relative density x 1000

3-If
If the term relative density is not mentioned,
then density is considered absolute
4-If
If a piece of metal is placed in a graduated
cylinder filled with water to its mouth,
The water is spilling from the lab
The volume of the coin
= the volume of the spilled water
The volume of spilled water can be calculated
with a given information Density and mass
5-To
To calculate the volume of a hollow body
Hollow body volume = outer volume - inner volume
The density of the hollow body is determined by the
relationship:

ρ =
( ) ( )

6- To calculate the density of a mixture with volume change during mixing:

( ) ( )
ρ =
( )

Where R is the ratio between the volume of the mixture and the sum of the volumes of
the components of the mixture

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Give reasons …….?!!
Relative density has no units to distinguish it
Because it is a ratio between two identical quantities.

Density applications

1- Measuring the density of the electrolyte solution in a car battery

When the electric charge is discharged from the battery,
the density of the electrolyte (dilute sulfuric acid) decreases.
As a result of its consumption in its interaction with
lead plates and the formation of lead sulfate.
- When the battery is recharged, the sulfate is released from the lead plates, and
returns to the solution again, so the density increases,
And through the density of the acid can infer the extent of the battery charge.
2- In medical sciences: measuring the density of blood and urine
As the blood density in the normal state ranges
from 1040 kg/m3 to 1060 kg/m3

If the density is higher than this value

this indicates an increase in the concentration of blood cells

If you say about this value, this indicates a decrease

in the concentration of blood cells, and this indicates anemia.

The usual density of urine is 1020 kg/m 3 .

There are some diseases that lead to an increase in the secretion of salts, and this leads
to a corresponding increase in the density of urine.

What does that mean?!!

1- Density of mercury = kg/m313600
This means that the mass of a unit volume of mercury = 13600 kg
2- Relative density (specific weight) of aluminum = 2.7
This means that the ratio between the density of aluminum to the density of water at
the same temperature = 2.7
Notes
Density of the substance = the density of the substance numerically when the unit of
density is g/cm3
Density of the substance (g/cm3) =
relative density x 1000 (density of water in kg/m3)

Density unit conversions

To convert from kg/m3 to gm/cm3, we multiply by 10-3
To convert from gm/cm3 to kg/m3, we multiply by 103
1 liter = 1000 cm3 = 10-3 m3

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 floating and density

1- A body floats on the surface of water if its

density is less than the density of water

2- A body is suspended in water when its

density is greater than the density of water

3- The body sinks in water when its density

is greater than the density of water

1-If the relative density of wood is 0.6 , then the density and mass of wood are 100 cm3 ......
The density of the wood is kg/m3 A block of wood has a volume of 100 cm 3 =..... kg
a 600 0.06
B 0.6 3.6
c 600 0.6
D 0.6 600

2-If the volume of 0.5m3 of it has a mass of 1350 kg The density and relative density of
aluminium ..............
The density of aluminum is kg/ m3 Relative density of aluminium ..............
a 2700 27
B 2.7 2700
c 2700 2.7
D 27 2.7

3-A metal container whose mass when empty is 6kg and its mass when it is filled with
water is 56kg and its mass when filled with glycerin is 69kg The relative density of
glycerine is ………
a 1.26 B 1.4 c 12.9 D 0.14

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4-0.5 liter capacity contains a mixture of two liquids whose relative densities are 1.8 and
0.8, respectively. If the volume of the first liquid is 0.2 liter The relative density of the
mixture will be …………. , since the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , noting that the
volume of the two liquids did not change when mixed.
a 1.4 B 1400 c 0.7 D 700

5-If a mass of it has a volume of 0.1m 3 is 270 kg , then the density and relative density of
aluminium
The density of aluminum is kg/ m3 Relative density of aluminium ..............
a 2700 27
B 2.7 2700
c 2700 2.7
D 27 2.7

6-a tank is filled with gasoline, its relative density is 0.72 , and the capacity of the tank is
60 liters and its empty mass 10 kg , gasoline mass is ……………… kg
a 53.2 B 53.5 c 7.2 D 7.5

7-A metal container has a mass of 3 kg empty , its mass when it is filled with water 50 kg
and its mass when it is filled with oil 40 kg The relative density of the oil and the
volume of the container is ........................
The relative density of the oil ...... The volume of the vessel is .......... m 3
a 7.87 4.7
B 7.5 47
c 0.787 0.047
D 0.787 4.7

8-A container whose mass is empty 40 gmand its mass when it is filled with water 80
gmand its mass when it is filled with a liquid 70 gmAt the same temperature the density
and relative density of the liquid is ………………
The density of the liquid is kg/ m3 The relative density of the liquid ..............
a 750 750
B 7.5 750
c 7.5 7.5
D 750 0.75

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9-A tank can hold 180 kg of water or 120 kg of gasoline at the same temperature . Which
of the following is correct?
The relative density of gasoline The density of gasoline is kg/m3 Tank volume in liters
a 0.666 666 18
B 0.333 333 1.8
c 0.666 666 180
D 0.333 666 90

10-alloy of gold and quartz has a mass of 0.4 kg and its relative density is 6.4 If the
relative density of gold is 19.3 , and that of quartz is 2.6 The mass of gold and quartz in
the alloy is ………………..
Gold nugget ......... kg Mass quartz ......... kg
a 0.27 0.4
B 0.13 0.2
c 0.27 0.13
D 0.13 0.2

11-A piece of aluminum and copper has a mass 400 gmand relative density of 5.2 The mass
of aluminum in the ingot is ......................... kg Note that the relative density of
aluminum and copper is 7.1 and 2.7 respectively
a 0.00896 B 0.896 c 8.96 D 89.6

12-Liquids A and B have relative densities, respectively , of 0.6 and 1.6 The required
volume of each of them to obtain a mixture of one liter and a relative density of 1.2
......................
The volume of liquid A = ...... cm3 Liquid volume B = ...... cm3
a 600 400
B 900 400
c 300 300
D 600 300

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13-One liter jar Filled with two liquids B and A, the relative density of them together is 1.5
. If you know that the relative density of liquid A is 0.9 and that of liquid B is 1.8 , the
volume of each of them in the mixture will be ........................
Liquid volume A = ...... liters Liquid volume B = ...... liters
a 0.667 1
B 0.333 1.8
c 0.667 0.333
D 0.333 0.111

14-Calculate the mass of a cube of glass, the side length of which is 2 cm, and the density of
the glass is 2.6 g/cm3
a 20.8 B 5.2 c 5.1 D 41.6

15-The volume of a piece of aluminum with a mass of 27 g and a density of 2.7 g/cm3 =
......... cm
a 10 B 100 c 0.001 D 1000

16-In an experiment to practically determine the density of

a liquid if: The mass of the empty tube = 75 g The mass
of the tube with liquid in it = 135 g The volume of the liquid
= 100 cm3 The mass of the liquid is............... and the density
of the liquid is...............
Liquid mass = ...... kg The density of the liquid is kg/ m3
a 60 0.6
B 75 600
c 0.06 600
D 60 0.6

17-A piece of copper with a mass of 176 g was immersed in

a volume Known from the water informer The scale of the
rise of the surface of the water, as in the figure , the density
of copper is ......And the volume of the piece of copper = ….
The size of the piece of The density of copper is
copper cm3 kg/ m3
a 20 8800
B 0.000002 8.8
c 0.00002 8800
D 20 8.8

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18-in the corresponding fig
If the volumes of spheres X and Y are the same, then the mass of the X
sphere is the mass of the Y sphere
a less than B Greater than c Equal

19-corresponding graph
Explains the relationship between the mass of several glass slides and
the volume of each of them 1000 kg/m3 of water The relative density
of the glass .......................
a 2.5 B 250 c 25 D 1.25

20-What
What are the units of measurement for density?
a Nm 3 B g.mm -1 c kg. m -3 D g.cm -3

21-If
If we consider that the space occupied by one atom of gold in a cube whose side length
is 2.57 x 10 -8 cm , if we know that the density of gold is 19300 kg /m3 , then the mass of
the gold atom = ............... .kg _
a 3.3 x 10 -28 B 3.3 x 10 -25 c 1.3 x 10 -20 D 1.3 x 10 -17

22-The
The ratio of the density of the electrolyte solution in the car battery after discharging
the electrical charge from the battery to its density after recharging the battery
.............. the correct one
a less than B Greater than c Equal

23- Mixing a liquid whose density ρand volume is Vol with another liquid whose density
2ρand volume is 2 Vol , and if you know that the volume of the mixture is equal to the
sum of the volumes of the two liquids before mixing, then the density of the mixture is
in terms of = ..........
- a - 2ρ b ρ c - ρ d 0.5 ρ

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24-The
The graph that represents the relationship between the mass of solid pieces of iron and
the density of iron at a constant temperature is ......

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C Dr Figure d

25-corresponding graph
It shows the relationship between the mass of a group of matter
of the same volume vol and the density ρ of thisSo, the value of
Vol is ............ cm 3
a 10 B 20
c 30 D 40

26-corresponding fig
It shows four beakers, each with a liquid and a recorder
Below each tester is the mass of liquid present In the
testerand all the testers are in a room with a temperature
of 25 o C , the two testers They contain the same fluid.
a A,D B BC
c A,C D D,B

27-corresponding figure
x and the other made of x, have equal mass Of metal y So if all
the balls are solid and have the same size as in the figure The
ratio between the densities of the two minerals …………
a 3/5 B 5/3 c 1/1 D 8/3

28-Two
Two metal spheres, the first of radius r and its material density ρ, and the second of
radius 2r and its material density 2ρ , then the ratio between the mass of the two
spheres = ..................
a 0.5 B 0.25 c 0.125 D 0.0625

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29-corresponding figure
If you know that the volume of the cylinder must be from The
relationship π r2 h The figure shows a cylinder and a cube Both
of them are solid iron So the ratio of the mass of the cube to the
mass of the cylinder = ..........
a- b- c- d

30-A
A metal alloy with a mass of 750 g if 60% of its mass is made of magnesium whose
density is 1.7 g.cm -3 and the rest is made of copper whose density is 9 g.cm -3. If you
know that the density of water is 1 g/cm -3 , then the relative density of the alloy
material is equal to Approximately ..............
a 2.5 B 4.6 c 5.4 D 10.7

A graduated cylinder containing 40 cm3 of glycerin, whose density is 1.26 g/cm 3 , to

31-A
which a quantity of water of density 1 g/cm3 was added, so the density of the mixture
was 1.1 g/cm 3. Assuming that the mixing process does not cause a change in the total
volume of the two liquids, the volume of water added = ............ cm3
a 40 B 44 c 52 D 64

32-corresponding figure
If you know that the two axes are drawn to the same scale The figure
shows the graphical relationship between a groupOf the masses of two
substances x, y and the volume of each The ratio between the densities
of the two substances .............
...........

a b c √ d √
√ √

33-corresponding figure
If you know that the density of iron is 7.8 g /cm3 How many grams of
iron are needed to make a hollow ball half ? inner diameter 15 cm
radius outer 25 cm as the figure?
a 400.4 B 200.2 c 100.1 D 0.4004

34-You
You mix two equal masses of two liquids that do not react together. If the densities of
the two liquids are ρ and 3ρ, then the density of the mixture = ...............
a 2ρ b ρ c ρ d 0.5 ρ

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1-Explain the following statements
a-Anemia
Anemia can be detected by measuring blood density
b-Some
Some can be diagnosed by measuring the density of urine

2-Depending
Depending on the concept of density, how do you know if the car battery is charged
or not?

3-In
In a scientific exam, a group of students
students estimated the relative density of oil.
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Marwan's answer was 0.8 kg/m and Walid's answer was 0.8. Which of the two
students answered correctly? And why?

4-corresponding figure
1000 cm3 each of them is iron
It has a mass of 7.9 kg and the other one is aluminum and
has a mass of 2.7 kg Calculate the density of iron and
aluminum Mention the reason for the different densities
of each of the two cubes

5-If
If you have two identical buckets, one filled with water and the other filled with oil,
which of them will require more force from you to lift it up?
the earth? Explain your answer, noting that ρwater < ρoil

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pressure at point

It is the average force perpendicular to the unit area surrounding that point

pressure standard amount

Relationship pressure:
P =
A surface area F, acting force
Pressure unit : (newtons/m2) - kg. m-1 . s-2 = J/m3 = ( N/m2 )
Pressure dimension formula : M.L-1.T-2

What are the factors on which pressure depends at a point?!!

1- the effective force

2- The space around the point

Note

If the force acting is perpendicular to

the surface P =
If the acting force makes an angle θ
with the surface P =
If the acting force makes an angle θ with the
perpendicular to the surface P =
Give reasons ….. ?!!
1- Make the knitting needle so that it has a pointed tip
Because the smaller the area, the greater the pressure
The pressure resulting from the tip of the needle increases, and it penetrates easily into
objects

2- It is preferable to increase the number of tires and the width of tires used in heavy
transport vehicles
In order to increase the total contact area of the tires with the road, the pressure caused
by the weight of the vehicle decreases

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3- The pressure exerted by a girl wearing pointed heels on the ground may be greater than
the pressure exerted by an elephant on the ground
Because the ratio of the girl's weight (force) to the area of contact with her pointed
shoes may be greater than the ratio of the elephant's weight (force) to the total area of
contact for the elephant's four feet

Pressure Apps

1- Systolic and diastolic pressure:

Blood is a viscous fluid that is pumped through a complex system of arteries and veins
By a muscular effect of the heart, and the flow of blood through the body is usually a
calm flow.
When the flow of blood is disturbed, it is accompanied by noise, and this person is
considered sick
It is easy to feel this noise through the stethoscope when placed on the artery
This happens when blood pressure is measured
There are two values for blood pressure:

Systolic pressure:
When the arterial blood pressure is at its maximum value,

When does it happen?!!

When the heart muscle contracts and blood rushes from the left ventricle to the aorta
and then into the arteries.

Diastolic pressure:
The arterial blood pressure is at its lowest when the heart muscle is relaxed.

When does it happen?!!

When the heart muscle relaxes.

Note: In a healthy person, the systolic pressure is 120 torr

and the diastolic pressure is 80 torr

2-Measuring the air pressure inside the car tire

A car tire is filled with air under high pressure, so the contact area with the road is as
little as possible, but if the tire is filled under low pressure, the contact area between the
road and the tire increases......... What are the consequences for?!!
This increases friction and overheats the tire

The air pressure inside the tire can be measured with an air pressure gauge.

What does that mean?!!

1- Pressure difference in a car tire = 5 atmospheres
That is, the pressure inside the tire = 6 atmospheres (the pressure inside the tire is 5
atmospheres higher than the atmospheric pressure)
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 2- Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.013 bar
This means that the weight of the column of atmospheric air affecting the unit area at
sea level and its height until the end of the atmosphere = 1.013 × 105 Newtons.
3 - systolic pressure 120 Tor
This means that the maximum value of the blood pressure in the artery when the heart
muscle contracts = 120 torr
4- diastolic pressure = 80 torr
This means that the lowest value of the blood pressure in the artery when the heart
muscle relaxes = 80 torr

1-The following shapes represent four identical cubes placed in four different ways on
a surface, so the shape is ...... in which the surface is affected by the greatest pressure

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C Dr Figure d

2-The following figures represent flat surfaces of different sizes, each of which is affected
by a different force.

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

3-corresponding fig
The pressure produced by the weight of the person in
Figure 1 ...... the pressure producedAbout the person's
weight in Figure 2
a greater than B less than c Equal

16
4-cube of side length 10 cm and a cuboid of the same material have dimensions 10 cm, 20
cm, and 30 cm The area of the face of the rectangular prism on which it is placed The
resulting pressure cubed on a surface = ............ cm2
a 0.6 B 0.06 c 6 D 600

5-The base of a fish tank with an area of 1000 cm 2 If the tank contains water with a
weight of 400 Newtons d , the pressure of the water on the base of the tank =
....................... N/m2
a 4x10 -4 B 0.4x10 -4 c 0.4 D 40

6-A rectangular cuboid made of a material with a density of 2700 kg/m3 and its dimensions
10 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm respectively. A flat horizontal table is placed as in the drawing,
noting that g = 10 m/s2 If .......................
Pressure on the table N/m2 The rectangular cuboid that causes Greatest pressure
a 2700 10cm x 20cm
B 27 10cm x 25cm
c 0.0027 10cm x 20cm
D 2700 20cm x 25cm

7-If the pressure on the ground resulting from a girl standing with her feet on the ground
is 2.5 x10 5 N/m 2 The pressure on the ground when the same girl stands on one foot =
… N/m 2
a 7.5 x 10 4 B 2.5 x 10 5 c 5 x 10 5 D 10 6

8-A block of brick has dimensions ( 12, 25, 50 ) cm and its material density is 1800 kg/m3
Calculate its maximum and minimum pressure when placed on a flat surface (g = 10
m/s2)
Max pressure N/m2 Minimum pressure N/m2
a 9000 2160
B 900 450
c 2160 900
D 2160 900

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9-An iron cuboid has dimensions m ( 0.5, 2, 3 ) and its material density is 7850 kg/m3
If it is placed on a flat surface , then ............
Max pressure N /m2 Minimum pressure N/m2
a 235,500 39250
B 2355 1123
c 235,500 39.25
D 23550 3925

10-A cuboid has dimensions ( 5 , 10, 20 ) and its material density is 5000 kg/m3. If it is
placed on a flat surface , then ...............
Max pressure N/m2 Minimum pressure N/m2
a 10,000 100
B 25,000 2500
c 250,000 10,000
D 10,000 250

11-Pressure is measured in …………..

a Kg.s -2 B Kg.m -1 .s -2 c Nm -1 D Nm-2

12-Figure ………… The pressure exerted by the child on the ground is as low as possible

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

13-The ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure in a healthy person is ………………..

a 1 B 0.5 c 0.667 D 1.5

14-A submarine contains circular windows with a diameter of 0.3 m each. If the maximum
external pressure that the window can withstand without breaking is 660 kPa , then the
least external force sufficient to shatter the windows is …………... N
a 40 x 10 3 B 47 x 10 3 c 90 x 10 3 D 120 x 10 3

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15-A person weighing w stands with his feet on the ground. If the area of contact of each
foot with the ground is A , then the person exerts pressure on the ground = ...................
a b c d

16-corresponding figure
Two open and adjacent boxes, the first in the form of a cube
and the second in the form of a parallelepiped The rectangles
are the ratio between the acting force arising from atmospheric
pressure on each base From the inside of the two boxes
= ……
a 1 B 0.5 c 0.333 D 0.25

17-corresponding figure
metal cylinder of height x and cross-sectional area A is placed on
a horizontal surface If the pressure exerted by the cylinder is P ,
then the density of the material of the cylinder is............
(Note that the earth's gravitational acceleration = 10 m/s2 )
a b c d

18-corresponding figure
It shows both the base area and the height of a group of
blocks placed on a horizontal plane So if the blocks are S
QZ It is made of the same material and its material density
Is half that of the T block Which of the following two
masses affects the plane with the same pressure?!! .............
a T,Z B T,Q c S,Q D T,S

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what happens ?!!
When you push a piece of cork under the surface of the water and then leave it
We find that the cork piece rises to the surface of the water again.
From that we find that
The water pushes the submerged piece of cork upward with a certain force. This force
arises from the difference in water pressure on this piece.
piece

At any point in the interior of a liquid, we find

f that:
1- Pressure affects in any direction.
2- The direction of pressure (force) on a given surface is perpendicular to the surface.
3- Pressure on the surface of an object = pressure on the surface of a volume of liquid
equal to the volume and shape of the submerged object.
4- Pressure on an object is the same as pressure on a volume of liquid if the object is not
put in its place.
That is, the fluid that was occupying the place of the body is affected by two forces:
Weight down.
The pressure of the surrounding
urrounding fluid. (The deeper the liquid, the higher the pressure.)

Calculating pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid

Suppose we have a horizontal plate of area (A) m2 at a depth of (h) m

uid whose density is ρ (kg/m3)
below the surface of a liquid
This plate acts as a base for a column of liquid.
The force that the fluid exerts on the plate X is equal to the weight
of a column of fluid with a height h and a cross-sectional area A
since the fluid is incompressible
The force resulting from the pressure of the liquid must be balanced with
the weight of the column of liquid whose height is h
Volume of this liquid = Ah
mass of liquid = Vol ρ = A h ρ

The weight of the liquid Fg Newton shall be given by the relationship:F

relationship:Fg = ρ g h A

The pressure of the liquid P on the plate must be given by the relationship:
P = F/A
P =(A h ρ g)/A
P = ρhg

Since the pure surface of the liquid is exposed to atmospheric pressure Pa,
the total (absolute) pressure is P = Pa + ρ h g
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What are the factors on which pressure depends at a point in the interior of a liquid?!!

1- point depth (h)

2- Liquid density ( ρ )
3- The acceleration due to gravity (g)

The pressure is directly proportional to these factors

pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid

The weight of a column of liquid whose base area is 1 m2 and its height is the vertical
distance between the point and the surface of the liquid

Important notes

1- All points in one horizontal plane in a liquid have

the same pressure.
2- The height of the liquid is equal in the multi-part
containers (the cross-sectional containers).
3-Provided that the base is at the same level, so the sea
level is the same
For all the seas connected to each other
4- The pressure increases with increasing depth:
Therefore, dams are built so that they are thicker from the bottom to withstand the
increase in pressure.
5- The pressure is at a point in the inside of the vessel, a great end when the vessel is open
6- The pressure difference between two points in a liquid interior = zero when the two
points are in one horizontal plane.

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The compressive force exerted by a liquid placed in a regular container section on:
One of the vertical sides of the bowl the bottom of the pot
calculated from the relationship
F = PA F = PA
where F is the average force acting on Where P is the pressure at the bottom
the side of the container of the container
P is the pressure at the bottom of the A is the area of the bottom of the
container container
A vertical side area
F = ρ g h A = ρgh A F = ρ g A = ρ g V ol

What does that mean?!!

1- pressure at point 3000 N/m2
This means that the average force acting perpendicular to the unit area surrounding
that point = 3000 N
2- The pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid, 2000 N/m2
This means that the average force acting perpendicular to the unit area surrounding
that point = 2000 N
Or the weight of a column of liquid whose base area is 1 m2 and its height is the vertical
dimension between the point and the surface of the liquid = 2000 N
3- The force acting perpendicular to the unit area of a surface is 5x105N
This means that the pressure at that point = 5 x 10 5 N / m2
Mention the scientific reason...........?!!
1- Dams are built so that they are thicker from the bottom.
The pressure increases with increasing depth to withstand the increase in pressure
2- The total pressure affecting the cabin or door of a submarine = ρ g h only
Because the pressure inside the submarine is equal to
3- The pressure does not stop at a point in the interior of a liquid in the shape of the
container in which the liquid is placed
That
at is, it does not depend on the area of the vessel section.
4- The tires of transport vehicles shall be wide (the screws shall have pointed teeth).
Because pressure is inversely proportional to area
5- The surface of the water in the open seas and oceans shall have one horizontal
surface
Because the pressure is determined from the relationship P=ρgh and the points in one
plane have the same depth h and the liquid is homogeneous with the same density, so
the pressure becomes equal

connecting vessels

A group of pots of different shapes connected together via

a common horizontal base
idea
The pressure is equal at all points in a plane
Horizontal one in the interior of a homogeneous static fluid That is,
the pressure at points A, B.C, and D is equal Thus, the liquid rises
by the same amount, regardless of
the geometry Provided that the base of the pots is in a horizontal plane

22
 normal atmospheric pressure
The pressure created by the weight of a column of mercury 0.76 m high and 1 square
meter cross-sectional is equivalent to at zero degrees Celsius.

Numerically estimate the value of atmospheric pressure...

 Pa = gh
Pa = gh = 13595 × 9.81 × 0.76
Pa = 1.013 × 105 N/ m2

Pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid

1- If the liquid is not exposed to atmospheric pressure P = ρ gh

2- If the fluid is exposed to atmospheric pressure P = ρgh + Pa

Calculating blood pressure at a point in the human body

A - in the brain
P = Pheart - ρgh1
P heart: the pressure of blood leaving the heart
ρgh1: pressure of the column of blood whose
length is between the heart and the brain
b- the foot
P = Pheart - ρgh2
ρgh2: pressure of the column of blood whose length is between the heart and the foot

1-A submarine that is horizontally stable in the depths of the sea, the pressure inside it
is equivalent to normal atmospheric pressure 1.013 x 10 5 N/m2, the density of sea water
is 1030 kg/m3, and the acceleration of gravity = 9.8 m/s2
1- The force acting on a circular window of the submarine's windows with a radius of
21 cm and its center at a depth of 50 m at sea level
2- Compressive force vertically downward on a horizontal board at the same level as
the grating, rectangular in shape, 3m long and 1m wide
3- The resultant force on both sides of the board
answer

1- P = Pa + ρ 1 gh 1 water- Pa = 50 x 1030 x 9.8 = 5.047 x 10 5 N/m 2

F = PA = P πr 2 = 5.047X10 5 x x(0.21) 2 = 69.9x10 2 N
2- P = Pa + ρ 1 gh 1 water= 1.013 x 10 5 + 5.047 x 10 5 = 6.06 x 10 5 N/m 2
3- zero =The resultant force

23
 2-corresponding fig
a- State the reason why the hard disk does not separate from the
tube
b- Calculate the height of the oil to be poured into the tube Hard
disk The hard disk is about to detach
Note that the density of oil = 800 kg/m3 and density1000 kg/m3 of
water
c- Compare the pressure at points A and B after applying the oil,
noting that the two pointsin one horizontal plane with reasoning
answer

The hard disk did not separate from the tube because the pressure at the bottom of the
disk =Pa + ρghw
And the pressure at the bottom of the disc, Pa , so the pressure at the bottom of the disc
is greater than the pressure at the top of the disc
For a disc to be about to separate it must be:
Oil pressure above the disc = water pressure below the disc
=
800 x h = 1000 x 0.5
h = 0.625 m

3-corresponding figure
A fish moves horizontally in a straight line below
a surfacewater Draw the graphical relationship
between the applied pressureon the body of the fish
P and the horizontal distance thatThe fish moves X

1-corresponding graph
It represents the relationship between the pressure at a point in the
interior of a liquid and the depth of the point above the surface of
the liquid for two liquidsDifferent A, B Which of the following is correct?
Point C represents ……….. The most dense liquid...
a Atmospheric pressure B
B liquid pressure a A
c liquid pressure B B
Dr Atmospheric pressure A

24
2-corresponding graph
It represents the graphical relationship between the pressure and
the depth of the liquid in two different densities , A and B
Which of the following choices is correct?
Closed vessel ............. The most dense liquid...
a B B
B B A
c A B
D A A

3-corresponding graph
Liquids A, B, and C have different densities and point depths Arrange
liquids in descending order according to their density If ...................
a C>B>A B C<B<A
c B = A = C Dr C > A = C

4-A cuboid-shaped container with base dimensions of 2m by 3m

filled with Water depth of 0.8 m . Then I poured a layer of oil
that floated above the surface of the water, and it was the thickness
of thisLayer 1m So if you know that the relative density of oil is 0.8
and the gravitational acceleration10m/s2 , the density of water is
1000 kg/m 3 , and the atmospheric pressure is 1.013 x 105 N/m 2 If ..................
Pressure on the bottom of the The total force acting on the bottom of the
container N/m 2 container =..... N
a 117300 703800
B 1173 7038
c 117300 7038
D 1173 70380

5-A basin containing salty water, its density is 1030 kg/m3 if the cross-sectional area of the
basin is 1000 cm 2 and the height of the water is 1 meter, and the surface of the water in
the basin is exposed to atmospheric air, the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 , and
the atmospheric pressure is 1.013x10 5 N/m2 The total compressive forces acting on the
bottom of a basin ....................... N
a 1.116 x 10 4 B 1.116 x 10 5 c 1.116 x 10 6 D 1.116 x 10 2

25
6-A
A layer of water 100 cm thick floats on top of a layer of mercury 20 cm thick The
difference in pressure between two points, one at the surface of the water and the other
at the bottom of the layer of mercury = ........... N/m2 knowing that g = 10 m/s2 and the
density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3 And the density of water is 1000 kg/m3
a 37200 B 372 c 3.7 D 3720

7-A
A submarine that dives into sea water to its maximum specified depth, which is
100m,The pressure inside is maintained so that it is equivalent to atmospheric pressure
. The force acting on the door of its cabin is ...................... N if its diameter = 8 cm ,
given that g = 10 m/s2 and the density of sea water is 1030 kg/m3
a 51,794 B 1,030,000 c 517940 D 10300

8-corresponding figure
A ship floats on the surface of the water with a letter if the points
A, B, C lie They are all below sea level.
a P A < P B < P C B P A = P B > PC
c P A < P B > P C D P A = P B = PC

9-The
The water pressure at the bottom of the High Dam lake that affects the dam body
depends on ...............
a water surface area B Dam length
c water depth D The density of the sealing material

10-The
The pressure at a point in the interior of a homogeneous, stationary liquid placed in a
container has all of the following characteristics except that it is …………
a It affects in all directions
B It always acts perpendicular to the surface of the container it contains
c It does not depend on the shape of the vessel it contains
D It depends on the surface area surrounding that point

26
11-corresponding figure
It shows the graphical relationship between the pressure P at a point In
the bottom of a liquid placed in a closed container and distance vertical
h between the position of the point and the surface of the liquid For three
liquids C, B and A, then........
a PC<PB<PA B PC>PB>PA
c P C < P A < P B D P A = P B > PC

12-corresponding figure
lake with water, the graph expressing the relationship between
water pressure P at points 1, 2 and 3And the depth of these
points h from the surface of the water is …………..

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

13-corresponding figure
Two containers, one containing fresh water and the other
salty water if you know the density of waterSalty water is
greater than the density of fresh water, so the greatest
pressure is at point ………….
a A B B c C D D

14-corresponding figure
Three different containers placed on a horizontal surface and
filled to the same level with water And they all have the same
base area. Which of the following statements is correct?!!
a The pressure at the surface of the water in vessel A represents the
greater the pressure as the greater the cross-sectional
cross area of the vessel
B The pressure created at the base of vessel A repr
represents the greatest
pressure for the vessel to hold the largest amount of water
c The pressure created at the base of the three vessels is equal
D The pressure on the side of vessel A at a given depth is greater than the
pressure on the sides of each of the other vessels at the same depth

27
15-For a submarine that is stationary at a depth of 400 m below the surface of sea water
with a density of 1025 kg/m 3 , the pressure on the upper surface of the submarine is
............. N/m 2 (g = 10 m/s2 , Pa = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m2 )
a 4.1 x 10 5 B 4.1 x 10 6 c 4.2 x 10 2 D 2.05 x 10 6

16-If the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 100 kPa and the density of sea water is 1020
kg/m 3 , at what depth from sea level is the total pressure 110 kPa ? ........................ m( g
= 10 m/s2 )
a 1 B 9.8 c 10 D 11

17-A tank in the form of a cube open from the top with a side length of 100 cm . Water was
poured into it to a height of 20 m . Then oil was added to it until the surface of the oil
became at a height of 80 cm from the base of the pot. Oil = ................... N/m2
(ρ oil = 900 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , Pa = 1.013 x 105 N/m 2 )
a 2x10 3 B 5.4x10 3 c 7.4x10 3 D 9.2x10 3

18-corresponding figure
Three containers, each containing a liquid of height h ,
placed in one horizontal planeThe vessel in which it is:
a-The weight of the liquid is equal to the force of pressure
on the base of the container.
a 1 B 2 c 3 D 2 and 3

b-The weight of the liquid is greater than the force of pressure on the base of the
container.
a 1 B 2 c 3 D 1 and 2

c-The weight of the liquid is less than the force of pressure on the base of the container.
a 1 B 2 c 3 D 1 and 3

19-corresponding figure
The value of h2 = ………… m
ρ( water) = 1000 kg/m3 - g = 9.8 m/s2
a 0.9 B 1.01 c 1.19 D 2.11

28
20-A tank with a height of 120 cm is completely filled with water whose density is 1000 3
kg/m3 If two-thirds of the volume of water is removed from the tank, then two equal
volumes of two liquids that are immiscible or interact with each other or with water are
poured in until the tank is filled again, and the relative density of the two liquids is 1.2 ,
0.8 then the rate of change in pressure at the base of the tank = .......%
a 0 B 5 c 10 D 20

21-Two open tanks, the first containing liquid x with a density of 800 kg/m3 and the second
containing liquid y with a density of 1200 kg/m3 Which of the following options
represents the depth of the liquid in each tank and at which the pressure of the two
liquids is equal?
The depth of liquid x in the tank m The depth of liquid y in the tank m
a 8 20
B 10 15
c 15 10
D 20 8

22-A tank containing oil with a pressure of 6.75 x 104 N/m2 , 4.5 x 10 4 N/m2 at a height of 5
m and 7.5 m from the bottom of the tank, respectively, so the density of the oil = .... kg/
m3 (g = 10 m/s2)
a 750 B 800 c 850 D 900

23-A water tank whose base area and 0.4 m2depth is 100 cmfilled with water , so both the
total pressure and the force acting on the bottom of the tank …. If atmospheric
pressure = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m2 and the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , g= 9.8 m/s2
Total pressure N / m2 The force acting on the bottom of the tank N
a 111100 44440
B 1111 4444
c 222200 8888
D 222 44440

29
24-A cylindrical vessel with an area of its base 2 m, pour water into it to a height 0.8 mand
add oil to it until the height of the oil is 2 m above the base of the vessel. ........ Note that
the relative density of oil is 0.8 and the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , g = 9.8 m/s2
The pressure created by the two liquids acting on The force acting on the base of
the base of the vessel ........ N/m2 the vessel ........ N
a 17248 34496
B 87,500 17256
c 17248 34496
D 87,500 17256

25-A layer of water 1 m thick floats on top of a layer of mercury 1 m thick20 cm The
difference in pressure is between two points, one at the surface of pure water and the
other at the bottom of the layer of mercury ....................... Note that the density of
mercury is 13600 kg/m3 , and the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , g= 10 m/s2
a 372 B 37200 c 3720 D 45,000

26-A layer of water 50 cm thick rests on top of a layer of mercury 50 cm thick 20 cm The
difference in pressure is between two points, one of which is at the surface separating
water and mercury, and the other is ...................... at the bottom of the layer of
mercury, knowing that the density of mercury is 13600 kg / m3 , g = 10 m/s2
a 27200 B 2720 c 272 D 272,000

27-A layer of oil that is 1 m thick 50 cmfloats on a layer of water 1 m thick The pressure
difference between two points, one of which is at the surface of pure oil and the other at
the bottom of the water, is ………….. noting that the density of oil is 800 kg/m3 , and
the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , g= 9.8 m/s2
a 140 B 14,000 c 7000 D 3500

28-A basin one and a half meters deep, water one meter high was placed in it, then
mercury of density 13600 kg/ m3 was added to it until the basin was completely filled.
The pressure difference is at one point above the surface of mercury and the other at its
base................ (g = 10 m/s2 )
a 7800 B 780 c 78,000 D 7.8

30
29-A submarine that dives to a depth 40 mof pressure preservation inside it at
atmospheric pressure , the value of the total pressure force acting on the door of its
cabin is ……………….. N/m2 If its diameter 0.8 mand density of sea water is 1030
kg/m3 , g =10 m/s2
a 0.2 x 10 5 B 2 x 10 5 c 0.2 x 10 -5 Dr 2x10 -5

30-Submarine
Submarine designed to withstand a pressure of no more than 12 Atm The maximum
depth to which she can dive without exceeding this limit shall be ………….. and the
force acting on her cabin door at this depth if its dimensions are 50 , 80 cm , g =10m/s2
submarine
bmarine can dive to without The force acting on the door of the submarine
exceeding 12 Atm .... m 's cabin at this depth .......... N
a 122.02 486,240
B 124.04 486,240
c 122.02 36,000
D 124.04 360,000

31-corresponding figure
If you know that atmospheric pressure = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m 2
and the acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s 2 and the density of
water is 103 kg/m 3 The total pressure at point A is .......... N/m2
a 3.2 x 10 5 B 1.6 x 10 4
c 1.6 x 10 5 D 3.2 x 10 5

32-corresponding graph
It shows the change in pressure within two liquids in a glass
container and the change in distance from the base of the
container The glass container has base area A and liquids Y
and X do not mix with each other's surface height 0.17 m and
0.1 m from the base of the vessel , respectively If you know that
0.2 the accelerator gravity = 9.8 m/s2 From the drawing, the…
1- Pascal value of atmospheric pressure liquid density y kg/m3
a 9.1 x 10 5 925
B 4.55 x 10 5 728.86
c 4.55 x 10 5 925
D 9.1 x 10 4 728.86

31
33-corresponding figure
A cubic water tank in the form of a closed tube on its upper surface
section 20 cm2 Calculate the force that the water
at the top of its cross-section
exerts on the ......................
The force with which the water acts The force with which water acts
on the bottom of the tank N on any vertical side of the tank N
a 1.65 x 10 5 2.5 x 10 5
B 3.3 x 10 5 1.25 x 10 5
c 3.3 x 10 5 2.5 x 10 5
D 1.65 x 10 5 1.25 x 10 5

34-corresponding fig
It illustrates a fish moving horizontally in a straight line below the
surface of the water and thus the figure The graph ......... represents
the relationship between the pressure on the body of the fish and the
distance Horizontal fish-driven
driven

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

35-corresponding fig
glass vessel filled with water and consisting of two parts. The lower part
shows its cross-sectional
sectional area A2 and its height 2h and the upper part
has an area of cross section A1 and its height is h . Which of the
following statements is true?
a The water pressure at point x > The pressure of water at point y
B The water pressure at point x The pressure of water at point y
c The water pressure at point y is 2 ρ w gh
D The water pressure at point x is 3 ρ w gh

32
36-corresponding figure
If the water pressure is on the base of the pot A is equal to
the value of the liquid pressure y on the base of container B
so the relative density of the liquid y = ..............
a 0.4 B 0.6 c 0.8 D 1.25

37-The graph ……….represents the relationship between the pressure affecting a body
submerged below sea water and the depth from the sea surface during the body’s
gradual ascent until it reaches the sea surface

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

38-corresponding figure
shows a cylindrical water tank with base area A and height h , A tube is
attached to its upper surface Anchored open from the top, so if the water
rises in the tube, the total pressure acting on the base tank =............
a Pa + ρ w gh b Pa + 3 ρ w gh c ρ w gh d 3 ρ wg

39-Two tanks , y and x, are cubic in shape, with sides length 2l and l, respectively, filled
with oil, so the ratio between the oil pressure force on one of the vertical sides of each of
them = ……
a b c d

40-corresponding figure
If you know that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 And the
gravitational acceleration 10 m/s2 and the atmospheric pressure
is 1.013 x 105 cuboids from A metal whose density is 8500 kg/m3
It rests on the base of a basin of water The totality acting on the
upper surface of the cuboid = ....... N
a 160 B 8264 c 24104 D 2.41x108

33
41-A container containing two liquids 1 and 2 do not mix ρ2 = 2 ρ1 and therefore the figure
....... the pressure of the two liquids at point x is twice the pressure of liquid 1 at point y

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

42-corresponding fig
It shows three points z, y, x in the interior of a liquid whose
surface is exposed to atmospheric pressure If the total pressure
acting at point x is 1.5 atm , then the pressure ratio total at points
z and y = .......
a b c d

43- corresponding figure

Shows the height of each of the water and petroleum oil in a well with
a depth of 2000 m if the pressure of the two liquids is at the bottom of the
well 17.5 MPaand the density of water and oil, respectively, is 830 kg/m3 ,
1000 kg/m3 The column lengthoil h is approximately ....... m (g = 10 m/s2)
a 907 B 1000 c 1091 D 1471

44-corresponding figure
A tap from which water flows at a regular rate is used to fill an empty
vessel. Therefore, the graph ........ representsThe graphical relationship
between the pressure of water affecting the bottom of the container and
the time elapsed from the moment the tap was opened until complete
Fill the pot

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

34
45-corresponding figure
It shows an empty tank filled with water that flows from a tap at a regular
rate. Therefore the graph represents …………The relationship between the
water pressure affecting the bottom of the tank and the elapsed time until
the tank is full

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

1-If you know that atmospheric pressure is 10 N/m2 and the average human chest area
is about 0.13 m2 the force with which the atmospheric pressure affects the human chest
from the outside is about 13000 N. Explain why the person does not feel this enormous
pressing force affecting his chest.

2-One of the designers wants to design a heavy table on several legs that has the same
cross-sectional area, but a problem arose that the legs of the table would leave a mark
on the carpet below it............. Suggest two methods in designing the table to reduce the
depth of these marks on the carpet

3- A tornado with an air pressure of 80 kilopascals suddenly passes through a house

and destroys its closed windows. If you know that the atmospheric pressure inside the
house is 100 kilopascals:
A- Why destroy the windows of the house?
b- Calculate the net force acting on a 36 m2 wall of the house
T- Does the hurricane cause less damage to the house if the windows and doors are
open? And why?

35
4-corresponding graphics
It shows the relationship of pressure at several points in the interior
of a liquid and the depth of these points above the surface The liquid
is in three tanks, each of which is filled with a different liquid, noting
that the two axes are drawn
at the same scale as the drawing
A- Which liquid is not affected by atmospheric pressure? ..........
the reason: ................................................
B- Which liquid has the greatest density? ..............................
the reason: ...............................................
T- What is the value of atmospheric pressure? .............................

5-corresponding figure
Shows a side view of a triangular prism immersed in a basin of water
Which points x, y, z have the greatest pressure?!! ......................
the reason: ................................................................................

6-corresponding figure
Three devices for measuring pressure at a point in the
interior of a liquidEach is connected to a tube at the end
of which is a thin membraneIt is responsible for recording
device readingsWhy did all devices record the same reading?

7- Explanation: The water level is horizontal in open oceans and seas

8-when?
a- The pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid in a container becomes as great as
possible
B- The difference in pressure between two points in the interior of a homogeneous
static liquid = zero

36
Among the most important applications of pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid:
1- The connected vessels
2- bifurcated tube
3-mercury barometer
4- Manometer

bifurcated tube

Fluid equilibrium in a two-pronged

pronged tube
the use :
1- Determining the density of a liquid given the density of another liquid
2- Determining the relative density (specific weight) of a liquid
3- Comparing the densities of two liquids

The idea of the device working :

pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid
The pressure at points in one horizontal plane in
a homogeneous liquid is equal

How the device works:

1- Put an appropriate amount of water in a U-shaped
U tube
2- Add an amount of oil in the left branch until it reaches
a certain level at C and its height is ho above the interface
between water and oil at D
3- We take point A in the right branch at the same level as D and the height of the
water above point C is hw
Since the points A and D are in one horizontal plane
Pressure at A = Pressure at D
ρo ho g = Pa +ρwhw g + Pa
where
re Pa = atmospheric pressure - ρ0 density of oil –ρw density of water
ho = height of oil - hw = height of water.
ρo ho g = ρwhw g

1- The height of fluids in pipes with two profiles is inversely proportional to the
density of the fluid h 1/ρ
2- The tube's radius (or its cross-sectional
cross sectional area) does not affect the height of each of
the two fluids in the tube's branches.

37
Tips for solving problems
When the fluid in the two branches is in equilibrium,
h1 ρ 1 = h2ρ2
If the tube is regular in section and the liquid surface in one of the
branches decreases by d It rises in the other branch by h

The height of the liquid above the separating surface

= the amount of rise + the amount of decrease = 2d = d + d
If the tube is irregular in section
The low volume of fluid (the volume of the fluid in the wide branch) = the volume of the
high fluid (the volume
olume of the fluid in the narrow branch)
The area of the first branch section x the height of the lower section = the area of the
second branch section x the height of the high section
A1 × h1 = A2 × h2
A tube of irregular cross-section
section so that the cross-sectional
cross sectional area of one of its branches is
twice the area of the other section
If the fluid in the expanding branch decreases by d
It rises in the narrow branch by 2d

The height of the liquid above the separating surface = rise + drop = 3d = d + 2d

To find the volume of a liquid in one of the branches

we multiply the height of the liquid x the area of the cross section of the branch.
In the case of equilibrium between more than two liquids

38
1-A tube with two branches of regular cross-section. Pour in it an amount of mercury, so
that its height in the two branches becomes equal. Then pour water in one of the
branches until its height becomes 25 cm. Calculate the height of the column of alcohol
that must be poured into the other branch until the surface level of mercury in the
thousand r eyes returns to its original level, noting that the density The relative values
of water and alcohol are 1 and 078, respectively .......................
a 3.5 B 32.05 c 3.2 D 17.5

2-A tube with two branches of regular cross-section in which oil has a density of 900 kg /m
3
. Pour alcohol into one of its branches, and the surface of the oil decreased by 6 cm , if
you know that the height of the alcohol above the separating surface is 13.5 cm , and
the cross-sectional area of each of the two branches is 2 cm 2. Therefore , the .... .......
The density of alcohol is kg/m3 alcohol block kg
a 800 0.0216
B 825 0.0216
c 800 21.6
D 825 21.6

3-A tube with two branches, the length of each of its branches is 8 cm . Pour water in it to
its middle, then pour oil into one of the two branches until it is completely filled with
oil. If you know that the relative density of the oil Therefore ...................
Oil height above the separating The height of the water above the separating
surface ........ cm surface ........ cm
a 4 4
B 6 6
c 4 6
D 6 4

39
4-A tube with two branches, the cross-sectional area of each of its two branches is 2 cm 2.
In it, a quantity of water was poured into one of its branches, kerosene of a volume of 9
cm 2 was poured, so the height difference between the two surfaces of the water was 3.6
cm , The volume of gasoline poured into the other branch shall be until the surface of
the water in the two branches returns to the same horizontal level. cm Note that the
density of water is 1000 kg/m 3 and the density of benzene is 900 kg/m3
a 8 B 4 c 2 D 0.4

5-A two-pronged tube with a cross-sectional area of 1 cm2 , 2 cm2 , respectively, pour an
amount of mercury into it, then pour it into the branch The expansion is water, so the
surface of mercury decreased by 0.5 cm The height of the water is …………… cm
Note that the density of water is 10 3 kg/m3 and the density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3
a 20.4 B 2.04 c 10.2 D 11.6

6-corresponding figure
A two-pronged tube containing three fluidsz, y, x are in
equilibrium, so they are...............
A ρ x = ρ y + 3ρ z C ρ x = ρ y + ρ z
B ρ x= ρ y+ ρ z D ρ x= 3 ρ y+ ρ z

7-corresponding figure
A two-pronged tube with a quantity of water if an amount of
oil is poured into it Section 1 The water surface has decreased
by h , so the height of the water is above a level separating
surface ...............
A h B 3h
C h D h

40
8-corresponding figure
It shows malleable vessels in which a liquid of density ρ is placed.
If the pressure of the liquid is at
Point y is P The pressure of the fluid at point X =
A P B h c P D P

9-corresponding figure
A tube with two branches containing water and another liquid
At equilibrium, the relative density of this liquid is...
A B c 1 D

10-corresponding figure
It shows two liquids y and x in equilibrium in a tube with two branches
So it is The ratio between the densities of the two liquids = ……….

A c
B D

11-corresponding figure
It shows two liquids , y and x, in a state of equilibrium inside
a tube with two branchesThe ratio between the densities of
the two liquids = ………… ..
A B
C 4 D 2

12-corresponding figure
A tube with two branches containing three balanced liquids, so the
height of mercury h Hg is above the surface The separation between
water and mercury is approximately .......................... cm , If you knew
that[ρ w = 1000 kg/m 3 - ρ o = 850 kg/m 3 - ρ Hg = 13600 kg/m 3 ]
a 4.15 B 3.75 c 3.25 D 2.35

41
13-y and x were placed in a test tube with two branches. If the density of x is ρ2 and the
density of liquid y is ρ, which of the following options represents the placement of the
two liquids in the tube when settling? .....................

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

14-A tube with two branches of regular cross-section, the length of each of its two
branches is 20 cm , placed vertically and filled to the middle with water, then oil is
poured into one of its branches up to its edge. If you know that the density of oil is 800
kg/m 3 and the density of water is 1000 kg/m 3 , then the height of the oil is above the
separating surface = .............. cm
a 12.96 B 14.54 c 16.67 D 17.2

15-corresponding figure
A bifurcated tube of regular section containing a quantity of
Mercury poured two different amounts of water in the two branches
If the liquids are in equilibrium the height of mercury above the level
of the separating surface h = ....... cm
If you know that : [ρ w = 1000 kg/m 3 - ρ Hg = 13600 kg/m 3 ]
a 0.3 B 0.6 c 0.75 D 1

16-corresponding figure
A pipe with two branches of regular cross-section, with
a vertical height of 50 cm , was filled to its middle With
water and then pour oil in one of its branches up to its edge
Calculate the height of the oil above the surface The separator
if the density of oil is 750 kg/m3
and the density of water is 1000 kg/ m3
a 40 B 20 c 38 D 36

42
17-corresponding figure
A tube with two branches placed vertically, 60 cm high
and the cross sectional area of one of its subsections Twice
the area of the section of the other branch was filled half
way with water and then poured into the narrow branch
Oil has a density of 600 kg/m3 to the edge of the tube
Calculate the height of the water above the surface level
separator (note that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 )
a 30 B 15 c 39 D 32

18-U -shaped tube containing oil, then pour water into it until the height of the oil is above
the separating surface and the 30 cm height of the water is above the separating
surface in the other branch 24 cm The density of the oil is ……….. kg/m3
a 800 B 900 c 700 D 600

19-A tube with two branches of regular cross-section in which oil has a density of 900
kg/m3 Alcohol is slowly poured into one of its branches, and the surface of the oil
decreases by an amount6 cm The density of the alcohol is …........ kg/m3 If you
know that the height of the alcohol column above the surface is 13.5 cm
a 800 B 900 c 700 D 600

20-A tube with two branches, the area of one of its branches is twice the area of the other
branch, and an appropriate amount of water was placed in it, then an amount of oil
was poured into the expanding branch, so the surface of the water decreased by 0.5 cm
The height of the oil column is .......... cm in this section, noting that ρoil = 800 kg/m3 and
the density of water is 1000 kg/m3
a 1.9 B 1.8 c 1.7 D 2

21-A pipe with two branches, the area of which is 2 cm in cross-section , in which water
was poured into one of its branches 3.9 cm of kerosene, so the difference in height
between the surfaces of the water in the two branches was3.6 cm The volume of
gasoline that is poured into the other branch until the water surfaces in the two
branches return to one horizontal level ...................... cm3 ρGasoline = kg/m3 900
a 8 B 2 c 4 D 6

43
22-A tube with two branches, the length of each of which is 30 cm , filled with water to the
middle. Pour oil into one of the branches until its edge is so that the height of the water
is above the separating surface......................... cm Note that ρoil =800 kg /m3
a 20 B 10 c 15 D 18

23-A tube with two branches containing a quantity of mercury, then water was placed in
one of the two branches and kerosene in the other so that it was The surface of the
water and the upper kerosene are in one horizontal plane. If the height difference
between the two surfaces of mercury in the two branches is 1 cm , then the height of the
water column is ………….. cm Note that the density of kerosene is 800 kg/m3 and the
density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3
a 64 B 62 c 32 D 3

24-corresponding figure
It shows two liquids that do not mix in a state of equilibrium in
a tube with two branches, so the ratio is masses of the two liquids
are above the separating surface level.
A B c D

25-corresponding figure
It shows a tube with two branches containing two immature
liquids y and x in equilibrium densities 1000 kg/m3 and 800
kg/m3 respectively,the height h = ............ cm
a 10 B 12
c 16 D 20

44
26-corresponding figure
It shows a tube with two branches of regular cross section
containing three liquids y, x mercury In a state of equilibrium
so that the surfaces of mercury in the two branches are in one
horizontal plane, then Thedifference between the masses of the
two liquids is m x - m y = ..........
a The difference between the densities of the two liquids
B The mass of the volume h of liquid x in the right-hand side
c mercury mass
D zero

27-Two liquids that do not mix , y and x, are placed in a tube with two branches. If it is
ρy > ρx The graph......... expresses the position of the two liquids in the tube after
equilibrium

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

28-corresponding figure
A tube with two branches with the valve k closed, containing two
liquids y and x that do not mix and their free surfaces are in one
horizontal plane if it is ρy > 1.5ρx What happens to the surface level
of each liquid when valve k is opened ?
liquid x liquid y
a Rises Decline
B Rises Rises
c Decline Rises
D Decline Decline

45
29-Figure ………….represents a tube with a T - beam The density of liquid x is twice the
density of liquid y

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

30-corresponding fig
It expresses three fluids z, y, x equilibrium in a tube with two branches, then:
A-The density of the liquid y ................
a greater than the density of the liquid x
B less than the density of the liquid x
c greater than the liquid density z
D equals the density of the liquid x

B-The pressure at point M ..................

a equal to the pressure at point N
B greater than the pressure at point K
c greater than the pressure at point L
D less than the pressure at point N

C-The ratio between the pressures at each of the two points R and P ......... tone
a greater B less than c Equal

31-If you know that the relative density of oil is 0.8, then the figure ........ correctly
expresses the equilibrium of both water and oil in a tube with two branches

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

46
1-What do we conclude when we find that the ratio of the height of the water to the
height of the oil column above the level of the separating surface in a tube with two
branches at equilibrium = 0.8?

2-corresponding graph
Shows the relationship between the height of water
and another liquid above the separating surface in
a tube Bifurcated .......... Write the mathematical
relationship that expresses the relationship between the two heights
What is the slope of a straight lin

3-corresponding figure
A homogeneous liquid of density ρ in several containers having
a common basein one horizontal plane Prove that at equilibrium
it is h 1 = h 2 = h 3 = h 4

4-corresponding figure
Shows a tube with two branches containing three liquids
z , y , x are in equilibrium, so if
= , = =
find the ratio

5-corresponding fig
It shows two tubes with two branches inside each of them
two liquidsWhat is the ratio between the densities of the two
liquids ?

47
6-in the corresponding figure
A tube with two branches Calculate the height of the water
columnIf you knew that
The density of mercury is 13600 kg/ m3
The density of kerosene is 810 kg/ m3

7-corresponding fig
Three tubes with two branches, identical and regular
The segment has four fluids k, z, y, x Arrange the density
of liquids in descending order, if they are liquids The three
tubes are in equilibrium

8-corresponding fig
A tube with two branches of regular vertical cross-section
cross
Three balanced liquids. If you know that the densityRelativity
For mercury 13.6 Calculate the relative density of the oil

9-corresponding fig
Forged vessels containing oil with a density of 800 kg/m 3
Calculate the ratio between the oil pressure at points y and x
= ................. ( g=10m/s2 )

48
normal atmospheric pressure

The pressure created by the weight of a column of mercury 0.76 m high and 1 square
meter cross-sectional
sectional is equivalent to at zero degrees Celsius.

 Pa = gh
Numerically estimate the value of atmospheric pressure...
Pa = gh = 13595 × 9.81 × 0.76
Pa = 1.013 × 105 N/ m2

Mercury barometer - Barometer Torchile

Purpose: Atmospheric pressure measurement.

Idea of working :
The pressure at a point in the interior of a liquid
the pressure at the points at which
located in one horizontal plane in a homogeneous liquid

structure :
A meter long glass tube of regular section filled with mercury and degenerates in a
mercury basin.

Note :
We note that the surface of the mercury in the tube
drops to a certain level
The space above the mercury becomes emptied except
for a small amount of mercury vapor
This space is called the Torcelli space.
- It is clear from the figure that the vertical height of the mercury column inside the
tube is above
The pure surface
rface level of mercury in the basin remains constant, whether the tube is
In a vertical position or in an inclined position.
- If we take points A and B in one horizontal plane, so that point A
Outside the tube at the surface of the mercury in the basin and point B inside it, then:
pressure at A = pressure at B Pa = ρ gh
The height of mercury indicates the value of the atmospheric pressure, and the height
of mercury is about 76 cm

49
The idea of measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer

Pressure at A = Pressure at B (because they are at the same level)

ρgh = Pa + zero
ρ density of mercury
h height of the mercury column
g acceleration of gravity
Standard of temperature pressure and (S. T. P)

The pressure is 0.76 mHg, the temperature is 0оC

1-A barometer can be used to measure the height of a building

2- In the problems of finding the height of a building (or specifying a barometer
reading:

The pressure in a Torcelli vacuum = zero.

1- The height of the mercury remains constant, whether the tube is in a vertical or
inclined position(Unless the value of the atmospheric pressure changes at the place of
the experiment)
2- The height of the mercury column in the barometer does not change with the change in
the cross-sectional area of the barometric tube.

Mention the scientific reason..............?!!

Mercury is preferred as a barometric materialBecause its density is large, it does not stick
to glass and does not evaporate easily at normal temperatures

Torcelli vacuum: the space above the surface of mercury in a mercury barometer tube

When does a Torcelle vacuum appear in the barometer tube?!!

A - If the length of the tube is less than 76 cm
b - If the barometric tube is inclined so that it isThe vertical
height of mercury is less than 76 cm
C - If the barometer is located at the bottom of a mine.

Note: The vacuum remains constant whether the tube is vertical or inclined - thick or thin

50
 What are the factors on which atmospheric pressure depends?!!
1- Height above sea level
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude due to a decrease in the length of the air
column and, accordingly, its weight
2- The density of atmospheric air
Atmospheric pressure increases with increasing density
3- temperature
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing temperature
4- The acceleration due to gravity
Its effect is noticeable at higher altitudes

Pressure units
1- cm Hg
2- atmosphere atm
3- bar
4- Pascal and N/m2
5- millimeters of mercury mm Hg and tor equivalent bar

Pressure conversion chart

Pressure in required units=

When placing a mercury thread in a capillary tube

tube of regular section,
so that:
A certain volume of air is trapped. If the tube:
tube
1- Horizontal
P = Pa
2- It is vertical and its nozzle is up
P = Pa + h
3- It is vertical and its nozzle is down
P - Pa - h
where P is the pressure of the air trapped inside the tube in cm Hg
Pa is the amount of atmospheric pressure in cm Hg

51
 Measuring the height of a mountain or building using the Torcelli Barometer
Assume that ∆P is the difference in pressure between the sea surface
and the mountaintop Let us assume that h1 = the difference
between the two readings of the mercury barometer at sea level
and at the top of the mountain, in meters of mercury.
Let's assume that h2 = the length of the air column between the sea
surface and the top of the mountain in metres
We calculate the pressure difference between sea level and the top of
the mountain as follows:
∆ mercury = ∆ air
g ∆ℎ = g ∆ℎ
g ( h1 - h2 ) mercury = g ( h1 - h2 )air
∆ = ( − )

From it we designate the height of the mountain as follows:

( )
∆ =
where ∆ H is the height of the mountain or building
h1 Barometer reading at the top of the building
h2 Barometer reading at the top of the building

If the atmospheric pressure at a point is 60 cm Hg Calculate the pressure value in

units:
1- mmHg 2- Torr 3 - Pascal 4 - Bar 5 - Atmospheric pressure
-2
1- P = 60 X 10 = 0.6 m.Hg
2- P = 60 x 10 = 600 torr
3- P = 60 x 10 -3 x 13600 x 9.8 = 79968 Pascal
4- P = 79968 x 10 -5 = 0.79968 bar
.
5- P= = 0.789 atm
.

52
1-If
If the reading of the mercury barometer on one of the days is 76 cmHg , then the reading
of the barometer if water is used in it = ....... m Note that the density of water is 1000
kg/m3 and the density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3 .
a 10.33 B 5,162 c 20.66 D 10

2-mercury
mercury barometer reads 76 cmHg at the bottom of a building and reads 74.8 cmHg
The height of the building = …… m Note that the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3 and the
density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3
a 136 B 156 c 272 D 250

3-corresponding figure
It is a mercury barometer
Which of the following altitudes is the value of atmospheric pressure?
a A B B c C D D

4-corresponding figure
A capillary tube containing a thread of mercury that traps a volume
of air under pressure 75 cm Hg If the tube is placed vertically and
opened upwards it becomesEntrained air pressure .............. cm Hg
a 70 B 75 c 80 D 81

5-corresponding figure
A capillary tube containing a thread of mercury that holds an amount of air
with a pressure of 68 cm Hg Atmospheric pressure = 75 cm Hg The length
of the mercury thread is h = ................... cm
a 5 B 7 c 9 D 12

53
6-Leads
Leads .............. to a decrease in the height of mercury inside the mercury barometer tube
a Increased mercury in the aquarium
B Increase the tube cross-sectional
sectional area
c Move the barometer to the top of a high mountain
D Use a longer tube

7-The
The presence of a small amount of air in the space above the surface of the mercury
inside a mercury barometer tube causes a decrease in the surface level of mercury
inside
the tube because …………....
a The air molecules cool the mercury and it contracts
B Air molecules heat the mercury and it expands
c The air molecules reduce the pressure on the surface of the mercury in the tube
D The air molecules increase the pressure acting on the surface of the mercury in the
tube

8-Two cross sectional area of 2 cm 2 and

Two adjacent mercury barometers , Y, X, have a tube cross-sectional
1 cm 2 respectively, so the ratio of the height of the mercury column in the barometer
tube x above the level of mercury in the basin to the height of the column of mercury in
the barometer tube y above the surface level of mercury in the basin = .. ............
....................
a 1 B 0.25 c 0.5 D 4

9-corresponding figure
Three barometric tubes filled with mercury In shape, the tube in
which it is The height of the mercury column is not representative
of the value of atmospheric pressure.
a 1 B 2 c 3 D 2 and 3

10-Mercury
Mercury barometer. The length of the barometric tube above the surface level of
mercury in the basin is 1m . It was used to measure the atmospheric pressure at the
base of a mountain. It was 76 cm Hg , and at the top of a mountain. The difference
between the
he atmospheric pressure at the base of the mountain and at its top was 4 cm
Hg . The ratio of the length of the Torcelli void at the base of the mountain to the length
of the Torricelli void at the base of the mountain
To the length of the Torricelli void at the top of the mountain = ………….
A 4 B 1 c D

54
11-corresponding figure
Two mercury barometers, with barometer 1 determining the
atmospheric pressure on a given day and barometer 2 the
pressure air the next day Which of the following choices is
correct?!!
a The pressure at point x is less than at point y
B The pressure at point x is greater than at point y
c The atmospheric pressure on the first day is greater
than the atmospheric pressure on the second day
D The atmospheric pressure is the same in both days

12-corresponding figure
If the pressure difference between the gas pressure inside the reservoir
and the atmospheric pressure is 40 cm Hg , note that Pa = 76 cm Hg
so the height of the mercury column is h = .......... cm
a 36 B 40
c 116 D 156

13-An aircraft flies at an altitude of 3400 m from the surface of the earth, so if the average
air density at this height is 1.3 kg/m3 ,the density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3,and the
atmospheric pressure at sea level is 76 cm Hg , then the atmospheric pressure outside
the aircraft at that height = . ........... cm Hg
a 40.2 B 43.5 c 50.2 D 52.5

14- corresponding figure

Three positions of a capillary tube containing a 2 cm long strip of
mercury that traps an amount of air If the atmospheric pressure
is 76 cm Hg , then the pressure of the air trapped in The three
forms = ....... cm Hg
A B C
a 74 76 78
B 76 74 78
c 76 78 74
D 78 74 76

15-If you know that the atmospheric pressure = 10 5 pascal and the acceleration due to
gravity = 10 m/s 2 , then calculate the approximate mass of a column of air with a cross-
sectional area of 1 cm 2 that rises from sea level to the end of the atmosphere ........... kg
a 1 B 2 c 1.2 D 1.8

55
16-If a storm caused a decrease in the reading of a mercury barometer by 20 mm , the
value of the atmospheric pressure in this case would be in Pascals = ....... Note that the
usual atmospheric pressure = 1.013 x 10 5 pascal , the density of mercury is 13600
kg/m3,and the gravitational acceleration terrestrial=9.8m/s2
a 9.86 x 10 4 B 9.86 x 10 5 c 8.86 x 10 4 D 7.86x 10 4

17-A mercury barometer whose reading at the highest point of a 200 -meter-high building
was 74 cm Hg , so the reading of the barometer at the surface of the earth = ..... cm Hg ,
noting that the average air density1.3 kg/m 3 and the density of mercury = 13600 kg /m3
a 75.9 B 74 c 73 D 72

18-A mercury barometer reads at the ground floor of a building , 76 cmHg , and reads at
the top floor, Hg74.15 cm. If the height of the building is200 m The average density of
air between the two floors = …… kg/m 3
a 1,258 B 1,356 c 2.2 D 1,125

19-barometer reads 76 cm Hg at the bottom of a building and reads 74.8 cm Hg at the

highest point in the building , the height of the building = ....... m Note that ρair = 1.25
kg /m3 and ρmercury = 13600 kg/ m3
a 130.56 B 129 c 131.56 D 133.65

20-A mercury barometer at the top floor of a tall building 136 mif the barometer at the
ground floor reads 74 cmHg The barometer reading at the top floor = ........ cm Hg
( ρair = kg/m 3 1.25 , ρmercury = 13600 kg/m 3 )
a 70.26 B 71.16 c 70 D 72.75

21-A man carries a mercury barometer whose reading at the highest point of a 200 -meter-
high building is 74 cm Hg The reading of the barometer at the surface of the Earth =
...... cm Hg If you know that the average density of air is 1.3 kg/ m3
a 74.9 B 71.26 c 72.5 d 75.9

56
Manometer

uses
1- Measuring the pressure of a gas trapped inside a container.
2- Measure the pressure difference between the pressure of
a trapped gas and the atmospheric pressure
The idea of working the device:
Pressure at a point in the interior of a fluid
pressure at points which lie in one horizontal plane in
a homogeneous liquid that is equal
device structure
A tube with two prongs, one long and the other short
Of a suitable liquid of known density.
- The short branch is connected to the gas depot whose pressure is to be measured

The method of work :

The short branch is connected to the gas depot

where the mercury drops to point A
It rises in the other branch to point B

Points A and B are in one horizontal plane.

pressure at P = pressure at A
P = Pa + ρgh (pressure of trapped gas)
Where P is the pressure of the trapped gas in the reservoir greater than Pa
(atmospheric pressure)

ρgh is the pressure of the liquid in the pure branch of the manometer above point B,
which is the pressure difference between P and Pa

Mention the scientific reason............?!!

1- It is preferable to use mercury as a barometric material.
A- The higher the mercury density, the higher the mercury would be the length of the
barometer tube.
b- Mercury does not evaporate easily at normal temperatures in a vacuum burner
It is discharged almost from no steam, and there is no error in calculating atmospheric
pressure.
2- A barometric tube filled with mercury and deoxygenated in a pelvis of mercury.
Because it may be:
A - The length of the tube is less than 76 cm
b- It is inclined, provided that its vertical height does not exceed 76 cm
C - you are at the bottom of a mine.
57
3- It is preferable to use a water manometer instead of a mercury manometer to measure a
small pressure difference.
Because the density of water is less than that of mercury, the height difference between
the two surfaces of the water in sub-manometers is noticeable and easy to read.

Potential for trapped gas pressure

a- If the gas pressure is <Pa

Mercury rises in the long branch
It decreases in the short branch
The difference in height between the two surfaces of mercury (h)
is positive and Pa + ρgh = P

b- If the gas pressure is >Pa

Mercury decreases in the long branch
It rises in the short branch and the difference in height is negative
and P = Pa - ρgh

c- If the gas pressure = Pa

the height of mercury in the two branches is equal

We can take the length of the mercury column as an indication of the pressure.
Also, if (h) is positive, the height of mercury in the pure branch is higher than it
In the branch connected to the warehouse, but if (h) is negative, the opposite is true.
Notes

In many practical applications, it is not necessary to measure gas pressure

In the warehouse, it is only useful to measure the pressure difference
If the atmospheric pressure is in units of cmHg
We can calculate the trapped gas pressure from the relationship
P = Pa+ h

Mention the scientific reason..........?!!

When measuring a small pressure difference, it is preferable to use a water manometer
instead of a mercury manometer
Because the density of water is less than the density of mercury, the difference between
the heights of the water surfaces in the two branches becomes
It is clear and easy to measure and the error rate is reduced

Calculation of pressure difference

∆P = Pgas - Pa

58
 A mercury manometer was used to measure the pressure inside a warehouse, so the
surface of pure mercury was 38 cm higher than its surface in the branch connected to
the warehouse. 3 Find the gas pressure in the warehouse in the following units:
1- cmHg 2- a gasPascal 3- Atmospheric pressure

1- P = Pa + h = 76 + 38 = 114 cm Hg
2- P = Pa + ρ gh
Pa = 1.013 x 10 5 + 38 x 10 -2 x 13600 x 9.8 = 1.52 x 10 5 Pa
3- P = = 1.5 atm

bifurcated tube mercury barometer manometer

instruction U-shaped tube A tube about a meter A two-pronged glass
long, open at one end, is tube, one of which is
completely filled with short, connects to a
mercury and then warehouse
deviates vertically in a containing gas, and
basin containing an the other is exposed
appropriate amount of to atmospheric air
mercury.
Used liquid Two or more Mercury Mercury, water, or
different other inert liquid
questions
uses 1- Determination 1- Measurement of 1-Determine the
of the density of a atmospheric pressure difference between
liquid given the the pressure of a
density of another trapped gas and the
liquid 2. Set the height of a atmospheric
2- Comparing the mountain or a building pressure
densities of two 2-Determination of
liquids the pressure of a
Determine the trapped gas given
relative density of atmospheric
a liquid pressure
Working idea The pressure is equal at all points in the same horizontal plane in
the interior of a homogeneous stationary fluid

59
1-If
If you know that the density of mercury < the density
of water < the density of oil Which of the gases x, y, z
has the greatest pressure?!! .................
a X B Y
c Z D They all have the same pressure

2-corresponding fig
If atmospheric pressure = 0.75 mHg , then the pressure
Gas trapped in the reservoir = ............... torr
a 70 B 80 c 800 D 700

3-corresponding fig
If the atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa , knowing that the density of
mercury = 13600 kg /m3 And the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2
so the height h = …………….
a 0.375 B 0.3 c 0.4 D 0.475

4-corresponding fig
The total pressure at point y = 99.928 N/m2 And the density
of mercury is 13600 kg/ m3And the acceleration due to gravity
is 9.8 m/s2
The pressure value at The value of atmospheric
point x ........ N/m 2 pressure, Pa......... N /m2
a 9.46 x 10 4 1.013 x 10 5
B 8.46 x 10 4 1.14 x 10 5
c 9.46 x 10 4 1.14 x 10 5
D 8.46 x 10 4 1.013 x 10 5

60
5-corresponding fig
mercury manometer A is connected to each of its branches
with a gas reservoir and a mercury manometer B is connected
One of its branches is in a gas reservoir, and the other branch
is exposed to atmospheric pressure Pa , so ...................
A-Gas pressure P2 ............
a greater than the pressure of the gas , P1 by Hg gh ρ
B greater than the pressure of the gas , P1 by Hg gh ρ 2
c less than the gas pressure P1 by Hg gh ρ
Dr less than the gas pressure P1 by Hg gh ρ 2

B- Atmospheric pressure Pa = …………….

a P 2 - 2 ρ Hg gh b P 1 - 2 ρ Hg gh c P 2 + ρ Hg gh d P 1 + ρ Hg gh

1-when?
a- Torricelli's vacuum disappears into the tube of a mercury barometer
B- The height of the mercury column in a barometric tube does not reflect atmospheric
pressure

2- The two opposite figures

They show two adjacent mercury barometers if the diameter of
the Tube The barometry in Figure 1 is less than the diameter of
the barometric tube in Figure 2 represents the surface level of
mercury Explain your answer

3- What happens in the following cases

a- Transfer a barometer from the surface of the earth to the top of
a mountain in relation to its reading Assuming the temperature is
constant
B- Move each of the manometers B and A from the surface of the
earth to the top of a mountain in relation The two surfaces of mercury
in both sides
of the manometer, assuming constant temperature

61
4- A student used a mercury manometer to measure a small pressure difference
between the pressure of a gas trapped in a warehouse and the atmospheric pressure,
and another student advised him to use water instead of mercury, explaining the reason
for this
Note that the density of mercury = approximately 13.6 x the density of water

5- Corresponding figure
Shows a gas trapped in a mercury manometer
A- Find the difference between the heights of the surfaces of
mercury
b- What does the difference between the two heights of mercury
indicate?
T - Is the pressure of the trapped gas greater than atmospheric
pressure? And why?
D- What is the height of the column of mercury whose pressure is equal to
the pressure of the trapped gas?
(Note that Pa = 76 cmHg)

6- Corresponding figure
Figure 1 shows a two-pronged tube containing an amount of oil
A- Explain why the oil surface level is even in the two branches
in Figure 1
B- If one of the two branches of the pipe is connected to
a reservoir containing trapped gas As in Figure 2, what happens
to the surface level of the oil in each of the branch of the tube when
the gas pressure is increased?

7-next table
Shows the relationship between pressure P at a point in the interior of a lake
The depth of this point is h above the surface of the lake
h ( m ) 4 8 12 16 20
P x 105 N/m2 1.4 1.8 2.2 b 3

a- Draw the graph between the pressure P on the axis

vertical and point depth h on the horizontal axis
b- From the drawing, find:
1- b . value
2- The value of atmospheric pressure
3- The volume of lake water
If you know that the acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2
[2.6 x 105 N/m2 , 1000 kg/m3 ]

62
fluid pressure transmission - Pascal base
An experiment to illustrate Pascal's rule:
When placing liquids in a vessel equipped with a piston, the above are in the form
The pressure at a point such as A located in the interior of the liquid at a depth h is:
P = Pa + Ppiston + ρgh
The pressure is directly under the piston and results in atmospheric pressure and the
weight or force of the piston
When the pressure on the piston is increased by ∆P by putting additional weight on the
piston
The piston does not move inward due to the fluid resistance to compression, but the
pressure
At point A it will increase by ∆P and become:
P = Pa + Ppiston + ρgh + ∆P
Thus,
it becomes clear that the pressure fluctuates completely to every point in the liquid, as it is
transmitted to the walls of the vessel.
When the pressure is increased to a certain extent, the vessel will break
Pascal base

When pressure affects a liquid trapped in a vessel, the pressure changes

completely to all parts of the liquid as it moves to the walls of the vessel

Pascal base applications

Hydraulic piston, car brake, dentist's chairHydraulic Jack and Hydraulic Excavator
Purpose :
Use small force to lift big forces.
Idea of working :
Pascal base
Composition :
It is composed of two pistons, one of which is small and has
an area of section A and the other is large in area Section A
and fill the space between them with an appropriate liquid.

The method of work:

If we act on the small piston with a force F, then
Pressure on the mini piston P1 , Pressure on the big piston P2
At equilibrium pressure at the large piston = pressure at
the small piston
P1 = P2 =

63
 If the force f causes the small piston y1 to move downwardsThe large
piston is affected by a force F that causes it to move a distance of y2
upwards Applying the law of conservation of energy in the case of an
ideal hydraulic piston:
Work done on the small piston = Work on the big piston
f y1 = F y2
or in another way
Volume of fluid displaced from the small piston tube = Volume of fluid displaced from
the large piston tube
Vol1 = Vol2 Ay2 = ay1 =
The mechanical advantage of the piston
It is the ratio of the area of the large piston to the area of the small piston.
The ratio between the force of the large piston and the force acting on the small piston
The ratio between the distance moved by the small piston to the distance moved by the
large piston

When the two pistons are balanced, the mechanical advantage of the hydraulic piston is
determined by:
η = = = = = = =

R is the radius of the large piston and r is the radius of the small piston
Y1 is the displacement of the small piston and Y2 is the displacement of the large piston
D large piston diameter and d large piston diameter
And if the two pistons are in one horizontal plane
p at equilibrium,
then: η =

Notes

1- The pressure on the large piston = pressure on the small piston

2- Work on the big piston = Work on the small piston
3- Time of movement of the large piston = time of movement of the small piston
4- The force on a large piston is greater than the force on a small piston
5- The speed of movement of the large piston is less than the speed of movement of the
small piston
6- The displacement of the large piston is less than that of the small piston

What does that mean?!!

Mechanical Advantage Hydraulic Press 15
It means that the ratio between the force produced by the large piston to the force
acting on the small piston = 15

Mention the scientific reason.............?!!

1- Pascal's rule does not apply to gases because they are compressible
Because there are large in-between
between the gas molecules
2- The piston is not used to double the energy
Because work at the big piston = work at the small piston
64
hydraulic piston efficiency

Efficiency = =

Notes

1-The distance that the small piston moves is greater than the distance that the
big piston moves.
F y 1 = F y2
2- The speed of the small piston is greater than the speed of the large piston.
3- The law does not apply unless the two pistons are in one horizontal plane.
4- Each of the two forces acting on the pistons is estimated in newtons
Each of them = mass x acceleration due to gravity
f=m×g F=M×g

Mention the scientific reason.........?!!

1- Liquids are subject to the Pascal rule
Because fluids are incompressible, the pressure is transmitted completely to all parts of
the fluid
2- Pascal's rule cannot be applied to gases.
Because gases are compressible, their volume changes due to the effect of pressure on
them, and that consumes part of the work done.
3- There is no hydraulic piston, its efficiency is 100%
Because the liquid may contain gas bubbles that take a lot of work to reduce its volume
And the presence of friction forces between the piston and the walls of the pot
4- It is not recommended to use water in the hydraulic press
Because the water is dissolved in air and the air is compressible, it consumes a part of
the work to compress the air, so the pressure does not transfer completely to the large
piston, thus reducing the mechanical advantage.

65
 Equilibrium hydraulic piston states

1-Hydraulic piston The cross-sectional area of the large piston is 1000 cm2 and the area of
the small piston is 25 cm2 The amount of force that must be applied to the small piston
to lift a body of mass 1.5 tons = ....... N and the amount of mechanical benefit for this
piston = ...... Note that g = 9.8 m/s2
The amount of force that must be applied to the small automated interest
piston to lift an object of mass 1.5 tons
a 367.5 1/40
B 263.5 40
c 367.5 40
D 263.5 1/40

2-Hydraulic piston Its small piston diameter is 22 cm and a force of 200 N acts on it and its
large piston diameter is 24 cm If you know that the acceleration due to gravity is 10
m/s2 Which of the following choices is correct?
automated The largest block that can be pressure on each of the large
interest lifted by the small piston pistons And the little piston
a 144 2880 5.369 x 10 5
B 12 2653 6.369 x 10 5
c 144 2880 6.369 x 10 5
D 12 2653 5.369 x 10 5

66
3-Hydraulic press with a piston cross-sectional area of 10 , 200 cm2 Which of the following
is correct? Note that g = 9.8 m/s 2
The force required to automated The distance that the small piston moves
lift a weight of 1 ton interest when the large piston is moved is 1 cm
a 9800 10 20
B 4900 10 18
c 4900 20 18
D 9800 20 20

4-If the mass of the large piston with a hydraulic press on it is 1500
kg and its cross-sectional area 0.2 m2 so the force required on the
small piston whose cross-sectional area is 40 cm 2 Its level is higher
than the level of the large piston by 2.5 m if it is a hydraulic piston
It is filled with oil whose density is 800 kg/m 3 and it is in equilibrium
knowing that g = 10 m/s 2
a 220 B 230
c 210 D 240

5-Two pistons to lift a car with a mass of 2 tons. The area of the first one is 30 m 2 and the
second one is 5 m2 connected to a third piston that is affected by a force of 200 N. the
area of the small piston = …………. cm2 knowing that the acceleration due to gravity
= 10 m/s2
a 0.08 B 0.07 c 0.09 D 0.06

6-If the ratio between the two halves of the hydraulic pistons, then the ratio of the pressure
acting on the small piston to the pressure produced at the large piston when the two
pistons are equilibrium in one horizontal plane ……………
a b c B a

7-Two pistons connected together, the distance between them should be divided in the
ratio of 50: 1. If it is = and it is = The group's automatic interest = …… and
the value of F2 is = ....... N Note that f 1 = 40N
Group automated interest F2 value
a 3000 120,000
B 300 6000
c 300 120,000
D 3000 6000

67
8-corresponding figure
It shows a hydraulic piston in equilibrium on its large piston
a cube of Iron Its side length is l 1 and on its small piston is
another cube of iron of side length l2 So if it is The radius
of the large piston is 8 cm and the radius of the small piston
is 1 cm The ratio = ..........
a 64 B 8 c 4 D 2

9-Pascal's rule applies to...................

a liquids only B Gases only c Solids only D Liquids and gases

10-In hydraulic winches that rely on Pascal's principle, the ......................

a Pressure B The job c Power D the speed

11-A hydraulic piston is the ratio between the two radii of its pistons, 8/3so the ratio
between the work produced on the large piston and the work done on the small piston
in an ideal hydraulic press = ...................
a b c 1 d

12-In a hydraulic piston, the ratio between the force produced at the large piston and the
force acting on the small piston when the two pistons are in equilibrium in a horizontal
plane = one = ................... greater than one
a greater than B less than c Equal

13-In a hydraulic piston, the ratio between the displacement of the small piston and the
displacement of the large piston = ................ one
a greater than B less than c Equal

14-If the area of the large piston is twice the cross-sectional area of the small piston, then
in a hydraulic piston the ratio of the volume of fluid displaced downward in the
cylinder of the small piston to the volume of fluid displaced upwards in the Big piston
cylinder = ……………
a b 2 c 1 d

68
15-corresponding figure
The ratio of the pressure acting on the large piston to the pressure
Acting on the small piston = ……………….
a 0.5 B 1 c 2 D 3

16-If
If the mechanical advantage of a hydraulic piston is 250 and the area of the small
piston is 2.5 cm 2 , then the radius of the large piston = ................ cm
a 14.1 B 100 c 198.81 D 10 4

17-Hydraulic
Hydraulic piston The diameter of its small and large piston, respectively , is 100 cm and
10 cm. If a force of 800 N is applied to the small piston, then the largest mass that can
be lifted by the large piston to balance the two pistons in
in one horizontal plane = .....
....... kg
a 4000 B 8000 c 10,000 D 12,000

18-If
If the ratio between the diameters of the two pistons of a hydraulic piston is 5/1, then
theratio of the pressure acting on the small piston to the pressure produced at the large
piston if the two pistons are balanced in one horizontal plane = ............
..................
a 1/5 B 5 c 1 D 25

19-If
If the ratio between the two radii of the hydraulic piston cylinders 5/2, then the
mechanical advantage of the piston = ………….
a b c d

20-corresponding figure
If you know that the density of a liquid = 900 kg/ m3 And the
acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/ s2 He is Pressure at the small
piston = ....... N/ m2
a 108.8 x 10 3 B 108.8 x 10 4
c 57.4 x 10 3 D 57.4 x 10 4

21-corresponding graph
Shows the graphical relationship between the force on the small
piston f and the force on the large piston F for a hydraulic piston
in equilibrium with both pistons in one horizontal plane Which of
the following is correct?
The mechanical The radius of the large piston if the
benefit of the piston radius of the small piston is 5 cm
a 99 50
B 99 49
c 100 50
D 100 49

69
 Hydraulic press filled with oil with a density of 780 kg/m 3 , the cross
22-Hydraulic cross-
2
sectional area of the large piston is 800 cm and holds a block It has
a volume of 600 kg and the cross-sectional
cross sectional area of its small piston is
2
5 cm neglecting its mass two pistons are the amount of mass that must
be placed above the small piston to maintain balance The group as
shown in the figure = ....... kg , noting that the earth's gravitational
acceleration = 9.8 m/s 2
a 3,438 B 2,438 c 1.2 D 3.8

23-corresponding figure
A hydraulic press containing a liquid of density ρ and its pistons are
stable and area With their sections 3A and A , the amount of mass m
placed on the large piston is calculated
calculat From the relationship ............
......
a m = ρ hA B m = 2 ρ hA c m = 3 ρ hA D m = 4 ρ hA

24-corresponding figure
A vessel completely filled with water is brought into equilibrium by
means of three pistons of equal area The section of each of them, A ,
is placed at three holes, and if an additional force, F , is applied to
each piston At the same moment, the amount of pressure increase in
the interior of the liquid at the center of the container is the result
of Additional power = .................
a zero b c d

25-corresponding figure
A hydraulic piston whose small piston has a cross sectional area of a
and a mass m And the cross-sectional
sectional area of its large piston is 10 a
and it carries a mass of M , so when the two pistons are in equilibrium
And neglecting their masses, then ……………..
a M=m B M = 10m
c M = 100 m D M = 0.1 m

70
26-corresponding fig
Shows the hydraulic brake system in a car if the area of
the Clip piston connected to the brake pedal is 8 cm2 and
the crosssectional area of each pistonof the wheel brake
pistons 12 cm 2 and exerted a force of 800 N on Brake
pedal The force acting on each brake piston Wheels = ......
... N
a 300 B 530 c 1200 D 4800

27-corresponding figure
Demonstrates a hydraulic lifter containing hydraulic fluid
that transmits pressure acting on the piston x to the four
pistons that lift the car. If the area of the piston is x 5x10 -4
m2 The area of each of the four pistons is 0.02 m2 and the
least force acting on the piston x And barely enough to lift
the car 50N …………....
The pressure that the piston x exerts on the fluid = .............. N/m 2
A-The
a 2.5x10 5 B 1.8x10 5
c 1.2x10 5 D 10 5

B-The
The total upward force exerted by the liquid = ............ N
a 2000 B 4000 c 6000 D 8000

28-corresponding figure
Hydraulic piston filled with oil with a density of 780 kg/m 3 Its large piston
cross sectional area 800 cm2 and carries a mass of 600 kg and the area of
the small piston is 5 cm2 And by neglecting the mass of the two pistons, the
mass that must st be placed above the small piston to maintain Group balance
= .............. kg Note that g = 10 m/s2
a 1.7 B 3.44 c 4.1 D 2.58

29-corresponding figure
Find the distance the piston moves up
a 1 B 1.2 c 0.8 D 2

71
1- Explain the following phrases
A- Liquids obey Pascal's rule while gases do not
B- The hydraulic press can lift a large load using a small force
C - Although the hydraulic press can lift a large weight by using a small force
D - Although the hydraulic piston doubles the power, it does not double the power
C - The efficiency of the hydraulic press does not reach 100%.

2- Corresponding graph
Hydraulic piston in equilibrium with its piston in one horizontal plane
If the force acting on his large piston is F and the force acting on
Its small piston f Write the mathematical relationship that you derive
from the
Graph What is the slope of a straight line

3-Hydraulic piston The ratio of two piston cross-sectional areas If a mass of 5 kg is

placed on its large piston
And a vertical force of 5 N acts on his small piston Balance the two pistons Explain
whether the two pistons are in one horizontal plane at equilibrium or not? With
explanation, note that g = 10 m/s 2

4- Corresponding figure
When the piston x is exerted with a force f , it moves downward
and the pistons z and y rise up
Two different heights. If the pistons z and y have the same
cross-sectional area, explain why
What is the difference in the distance that the pistons move
z and y ?

72
5- Corresponding figure
It represents part of the hydraulic brakes of a car
The cross section of the piston is 4.8 cm 2 and a force
of 90 N acts on it
a- Calculate the pressure that piston x exerts on the oil
B- explain why
1- The force F is greater than the force F even though the pressure is equal
affecting each of the pistons y and x
2- y moves less than piston x
3- Brakes do not work properly if the oil contains air bubbles

Hydraulic piston The f-values acting on the mini piston are taken
The resulting F values at the large piston were as follows:

f(N) 10 12 15 17 20 25 30
F(N) 1000 1200 x 1700 2000 2500 3000

(a) Draw the graph between f on the horizontal axis

and F on the vertical axis
(b) From the diagram, find:
1- X value
2- The mechanical advantage of the piston
3- The value of f which results in F = 1800 N
4- The radius of the large piston if it is a radius
Small piston 5 cm

[1500 N , 100 , 18 N , 50 cm ]

73
 Matter particles are divided into three types:
Compare solids liquid substances gaseous substances
Molecular vibrating motion in Transitional and transitional
movement place oscillatory movement movement

Interspaces almost non-existent

non relatively large Very large
cohesive forces Very large relatively weak almost non-existent

We will discuss in this lesson

1- Brownian motion
2- -Increasing the molecular distances (interfacial)
(interfacial
3- -The compressibility of gases

Brownian motion
Experiment to demonstrate the gas molecules in a state of continuous random motion
steps
1- We put some smoke from a burning candle inside a glass box
2- The box is lit with a strong light and we observe the movement of the particles by
means of a microscope.
Note
The movement of the smoke-forming
smoke forming carbon minutes. A continuous random
movement.
Conclusion
This motion is called Brownian motion after the English botanist Brown
Who discovered that pollen grains suspended in water are always in a random state
Interpretation of Brownian motion

The first to put an explanation of the Brownian movement is the world, and William
Ramzi is as follows:
1- Air or liquid particles move at different speeds in a random manner in all directions.
2- Air molecules collide with each other, which collide with the carbon particles that
make up the air.
3- When the number of collisions with one of the carbon minute aspects at a particular
moment is greater
From the number of collisions on the opposite side, the carbon minute moves in a
certain direction for a short distance because of that

74
 Free-moving
moving gas molecules and always collide, changing direction randomly due to
heat.
Gas molecules are in a state of continuous random motion, and during their motion
they collide with each other as they collide
col
With the walls of the container that contains it.
Second: an experiment to demonstrate the existence of separating spaces between gas molecules

Steps : News filled with ammonia gas above news filled

with hydrogen chloride gas.
Note : We notice that white clouds of ammonium chloride are spreading until Own the
informants space.
Interpretation
Higher density hydrogen chloride gas molecules spread up and through the spaces
between the ammonia gas molecules and combine with them to form ammonium
chloride, and the less dense ammonia gas molecules spread down through the spaces
between the hydrogen chloride gas molecules and combine with them to form
ammonium chloride.
Conclusion
There are spaces between gas molecules called molecular spaces
space
And it is relatively large, and this proves that the gases are compressible
Because these distances allow the gas molecules to converge when subjected to pressure
in less than the volume occupied by the gas

Brownian motion: random movement of fluid particles

Third: the compressibility of gases

Gases have compressibility

Because by increasing the pressure affecting a certain amount of trapped gas, the
interlayer distances converge, and thus the interlayer distances decrease, and thus the
volume of the gas decreases.
corresponding figure
Shows the path of a pollen grain on the surface of
still water What is the reason for moving the pollen
pill in this way?!!
....................................................................................
...................................................................................
....................................................................................
75
 Gas Laws
1- Boyle's Law
2- Charles' law
3-Jolie's law
First: the relationship between gas volume and pressure
at constant temperature (Boyle's law )

Boyle Law
The volume of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature
Another formula: When the temperature is held constant, the PV product of a
given amount of gas is a fixed amount.

Mathematical Formula Boyle's Law

Vol P = const
const. = PV
P2V2 = P1V1

Experimenting with the relationship between gas volume and pressure at

constant temperature ( Boyle's law )

Device structure
A glass tube resembling an inverted burette, whose grading
BeginsFrom the top, this tube is connected to another glass
B byRubber tube, each containing the right amount of mercury
They move on the sides of the bearing on them with
a graduated scale.

Steps

1- Open port A while moving B up and down until it becomes

Mercury's surface is A at its middle.
Since the two tubes are open, the surface of mercury is in the same horizontal plane
2- We close valve A and measure the volume of trapped air, let it be Vol1
Its pressure P1 is equal to the atmospheric pressure Pa, and it is defined by the
barometer
3- We move B up an appropriate distance and measure the volume of trapped air
Let it be Vol2 and measure the height difference between the two surfaces of mercury in
the two tubes , Let it be h and its pressure P2 = Pa + h
4-We
We repeat the previous step again and set Vol3, P3
76
5- We move B down until the surface of mercury in it becomes less than its surface in A
We measure the volume of trapped air, let it be Vol4, and its pressure is P4 = Pa – h
6- We repeat the previous step again and set Vol5, P5
7- We draw a relationship between the volume of the gas on the vertical axis and the
inverted pressure on the horizontal axis, then we get
straight line and from the drawing we find that :

Vol P = const
const. = PV
P2V2 = P1V1

Experiment precautions
1- The following factors must be constant
a- temperature T
b- atmospheric pressure Pa
C - mass of gas m
2- There is a certain value of pressure, after which a curvature begins to
Appear The straight line indicates that the gas does not obey Boyle's law

Notes
1- When you mix several gases that do not interact with each other in one space, the gas
after mixing occupies the volume of the entire space and each gas in the mixture has a
specific pressure, and the total pressure of the mixture = the sum of the pressures of the
gases:
P1V1 = P2V2 + P3V3
1- The gas relieves Boelvi's law at very high pressures
2- When a gas bubble rises from the interior of a liquid to its surface with constant
temperature, then:
(Pa + ρgh) (Vol)1 = Pa(Vol)2
where h is the depth of the bubble from the surface of the liquid
1- When gas is placed in a cylinder of uniform section
The length of the column of gas trapped in it crosses the volume of the gas
2-When the piston is shifted to the center of the cylinder, the length of the gas column
on each side of the piston becomes

77
 Mention the scientific reason...........?!!
The volume of a bubble of air near the surface of the water is greater
than the volume at the bottom of the container
Because the pressure at the surface is less than the pressure
at the bottom
According to Boyle's law, the volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure

1-A regular-section barometric tube with a cross-sectional area of 31cm ,the height of
mercury in it was 75 cm , and the length of the space above the mercury was 9 cm . An
amount of air was entered into the space above the mercury, and the column of
mercury decreased in the tube to a height of 59 cm. The volume of air that entered
under atmospheric pressure, assuming the temperature remains constant = …… cm 3
a 2.33 B 1.33 c 4.33 D 5.33

2-Put a rubber balloon with a volume of 500 cm3 and under 2 atmospheric pressure in a
cube-shaped container with a side length of 10 cm, then close the container tightly . The
final pressure inside the container when the balloon explodes = ....... atm neglects the
size of the rubber And assuming the temperature is fixed
a 1.5 B 1.4 c 1.3 D 1.45

3-A bubble of air with a volume of 0.2 cm3 at a depth of 20 m in water will have a volume
at the surface = ....... cm 3 if the atmospheric pressure is 1.013 x 105 N/m2 and the
density of water is 103 kg/m3 and the acceleration Earth's gravity is 9.8 m/s2
a 0.658 B 0.287 c 0.587 D 0.487

4-A gas with a volume of 2 liters under a pressure of 2 atm. If its pressure decreases to 1
atm and the temperature remains constant, its volume becomes ............ liter
a 4 B 3 c 1.5 D 1

78
5-corresponding graph
When the temperature is constant, the value of x = ........ m3
a 1 B 1.2 c 1.5 D 4

6-corresponding figure
A movable idler piston demonstrates friction trapping a certain
amount of gas in a cylinder So if the piston is at position 1 and
it is pulled slowly until it reaches position 2 with the occurrence
ofAny change in temperature will…....
gas density gas pressure
a less less
B less remains constant
c increase less
D increase remains constant

7-A cylinder contains 18000 cm 3 of helium under a pressure of 2300 kPa . If the whole gas
is used to fill a number of identical balloons, so that the helium pressure inside each
balloon is 100 kPa and the volume of each is 8280 cm3. Assuming that the temperature
is constant, the number of balloons that can be filled with helium will be.
............................
a 3 B 20 c 50 D 72

8-corresponding figure
Two gas reservoirs connected by a tube of negligible size,
one of which has a valve vacuum of 2 Vol and the other
contains gas the size of Vol If the valve is opened slowly
with If the temperature is held constant, the pressure of
the enclosed gas
a halved B third c increases threefold

79
9-corresponding figure
A tube with two branches of regular cross-section, one of its two
branches closed, in which a quantity of air is imprisoned, the length
of a column The mercury needed to be added in the pure branch
in order for the mercury to rise in the closed branch by 2 cm
Assuming proof of degreetemperature = .......... cm
Note that Pa = 75 cm Hg
a 4 B 27 c 29 D 100

10-corresponding fig
shows a hollow tube of regular cross-section of length L , open at
one end then bent down and then submerged completely vertically
In a basin of water if the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to the
weight of a column of water of height H , then the difference between
the level of The surface of the water inside the tube and the level of the
water surface in the basin, h , assuming that
the temperature is constant = ..............
a H + 0.5 L B H - 0.5 L c H D 2h

11-If the atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of a column of water, the height of
which is H , and the air pressure of the air inside a balloon is equal to the atmospheric
pressure, assuming that the temperature is constant, then the depth to which the
balloon sinks will be below the surface of the water until the volume of air inside it
becomes 1/3 its original volume = ................. H
a 4 B 3 c 2 D 1

12-corresponding figure
It shows two positions of a capillary tube with dry air closed at
one End Imprisoned with a thread of mercury 15 cm long,
assuming thatthe temperature is constant, and therefore :
Atmospheric The length of the measured air column when the
pressure tube is placed vertically with its opening downward
a 76 15
B 75 15
c 76 30
D 75 30

80
13-A gas bubble emerged from the mouth of a fish at the bottom of a lake. If the radius of
the bubble doubles when it reaches the surface of the water directly , the depth of the
lake = ....... m Assuming that the temperature is constant knowing that the atmospheric
pressure = 1 bar , the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration due to gravity
= 10 m/s2
a 60 B 65 c 70 D 75

14-A regular-section capillary tube with a 10 cm long mercury thread holding a column of
air 30 cm long when the tube is vertical and its mouth is down. If the atmospheric
pressure is 76 cm Hg The length of the air column trapped by the mercury thread
when the tube is placed horizontally, assuming the temperature is constant = .......
a 23.05 B 24.05 c 25.05 D 26.05

15-A quantity of a gas with a volume of 400 cm3 under a pressure of 80 cm of mercury. If
the pressure on it decreases, its volume becomes 50 cm of mercury, assuming that the
temperature is constant = …… cm 3
a 620 B 62 c 640 D 630

16-A bubble of air with a volume of 0.2 cm 3 at a depth of 20 meters in water , its volume
at the surface = ....... cm3 if the atmospheric pressure is 1.013×105 N/m2 knowing that
the density of water is 1000 kg / m 3 The acceleration of free fall is 9.8 m/s2
a 2.88 B 3.88 c 0.488 D 0.588

17-A bubble of air with a volume of 4.3 cm3 at the bottom of a lake, and when it rises to
the surface, its volume becomes 25 cm3 , the depth of the lake = …… . m , where the
atmospheric pressure is 1.013x10 5 Newtons / m2 and the density of water is 1000 kg
/m3 , g = 9.8 m / s 2
a 12.2 B 24.8 c 39.76 D 49.76

81
18-A horizontal capillary tube containing a strip of mercury 5 cm long and closed at one
end, so the length of the trapped air column was 20 cm. If you know that the
atmospheric pressure is equal to 76 cm g, calculate the length of the air column if the
tube is placed:
vertically and opened up vertically and opened it down
a 21.24 18.77
B 18.77 16.22
c 18.77 21.4
D 21.24 28.4

19-A gas with a volume of 6 liters and a pressure of 40 cm g, when its volume decreases by
2 liters with a constant temperature, becomes = ...... cm Hg
a 3 B 6 c 30 D 60

20-Mass Of a gas with a volume of 6 liters under a pressure of 100 cm g , its volume if the
pressure becomes 300 cm g, assuming that the temperature is constant = ...... liters
a 0.1 B 0.2 c 2 D 1

21-A gas with a volume of 4 liters and a pressure of 80 cm Hg becomes when its volume
decreases to 1 liter with constant temperature = ...... cm Hg
a 320 B 160 c 32 D 16

22-A regular-section barometric tube with a cross-sectional area of 1 cm 2 and the height
of mercury in it was 75 cm and the length of the space above the
mercury was 9 cm. An amount of air was entered into the space above the mercury,
and the column of mercury decreased in the tube to a height of 59 cm . The volume of
air = ...... .cm 3 that entered under atmospheric pressure, assuming that the
temperature is constant .
a 0.433 B 0.533 c 4.33 D 5.33

82
23-Regular capillary tube It contains a thread of mercury of 2 cm in length, holding a
quantity of air in it. The tube was placed vertically with its nozzle upwards, so the
length of the trapped air column was 19 cm. When I set it back in an upright position,
the length of the air column in it became 20 cm, so the atmospheric pressure = .........
a 78 B 76 c 75 D 74

24-bubble invasive It rises from the bottom of a fresh water lake to the surface, so its
volume at the surface becomes twice its size at the bottom . The depth of the lake = .......
m Note that the earth's gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s2, the atmospheric pressure
is 10 5 N/m2, and the water density is 1000 kg/m3, assuming a constant temperature.
a 9 B 10 c 11 D 12

25-capillary tube Horizontal , with a mercury strip of 4 cm in length, and closed at one
end, so the length of the trapped air column was 10 cm. If you know that the
atmospheric pressure is equal to 76 cm g, calculate the length of the air column if the
tube is placed
vertically and opened up vertically and opened it down
a 9.5 10,556
B 9.5 11,556
c 10,556 10,556
D 10,556 9.5

26-corresponding figure
Three tanks z, y, x of capacity vol , 2vol , 4vol On the
arrangement isolated from each other by two valves 1And
2 and the two reservoirsz, y have gas so that the pressure
of the gas z reservoir, half of the gaspressure is in the y
reservoir , while The reservoir x is deflated when valve 1 is
only opened The pressure in the reservoir y is equal to P1
As for when opening thevalve 2 Only the pressure in the
reservoir y becomes equal to P2 , then the ratio = ..........
a b c d

83
27-corresponding figure
Warehouses 1 and 2 of equal capacity are isolated from each
other by Valve k Each reservoir is connected to a mercury
manometer when the valve opens k , the level of mercury
in each of the branches y, x ....................
branch x branch y
a Decline Decline
B Decline Rises
c Rises Rises
Dr Rises Decline

28-air bubble increases in size when it rises from the bottom of a lake to the surface of the
water. If the volume of the bubble at the surface is one and a half times its volume at
the bottom, then the depth of the lake is = ....... m , assuming that the water
temperature is constant and the water density is 1000 kg/m3 ,The acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s2 and the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the lake is 10 5 N/m2
a 5.5 B 4.5 c 5 D 4

1-corresponding figure
Shows the path taken by a particle of smoke in the air
Explain why the minute smoke moves in this way

2-Mention the precautions that must be available when conducting the Boyle's Law
investigation experiment

3-Corresponding shapes
A capillary tube containing a volume of air trapped by
a threadof mercury Placed in different positions as in the
following figuresArrange the positions of the tubeWhere
is the density of the gas imprisoned by the thread of mercury
in each of them, assuming a constant degree the heat

84
4-corresponding figure
It shows a cylinder of uniform cross-section, closed at both ends,
containing an insignificantly movable piston Friction traps two
different quantities of gas on its sides, so if the pressure of the gas is
on both sides Both sides of the piston are 80 cm Hg Calculate the
pressure difference on both sides of the piston when it is moving
slowlyto the middle of the cylinder, assuming the temperature
remains constant

5- corresponding figure
It shows three gas levels connected to each other through vacuum
tubesof which 12 ml . Calculate the value of the total pressure when
the three valves are opened, assuming they are constant temperature

6- A quantity of gas with a volume of Vol under a pressure of 4 bar. If its volume
decreases by 25% of its original volume, with the temperature constant, calculate the
pressure of the gas in this case.

7- A bubble of air at a depth of 50 m from the surface of a lake rose to the top until it
reached the surface and its volume became 5 cm3. Calculate the volume of the bubble at
the first depth, assuming that the temperature of the lake water is constant, knowing
that the atmospheric pressure = 1.013x105 N/m 2 and the density of water Lake = 1000
kg/m3 and Earth's gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s2

8-The following table shows the results of an experiment

to achieve Boyle's law
Px103 (N/m2) 80 160 320 400
3
Vol( cm ) 10 5 2.5 2
Draw the graph of the pressure P on the vertical Axis and
1/Vol on the horizontal axis State the relationship you derive
from the pressure-volume graph From the graph, find the
volume of the gas when it is Pressure 240 kPa

85
The effect of temperature on gas volume at constant pressure
Experiment to prove that equal volumes of different gases expand by equal amounts
steps
1- We take two cups of equal size, one of them filled with
Oxygen The other is carbon dioxide
2- Seal each of them with a plug through which an angled
glass tube runs out List of threads of mercury, length 2 or 3 cm
3- Put the two beakers in a basin with water, then a little water in
the basin hot and note how far the mercury string moves in each
of them
Note
We find that the two strings of mercury move an equal distance.
Conclusion
Equal volumes of different gases expand in equal amounts
If its temperature rises by the same number of degrees as when the pressure is held
Volumetric expansion coefficient of a gas under constant pressure ((∝ )

Deduce the volumetric expansion coefficient of a gas under constant pressure∝v

When the temperature of a gas is raised from 0OC with constant pressure, the volume
of the gas increases by ∆(Vol).
The change in the volume of a gas, ∆ (Vol), is directly proportional to:
The volume of the gas at 0°C ∆(Vol) 0 C
∆(Vol) ∝ ∆(Vol)0 C
Change in temperature ∆t
∆(Vol) ∝ ∆t
∆(Vol) ∝ ∆(Vol)0 C∆t
∆(Vol) = const ∆(Vol)0 C∆t
∆(Vol) = ∝ ∆(Vol)0 C∆t
∆( ) ( ) ( )
∝ = =
∆( ) ∆ ∆( ) ∆

The volumetric expansion coefficient of a gas under constant pressure ((∝ ):

The amount of increase in a unit volume of a gas at 0oC when its temperature
rises by one degree at constant pressure and equals K-1

The ratio of the increase in the volume of a gas from the original volume at 0oC when
its temperature rises by one degree at constant pressure and equals K-1

86
The unit of measure for the volumetric expansion coefficient: k-1
Kelvin: The unit of absolute temperature (Kelvin)
To convert between Celsius temperature and absolute temperature
T = t + 273
The temperature on the Kelvin scale is always positive
The temperature on the Celsius scale can be positive or negative
The change in temperature on the Kelvin scale is equal to the change in temperature on
the Celsius scale
∆T = ∆t
The relationship between the volume of a gas
and its temperature at constant pressure

(Charles' Law)

the purpose of the experiment

1- Realization of Charles' Law
2- Determine the volumetric expansion coefficient
of air under constant pressure

Device structure :
A glass tube of length 30 cm and diameter of about 1 mm, closed
From one end, a drop of mercury traps an amount of air inside
The tube is fixed with a thermometer on a graduated ruler

steps
1- The device is placed inside a glass casing, and the casing is filled with glazes
I take the fusion and leave an appropriate period for the air inside the tube to cool
down
to Zero Celsius
2- We measure the length of the entrapped air column, which takes a measure of its
volume V0
Because the tube is regular section
3- Empty the cover from the ice and then water and pass it with water vapor from top
to bottom We wait for an appropriate period of time until the temperature of the
trapped air becomes100oC Cylinder Length V100 . Caged Air Column
4- We set the volumetric expansion coefficient at constant pressure from the
relationship:

Conclusion
It was found practically that the volumetric expansion coefficient = , which is a
constant amount for all gases
Because equal volumes of different gases expand in equal amounts

Factors affecting the amount of increase in the volume of the gas when raising its
temperature when the pressure is constant
1- Gas volume in degrees Celsius, original volume V0
2- Amount of change in temperature Δt

87
 Charles' Law
At constant pressure, the volume of a gaseous gas increases by 1/273 of its original
volume at zero degrees Celsius for each rise in temperature by one degree

Mathematical formula
( )
Vol∝ T Vol = const T =
( )

Graphical relationship of Charles' law

The relationship between gas volume on the vertical axis and
temperature on the Kelvin scale It produces a straight line passing
through the originAnd the slope of the line becomes a constant
Deduction of the mathematical formula of Charles' law

corresponding graph
From the similarity of the triangles ABC and ADE
=
BC = (Vol)1
DE = (Vol)2
AC = t1 + 273 = T1
AE = t2 + 273 = T2
( )
= =
( )
Vol ∝ T

absolute zero (zero kelvin)

The temperature at which the gas volume theoretically does not exist at constant pressure

Another formula for Charles' law in terms of the density of a gas

ρ = Vol =
( ) ( )
= =
m1 = m2ρ1 T1 = ρ2 T2
ρT = const

Calculation of the volumetric expansion coefficient of a gas under constant pressure given
its volume at temperatures t1 and t2
( ) ( ) ∝
= = = =
( ) ( ) ∝

88
1-A gas whose volume is 35 cm 3 at a temperature of 27 o C , and when the temperature is
raised to 72 o C , its volume becomes 40.6 cm3 , the volumetric expansion coefficient for
this gas when the pressure is constant = .......
a b c d

2-Heat half a liter of hydrogen from 10 o C to 293 o C , its volume = ....... liters , assuming
that its pressure is constant
a 1 B 2 c 1.5 D 1.7

3-If the volume of a gas at zero degrees Celsius is 450 cm3 It has a volume of 91 o C = .......
cm3 Assuming his pressure remains constant
a 6000 B 600 c 5000 D 500

4-A quantity of gas whose volume is (vol) 0 c at a temperature of 0 o c , if its temperature

increases to 273 o C , its volume becomes 100 L Its volume at zero Celsius = ....... L if
you know that the coefficient of volumetric expansion of the gas is under constant
pressure K -1
a 70 B 60 c 40 D 50

5-A gas whose volume is 35 cm3 at a temperature of 27 o C , and when the temperature is
raised to 75 o C , its volume becomes 40.6 cm3 is the volumetric expansion coefficient =
....... for this gas of the original volume at 0 o C assuming constant pressure
a b c d

89
6-An open flask heat the air inside it from 27 o C to 87 oC For the flask assuming that both
the air pressure and the volume of the flask are constant = ............................
a 10 B 0.1 c 0.2 D 5

7-If you raise the temperature of a gas by 10 oC , then the increase in the temperature of
the gas on the Kelvin scale = ....... K
a 10 B 263 c 273 D 283

8-The volume of a certain amount of a trapped gas at a temperature of 10 O C doubles if it

is heated under constant pressure to..... o
a 20 B 50 c 100 D 293

9-If the volume of a certain quantity of a gas at a temperature of 44 o C is 250 cm 3 , then

its volume at a temperature of 0 o C , assuming constant pressure, is approximately
.................. cm 3
a 320 B 300 c 215 D 200

10-A quantity of a gas whose volume is Vol at an absolute temperature T. If we raise its
temperature by an amount so that ∆T its volume increases by an amount ∆Vol at a
constant pressure, then the graph that represents the relationship between the
volumetric expansion coefficient of the gas ∝v and its absolute temperature T when the
gas pressure is constant is

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

90
11-The temperature of a quantity of gas is raised from 37 o C to 192 o C with constant
pressure If the volume of the gas is 37 o C is Vol , then the amount of change in the
volume of the gas ∆ Vol = ................
a Vol b c d

12-An open metal can contains a certain amount of air, the volume of which is Vol , at a
temperature of 298 k. If the can is heated to a temperature of 343 k , the volume of air
leaking out is 9.06 cm 3 Assuming that the pressure is constant and the expansion of the
container is neglected, the value of Vol will be approximately = ....... ............... cm3
a 40 B 50 c 60 D 67

13-A quantity of gas at a temperature of 17 oC raises its temperature by 100 oC while its
pressure remains constant, so its volume increases by 2.5cm3 The volume of the gas
before heating is .....cm3
a 25 B 26 c 27 D 24

14-An experiment was conducted to determine

the volumetric expansion coefficient of a gas of temperaturet o C Air column length
original volume at 0 oC under constant cm
pressure by means of a uniformly cross-section 25 50
capillary tube containing a thread of mercury t2 60
imprisoning a column of air The following table represents the values of the length of
the column of air at different degrees
The value of t is 2 =........... o C
a 84 B 84.4 c 84.6 D 83.4

91
15-In Charles's experiment to determine the coefficient of volumetric expansion of air
under constant pressure, the length of the column of air trapped at the melting point of
ice was 13.65 cm and the length of the column of air trapped at the boiling point of
water under normal atmospheric pressure was 18.65 cm The coefficient of volumetric
expansion of air is from the original volume at 0 oC = ....... assuming that his pressure is
proven And neglecting the expansion of the glass
a b c d

16-A quantity of air of mass 0.2 kg is imprisoned inside a container equipped with a
movable piston that is ignorant of friction. If the density of air is 1.3 kg/m3 at 0 o C
The volume of air trapped when the temperature of the container is raised to 120 O C =
...... Assuming that the pressure is proven
a 1.3 B 1.2 c 0.11 D 0.22

17-A capillary tube of regular cross-section, placed vertically and having a length of 15 cm
, contains a quantity of air imprisoned by a mercury thread of length 5 cm so that the
length of the entrained air column is 9.1 cm at 21 oC The maximum Celsius
temperature that can be set when using the tube as a thermometer = ....... C , assuming
constant pressure and neglecting the tube expansion
a 50 B 60 c 70 D 80

18-Heat an open flask containing air from 15 o C to 87 o C. The ratio of the volume of air
that came out of it to the volume of the flask, assuming constant pressure and ignoring
the expansion of the flask = ...... cm
a 8 B 9 c 7 D 10

19-A cylindrical vessel has a frictionless piston with a cross-sectional area of 250 cm2 and
holds an amount of air with a volume of 5460 cm3 at 0 oC , and when the container is
heated, the air temperature inside it becomes 100 o C by neglecting the expansion of the
container The distance that the piston moves until the pressure remains constant... cm
a 6 B 7 c 9 D 8

92
20-If the volume of a gas at 0° C is 450 cm3 , then Gas volumetric expansion coefficient at
91 ˚C = ....... cm 3 , assuming a constant pressure gas
a b c d

21-An open vessel containing air at 27 ˚C whose temperature was raised to 77 ˚C is the
ratio of what came out of the air to what was in it = .......
a b c d

22-A quantity of gas with a volume of 3 liters at 27 ˚C , its temperature was raised to 227
˚C while its pressure remained constant. From these results , the gas expansion
coefficient is large when the pressure is constant.
a b c d

23-A quantity of a gas at 17˚C , whose temperature is raised by 100˚C while its pressure
remains constant, increases its volume by 2.5 cm3 The volume of the gas before heating
is …… cm3
a 6.5 B 6.25 c 2.25 D 7.25

24-A vessel that has a frictionless piston and almost negligible weight. It traps a volume of
air = 1365 cm3 at 0 ˚C , Heat the container until the air inside it acquires a degree =
100 ˚C The distance that the piston moves upward until the trapped air remains at the
same value as its first pressure = ..... cm Note that the cross sectional area of the piston
is 50 cm2 and the volumetric expansion coefficient of air under constant pressure =
a 9.5 B 11 c 10.5 D 10

93
25-A quantity of gas at 27˚C , whose temperature is raised by 100˚C while its pressure
remains constant, increases its volume by 2 cm3 The volume before heating = …… cm 3
a 6 B 0.6 c 5 D 0.5

26-3 liters of gas At ° C ˚27 He is its size At ° C 227˚ = ....... liters at proof Pressure
a 5.5 B 6 c 5 D 4.5

27-A container of 3 liters capacity filled with oxygen gas at a temperature of 27˚C , heated
to a temperature of 227˚C , the volume of gas in it at constant pressure = ....... and the
absolute temperature that makes the volume of gas 4 liters = ......
The absolute temperature that makes a The volume of gas in it at constant
volume of gas 4 liters K pressure is liters
a 400 5
B 273 6
c 400 6
D 273 5

28-container containing air at 27 ˚C whose temperature is raised to 87 ˚C under constant

pressure is the percentage of the volume of air that comes out of the container to its
original volume, neglecting the expansion of the container = .......
a 20% B 30% c 40% D 40%

29-A quantity of gas with a volume of 0.725 m3 at a temperature of 17˚C raised its
temperature while the pressure remained constant, so its volume increased by 0.25 m3
The amount of increase in temperature = ........ C
a 100C B 103 C c 105 C D 10 C

30-A cylindrical vessel has a frictionless piston that traps an amount of air with a volume
of 5460 cm 3 at zero degrees Celsius. When the vessel is heated, the air temperature
inside it becomes 100 degrees Celsius . The distance that the piston moves until the
pressure remains constant = ...... cm , Note that the cross sectional area of the piston is
250 cm2 .
a 5 B 6 c 7 D 8

94
31-column of air imprisoned in a tube of regular cross-section by means of a thread of
mercury. If the column of air is at C ˚0 degrees, it is 10 cm long, if the temperature is
raised to C ˚ 273 = ....... with the assumption that the mercury does not evaporate
a 12 cm B 15 cm c 20 cm D 10 cm

32-amount of gas dry At degree 27 C˚ be degree the heat that He increases Then its size
by 40% of the size the original At proof Pressure = .......
a 147 C B 173 C c 172 C D 149 C

33-A quantity of gas with a volume of 4 liters at 27 °C raised its temperature with the
pressure remaining constant, so its volume increased by how much The amount of
increase in temperature = ........ oC
a 173 C B 370 C c 365 C D 375 C

1- A person filled two identical balloons with air until they became the same size, then
he put one of them in the refrigerator cooler for a certain period of time, then he took it
out and compared the size of the two balloons, and he found that the balloon that was
cooled became smaller .............. Explain this by assuming constant pressure and
neglecting the pressure resulting from the balloon's rubber and the change in it
2- Explain the expansion of two equal volumes of oxygen and nitrogen gases in equal
amounts when their temperature is raised by equal amounts at constant pressure
3- Mention the precautions that must be available when conducting an experiment to
investigate Charles' law

4- Write the mathematical relationship and what is the slope of the straight line for the
following graphs

95
5- Corresponding fig
Demonstrates Charles' device
A- Explain how to measure the volume of air trapped in a tube and provide
your answer
B- Explain that the trapped air must be dry during the experiment
c- Describe the relationship between the change in the thermometer
reading and the change in the volume of entrained air
D- Why does the trapped air pressure remain constant during the experiment?

6- A gas has a volume of 50 cm 3 at a temperature of 390 k, while its volume at

zero
Celsius is 35 cm 3 Calculate the coefficient of volumetric expansion of the gas at
constant
pressure

7-In an experiment to study the effect of heat on the volume of a gas when its pressure
is constant, we obtained the following results
Vol ( cm3 ) 10.7 11.1 11.8 12.9 13.3
o
t C 20 30 50 80 90

(a) Draw the graph between the temperature t

on the horizontal axis and the volume of gas Vol
on vertical axis
(b) From the diagram, find:
1- The volume of the gas is at zero degrees Celsius
2- The temperature at which volume becomes
Gas 13 cm3
3- The volumetric expansion coefficient of the gas
under constant
4- The temperature at which there is no gas volume
Theoretically when the pressure is stable

[10 cm3 , 81o c , 3.7 x 10-3 k-1 , -273 o C ]

96
 The effect of temperature on gas pressure when its volume is fixed
Experiment to prove that equal pressures of different gases expand by equal amounts
1- We prepare a glass beaker that is clogged with a stopper from which a tube runs out
Two divisions A, B contain an appropriate amount of mercury that settles on the
surface of the plane horizontal one at X, Y, so the pressure of the trapped gas =
atmospheric pressure and a certain temperature Air, let it be t1 oC
2- Submerge the beaker in a basin with warm water
3- Its temperature t2oC, we find that the surface of mercury decreases in A rises in B
4- Place the mercury in the funnel until the surface of the mercury returns to A to the X to
equal the volume of trapped air The flask is t2оC with the volume and the hue is t1oC
5- We note that mercury at B rises above its surface in A by an amount of
6- Given, let it be h cm, so the pressure of the trapped air is Pa + h, which indicates that the
pressure of the trapped air has increased by h cm when their temperature is raised
from t1oC to t2oC When conducting the experiment several times, changing the type of
gas each time and raising the temperature by an equal amount

We find that when the size is proven:

A- The pressure of the gas increases with the increase in temperature
b- Equal pressures of different gases increase by the same amount if their temperature
rises by the same number of degrees.
The coefficient of increase in gas pressure when its volume is constant βP
The amount of increase in the pressure unit of the gas, which is zero degrees Celsius, if
its temperature rises by one degree Celsius and its volume remains constant
The relationship between gas pressure and temperature at constant volume (pressure law)
If we raise the temperature of a quantity of gas when the volume is fixed, its pressure
increases, and it has been practically found that the increase in gas pressure is directly
proportional to each of:
The original pressure of the gas is P0, and the temperature rise, Δt
ΒP =
where βP is a proportionality constant and is called the gas pressure increase
coefficient, ΔP is the difference between the gas pressures at two different temperatures
When the gas temperature is raised from zero to 100 oC with constant volume, the
pressure increases from P0 to P100 and ΔP = P100 - P0

97
Determining the coefficient of gas pressure increase
when its volume is fixed (realizing the pressure law in practice) It uses a jolly device
the purpose of the experiment
Realizing the pressure law, set the coefficient of
pressure increase for air under a constant volume
device structure
1- Vitreous bulge, spherical, thin-walled, hardened tube
B lattice in the form of two right angles, the end of which is connected
to a rubber tube It is somewhat expanded with C and an appropriate
amount of mercury.
2- The device is installed on a vertical stand on which is installed
a graduated ruler and tube C Movable up and down.

Steps
1- We set the atmospheric pressure at the time of the experiment using a barometer.
2- We put in warehouse (A) 1/7 its volume of mercury
To equalize the expansion of the vitreous bulge, until the volume of the remaining part
remains
It is stable at all temperatures
3- We immerse the warehouse in a cup of water and then pour mercury in the pure
branch C
until its surface in the other branch rises to a certain mark X
4- Heat the water in the oven and wait for an appropriate period of time to stabilize the
temperatureand standing low surface mercury in the branch hardening the warehouse
eighty the temperature let it be 100oC
5- We move the pure branch C up until the surface of the mercury in the pure branch
rises on the same mark X Eighth. Measure the height difference between the two
surfaces of the mercury in the two branches and let it be h cm and since it was found
the pressure of the trapped air let it be P equal to the atmospheric pressure plus the
difference in height (Pa + h = P100)
6- We move the pure branch C down one eighth and stop heating and leave the
warehouse so that its temperature does not drop to about 90ºC, the second move the
branch C up until the surface of the mercury in the branch solidifies the warehouse
rises to the mark X eighty-eight degrees in temperature and the height difference
between the surfaces of the mercury in the two branches and from that we find the
trapped air pressure in this case.
7- We repeat the mas for several times at different degrees and each time we find the
trapped air pressure in the same way as the previous one
8- From the previous resultsWe draw a graphic relationship between the temperature
on the horizontal and the pressure on the vertical, we get a straight line
9- We calculate the pressure increase coefficient when the size of the relationship is
fixed
Conclusion:
It was found practically that the coefficient of increase in air
pressure when it is fixedVolume = 1/273, which is a fixed amount
for all gases
reason......?!!
Because equal pressures of different gases expand in equal amounts

98
Precautions to be taken into account when achieving the law of pressure
Put in inflation 1/7 volume of mercury to equate the expansion of the vitreous bulge, the
vapor has pressure.
The bulge must be completely submerged in the water so that it does not touch the
walls of the pot so that the heat is not transferred from the flame directly to them.
The tube B connected to the bulge must be a capillary tube to ignore the change in the
volume of gas that is gone because of the heat.
You must wait a sufficient time for the air present in the bulge to acquire the
temperature of the water each time

pressure law

When the volume is constant, the pressure of a quantity of gas increases by of its original
pressure at zero degrees Celsius and for each rise in temperature by one degree

absolute zero (zero kelvin)

Relationship between dregKelphnut and dregs Celsius
(Kelvin) T = t° + 273

The relationship between pressure on

the vertical axis can be plottedThe temperature is measured
in degrees Celsius and represented byThe horizontal axis we
get a straight line as in the figure.We stretch this straight line
on its straight and we find that it breaks the axis
Temperatures at 273
∆
Slope = = βp P0 =
∆

Notes
1- The lowest temperature that can be reached is = -273OC
2- This degree corresponds to absolute zero (zero Kelvin).
3- When the gas reaches zero Kelvin:
4- It begins to change from a gaseous state to a liquid state, and the gas laws do not
apply to it

Deduction of the mathematical formula of Charles' law

corresponding figure
From the similarity of the triangles ABC,ADE
=
BC = P1 DE = P2
AE = t2 + 273 = T2
= =
P ∝ T
pressure law
When volume is constant, the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly
proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale.

99
From the previous two figures, we find the lowest theoretically achievable temperature
It is - 273 this degree corresponds to the so-called absolute zero or zero kelvin
absolute zero
The temperature at which the gas pressure does not theoretically exist when its volume
remains constant.

Note:
the temperature on the Kelvin scale is always a positive value, while the Celsius degree
will be scaled between positive and negative
a graph between Gas volume and absolute temperature at constant pressure

We find that at zero kelvin:

The volume, Vol = 0, and the pressure, P = 0
With extreme cooling, the substance does not remain in its gaseous state, but turns into
aliquid
Sometimes it is solid and therefore does not obey the gas laws
Therefore, the gas loses its volume and pressure at absolute zero and is called in
This is the case with an ideal gas or a complete gas
When deriving an ideal gas, it must:
Neglecting intermolecular forces and the size of the particles in relation to the container

ideal gas
A gas whose volume and pressure vanish at absolute zero

100
1-If the pressure of a gas at zero degrees Celsius is 33 cm Hg and the temperature of the
gas is increased to 82 o C Its pressure became 55 cm Hg . The coefficient of increase in
pressure under a constant volume = .......
a b c B

2-A manometer was connected to a gas warehouse at the bottom of a mountain, where the
temperature is 27 o C and the pressure is 75 cm Hg , so the two surfaces of mercury in
the two branches of the manometer were in one horizontal level, and when a person
climbed it to the top of the mountain, where the temperature was 3 o C And there was
no change in the surface of the mercury in the manometer, so the height of the
mountain = ....... m , noting that the density of mercury is 13600 kg/m 3 and the density
of air is 1.02 kg/m 3
a 69 B 690 c 800 D 80

3-The pressure of a given amount of gas doubles at 10 O C Heating it when its volume is
constant to ............... o C
a 20 B 80 c 160 D 293

4-If a quantity of gas is gradually heated, which of the following graphs represents the
change in pressure with temperature on a Celsius scale when the volume is constant?!!
.....................

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

101
5-If an amount of mercury is placed in the reservoir of the Jolie apparatus, the volume of
which is equal to the volume of the reservoir, and the temperature of the reservoir is
raised, then the volume of the trapped air ………….
a less B is increasing
c it remains fixed D The answer cannot be determined

6-An airtight container containing a quantity of gas inside it. If its suction increases by
0.4% of its original pressure as a result of an increase in its temperature by 1 oC , then
its temperature before heating will be ............. assuming that the expansion of the
container is neglected.
a 25 C B 250C c 250K D 500K

7-Calculate the coefficient of increase in the pressure of a quantity of gas from the original
pressure at 0 O C , assuming that the volume is constant, if the pressure of the gas at 36
o
C is equal to 3 atm , then the temperature of the gas is reduced to -172 o C , so its
pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, knowing that Pa=1 atm
a b c B

8-A quantity of gas at a temperature of zero Celsius whose temperature was raised to 273 o
C with a constant volume and its pressure doubled, so the coefficient of increase in gas
pressure from the original pressure is at 0 o C
a b c B

9-If the pressure of a quantity of gas at 26 o C is 59.8 cm Its pressure is at 30 o C

Confirmation of volume = ...... cm Hg
a 77.6 cm Hg B 60.6 cm Hg c 70.6 cm Hg D 80.6 cm Hg

10-A quantity of a gas with a pressure of P at 0 OC. If its pressure doubles when heated t
and its volume remains constant, then t = ....... OC
a 273 B 546 c 273 D 819

102
11-A car tire has air pressure of 2 atm in the early morning and the temperature was C ˚ 7
and when it moved for a while while it was running and as a result of friction the
temperature rose to C 57 ˚ then the tire pressure =… atmospheric pressure assuming
that its volume is constant
a 23.6 B 13.6 c 1.36 D 2.36

12-A closed container of fixed volume is placed in boiling water under normal atmospheric
pressure, so its pressure becomes 100 cm Hg, then it is placed in another liquid that
boils, and its pressure becomes 20 cm Hg higher than the first case. The boiling point of
this liquid is = ....... C
a 180.6 B 186.2 c 17.46C D 174.6C

13-A container of fixed volume with a capacity of 1 cubic meter . The difference in air
pressure inside it from atmospheric pressure was 5 atmospheric pressure. When the
temperature of this container was raised from 27 degrees Celsius to an unknown degree
, the pressure difference increased to 8 atm , The final temperature is = …… C
a 172 C B 174 C c 177 C D 173 C

14-Fill a thin -walled glass container with dry air under a pressure of 75.3 cm Hg and a
temperature of ( -22 ˚ C). Calculate the temperature that the container can be raised to
without exploding if you know that the maximum internal pressure that the walls of the
container can bear is 144 cm g, the temperature will be Less than ................ °C
a 207 B 211 c 210 D 212

15- 3 liter volume of gas at 27˚C has a volume at 227˚C = ....... a liter when the pressure is
proven?
a 2 B 3 c 4 D 5

103
General Gas Law
Relationship between volume, pressure and temperature of a gas

Deduce the mathematical formula for the general gas law

From Boyle's Law Vol ∝
From Charles Vol ∝ T
Vol∝ Vol = const = const
And if the gas volume changes from Vol1 to Vol2
And his pressure changed from P1 to P2
And its kelvin temperature changed from T1 to T2 : =
General Gas Law
The product of multiplying the volume of a given amount of gas by its pressure
divided by its temperature by the Kelvin scale is a constant

When the gas is at STP, then:

P = 1.013 X 105 N/m2 , T = 273 K

When changing the density of a gas with constant mass, we use the relationship:
=
When two gases are mixed:
mix= +

The general law of gases when changing mass (leakage or addition) and constant volume
=

To calculate the volumetric expansion coefficient of a gas at constant pressure from the
general gas law
( ) ∝
=
( ) ∝

Calculate the pressure increase coefficient for a gas when the volume is constant from the
general gas law
( )
=
( )
Notes for General Law Gases Questions
The rate of pressure and temperature {S.T.P} is in it
Pressure cm Hg 76
Temperature 0°C
Molecule gas occupies a volume of 22.4 liters for the S.T.P
104
1-An amount of gas that occupies at a temperature of 27 oC and a pressure of 60 cm Hg
a volume of 380 cm3 whose volume at the average pressure and temperature = ...... cm3
a 273 B 272 c 270 D 270

2-A quantity of oxygen gas if heated to 77 oC while maintaining its pressure at 80 cm Hg It

occupies a volume of 5 liters If it is heated to 127 oC and the pressure is reduced to 72
cm Hg , it occupies a volume of liter Calculate the volumetric expansion coefficient
of the gas under constant pressure
a b c d

3-5 liters of hydrogen gas under 1 atm pressure , then mix it with 12 liters of nitrogen gas
under 1.2 atm pressure . If the temperature of both gases is 35 o C The pressure of the
mixture is if they are mixed in a container of 30 liters , and the temperature of the
mixture becomes 27 o C = ....... atm Assuming no heat exchange occurs
a 0.34 B 0.42 c 0.63 D 1.63

4-If the density of oxygen gas at STP is 1.43 kg/m3 The density of oxygen is at a
temperature
of 35 oC and a pressure of 2 x 105 N/m2 = ....... kg/m3
a 2.3 B 2.2 c 2.5 D 2.6

5-A gas bubble with a volume of vol at a depth of 5m from the surface of a lake where the
absolute temperature T ,Note that the earth's gravitational acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 and
the density of water is 1000 kg/m 3 and Pa = 10 5 N/m2
a 1.6 B 1.9 c 2.1 D 3

105
6-A quantity of gas with a pressure of 1 atm occupies a volume of 250 cm3 at a
temperature of 27 oC , its pressure when its temperature is raised to 177 OC so that its
volume becomes 300 cm3 = ...... atm
a 1.25 B 1.5 c 1.4 D 1.3

7-A quantity of gas that occupies a volume of 380 cm3 at a temperature of 27 oC under a
pressure of 60 cm Hg Its volume at STP = ....... cm3
a 273 B 272 c 274 D 275

8-A quantity of gas with a volume of 76 cm 3 at a pressure of 325 cm Hg and a temperature

of 52 o C has a volume at STP = ....... cm 3
a 273 B 271 c 272 D 270

9-A bubble of air with a volume of 50 cm 3 at a depth of 10.13 meters below the surface of
fresh water at a temperature of 4 oC Its volume just before it reaches the surface of the
water = ...... cm3 , where the temperature is 22 o C , noting that the earth's gravitational
acceleration = 10 m/s2 , atmospheric pressure = 1.013 x 10 5 pascal , and the density of
water = 1000 kg/m3
a 1.06 B 3.1 c 10.6 D 1.2

10-A balloon on the Earth's surface filled with an amount of helium gas, the volume of
which is 2x102 m 3 , and the atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface is 1 atm and
the temperature is 20 o C. If the balloon rises until it reaches a certain height, the
atmospheric pressure is at 0.4 atm and the temperature is -27 o C. The volume of
helium gas inside the balloon at this height = ...... m2
a 419.8 B 421 c 429.8 D 258.6

11-A quantity of gas with a volume of 82.6 cm3 under a pressure of 640 mm Hg at a
temperature of 2 5 oC If the density of the gas at STP is 0.09 kg/m 3 then the mass of the
gas = ....... kg
a 5.73 x 10 -6 B 4.73 x 10 -5 c 5.73 x 10 -4 D 4.73 x 10 -6

106
12-A mass of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 550 liters at 5˚C and at a pressure of
1.013x10 5 Pa The volume value at 30˚C and at a pressure of Pa =1.066x 10 5.... liters
a 570 B 57 c 560 D 580

13-A cylinder with a tap contains 3 kg of gas, its pressure is 5 atmospheric pressure. The
tap was opened by chance, and the gas leaked through it. The mass of gas remaining
when the leaking process stops = ....... kg
a 0.5 B 0.3 c 0.4 D 0.6

14-If the mass of a cubic meter of air is at 0°C and under pressure 77.4 cm. Mercury is
1.29 kg The density of air at 91˚C and a pressure of 88 cm. Mercury = …… kg/m3
a 0.85 B 1.2 c 0.9 D 1.1

15-A bubble of air with a volume of 7.7 cm3 at a temperature of C 4˚ and at a depth of 15
meters from the surface of the water of a salty lake, its water density is 1030 kg /m3 and
when the bubble reaches the surface of the water, the temperature is then 32 C˚ and the
pressure is 1.013 x 10 5 N/m2 and the free fall acceleration is 10 m/s2 Its volume ….. cm3
a 20 B 20.41 c 22 D 21.41

16-I mixed 5 liters of nitrogen gas with a temperature of 7˚C and a pressure of 70 cm Hg
with 12 liters of oxygen gas with a temperature of 27 ˚C and a pressure of 80 cm g, and
put the mixture in a container of 20 liters and a temperature of 127˚ C. The pressure
for the mixture would be = .... cm Hg
a 85 B 86 c 87 D 89

17-Two containers, one with a capacity of 13 liters, containing hydrogen at a pressure of

21 cm H g, and the other with a capacity of 14 liters, containing nitrogen at a pressure
of 39 cmHg, and the temperature of each of them was 0oC = ....... cm Hg
a 38 B 39 c 40 D 41

107
18-A quantity of nitrogen gas with a volume of 15 liters when the pressure applied to it is
equal to 12 cm Hg, and an amount of oxygen gas with a volume of 10 liters when the
pressure applied to it is 50 cm Hg They are placed in a closed container with a capacity
of 5 liters. If the temperature is constant during mixing , which of the following choices
is correct?
The pressure of nitrogen gas The pressure of the oxygen The pressure of the
after mixing, cm Hg gas after mixing, cm Hg mixture, cm Hg
a 32 100 132
B 12 36 48
c 12 90 102
D 36 100 136

19-A rubber balloon containing 500 cm3 of trapped air was placed at a pressure of 2
atmospheres in a cubic container The shape has a side length of 10 cm, then seal the
container tightly so that the final pressure is inside the container When the balloon
explodes by neglecting the size of the rubber and assuming that the temperature is
constant =........
a 1.55 Pa B 1.45 Pa c 1.4 Pa D 1.5 Pa

20-The middle bulge contains an ideal gas, its pressure is

Pa 2, while the other two bulges are completely empty.
What happens to the pressure inside the middle bulge
when:
Open valve (a) only Open the two valves together
a
B Pa Pa
c
Dr Pa

21-Two quantities of hydrogen gas with a volume of 12 liters and under a pressure of 15
cm Hg were mixed with another quantity of the same gas of a volume of 8 liters and
under a pressure of 45 cm Hg in one closed vessel with a capacity of 6 liters .The
pressure of the mixture assuming the temperature is constant = .... . cm Hg
a 75 B 70 c 80 D 90

22-A cylinder with a valve containing 0.04 kg of air at a pressure of 0.1 atmospheric
pressure. The valve was opened by accident and it leaked. The air through it into the
cylinder The mass of the air inside the cylinder when the leakage process stops ....... kg
a 0.4 B 0.3 c 0.2 D 0.5

108
23-A regularsection cylinder in which air was trapped by a piston, and the length of the
air in it was 150 mm, at a pressure P and a temperature T on the Kelvin scale The
length of the air when the pressure becomes 2P and the temperature becomes 3T =...mm
a 240 B 255 c 225 D 250

24-Two quantities of gas Two different, the volume of the first is 12 liters, and its pressure
is 10 cmHg. The volume of the second is 16 liters, and its pressure is 15 cm Hg. These
two quantities were mixed together in a 6 liter container pressure of the mixture Inside
the container, assuming a constant temperature = ....... cm Hg
a 20 B 30 c 40 D 60

25-Mix 10 liters of Nitrogen is 15 cm g and oxygen is 50 cm g together inside A container

with a volume of 5 liters , the pressure of the mixture became 120 cm Hg , the volume
of the amount of oxygen before mixing, assuming constant temperature = .... 9 liters
a 4 B 8 c 4.5 D 9

26-A closed, thermally insulated container contains 10 liters of oxygen gas under normal
atmospheric pressure. If 20 liters under normal pressure is added to it, the new
pressure becomes = ...... atmospheric pressure .
a 8 B 9 c 6 D 3

27-a pressure of 15 cm Hg , were mixed together in a sealed vessel with a capacity of 6

liters .
a 3 B 6 c 30 D 60

28-If the density of air at zero degrees Celsius and at a pressure of 76 cm Hg is 1.2 kg/m3
Its density is at 27 °C and a pressure of 78 cm Hg = ....... kg/m3
a 0.9 B 1.5 c 0.12 D 1.12

109
29-A bubble of air with a radius of 1 cm at the bottom of a lake at 7˚C rose to the surface
of the lake at 7° C The temperature is then 20˚C . The radius of the bubble when it
reaches the surface of the lake = ……. cm Note that the depth of the lake is 32 meters,
and its density is very high 1000 kg /m3 , the atmospheric pressure is 105 N/m2 , and the
acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2
a 3.63 B 2.63 c 0.63 D 1.63

30-If the air density below a mountain is 1.2 kg/m3 at 30˚C and at a pressure of 10 5 Pa ,
then it is The density of the air at the top of this mountain = …… kg/m3 If the
temperature is 17 ˚ and the pressure is 0.9 x 10 5 Pa
a 0.128 B 3,128 c 2,128 D 1,128

31-A quantity of gas that occupies a volume of 550 liters at a temperature of 5˚C and a
pressure of 1 atm. The volume of this quantity is at 30˚C and a pressure of 10 5 5.065
x105 Pa = ..... liter
a 116.89 B 117.89 c 119.89 D 118.89

32-A piston in a diesel engine holds a quantity of gas at 27˚C and under a pressure of 75
cmHg The final volume of the gas will be if its temperature is raised to 527˚C and its
pressure is increased to 2700 cmHg
a 3.074V1 B 2.074V1 c 0.074V1 D 1.074V1

33-8 liters of nitrogen gas at a pressure of 20 cm. Mercury at 30˚C mixed with an amount
of oxygen gas at the same temperature and pressure of 25 cm. mercury in a closed
container with a capacity of 6 liters, so the pressure of the mixture was 110 cm. Hg The
volume of oxygen before mixing, assuming that the temperature is constant during
mixing = ....... liters
a 20 B 18 c 19 D 17

34-If the ratio between the densities of methane and acetylene at 27 ˚C is 8: 13, then the
temperature at which the density of acetylene becomes one and a half times the density
of methane, while the pressure of the two gases remains equal = ....... C ˚
a 42 C B 52 C c 40 C D 50 C

110
1- Which of the following figures shows the relationship between each of the following:

A- The relationship between the volume of a given amount of an ideal gas and its
pressure at a constant temperature
B- The relationship between the pressure and temperature of a given amount of gas on
the Kelvin scale when the volume is constant
C- The relationship between the volume of a given amount of gas and its temperature
on the Celsius scale at constant pressure

2- If the maximum capacity of a thin rubber balloon is 1000 cm3 , and when a quantity
of gas is inserted into it at a pressure of 76 cm Hg at a temperature of 7 °C, the volume
of the balloon becomes 900 cm3 . The balloon was then inserted under an air-mixing
bell, where the pressure inside the bell was reduced to 72 cm Hg, and the temperature
was raised to 35 °C. Will the balloon explode? And why?
[The balloon explodes, 1045 cm3]

3- Explain the following statements

A- When the temperature of two equal quantities of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is
raised from 0 °C
In equal amounts, its pressure increases in equal amounts
b- The air that fills the inflator of the Jolly apparatus must be dry from the inside

4- Write the mathematical relationship and what is the slope of the straight line for the
following graphs

5- A sealed metal box containing a quantity of dry air that was exposed to sunlight at
noon, assuming that the expansion of the box is neglected ................ What happens to
the air pressure inside the box? Explain your answer

111
6- A student studied the relationship between the pressure of a quantity of gas and its
temperature on the Kelvin scale by conducting the Jolly experiment, but the results he
obtained did not achieve the direct proportional relationship between pressure and
absolute temperature.
What are the possible reasons that led to this?

7- What are the consequences of the theoretical temperature of a gas reaching absolute
zero?

8- From the corresponding figure, find:

A- What is the pressure of the air trapped in the warehouse
B- The ratio of the volume of mercury inside the warehouse
to the volume of air trapped

9-A manometer connected to a warehouse that contains an amount of gas whose

pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. If the pressure difference measured by
the manometer at a temperature of 10 o C is 2x10 5 pascal , and the gas temperature
rises to 40 o C , calculate the value of the increase in gas pressure assuming the volume
is constant, noting that Pa = 1.013 x 10 5 pascals

Note that
The manometer measures the difference between the pressure of the gas trapped inside
the reservoir and the atmospheric pressure
Gas pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
Gas pressure inside the warehouse = manometer reading + atmospheric pressure

10-In an experiment to study the change of pressure of a certain amount of dry gas and
its temperatureIts temperature when the volume is fixed, the results were as in the
following table

to C 0 10 30 a 70 80 100
P ( cm Hg ) b 71 76 78.5 86 88.5 93.5
a- Draw the graph between the temperature t
on the axis
horizontal and pressure P on the vertical axis
b- From the drawing, find:
c- the value of both a and b
d- The coefficient of increase in gas pressure when
its volume is fixed

[40o , 68.5 cm Hg , 0.00365 k-1 ]

112