Physics 2024

Explanation
&Exercises

First secondary class

Second Term

1
 Momentum

Momentum: the product of a body's mass times its velocity

The amount of movement is determined by the relationship:

P=mxV

Momentum quantity P is a vector quantity

The direction of the momentum is the direction of the velocity
The unit of measure of momentum P : kg m / s
Momentum dimension equation P : M . L . T-1
Factors on which the amount of Momentum
depends
1- body mass
2- body velocity

Give reasons …… ?!!

Moving quantity is a vector quantity
Because it is the product of a scalar
quantity (mass) by a vector quantity (velocity).
Momentum of a body at rest = zero
Because its velocity = zero

What happens if ?!!

An object is thrown upwards with respect to its momentum
Its movement decreases due to its decrease in speed

A projectile reaches its maximum height in relation to the momentum

Its momentum is zero because its velocity at maximum height = zero
The fall of the body towards the earth's surface in relation to the amount of its motion
The amount of his momentum increases to increase his speed

If the direction of motion of the body is positive،

The direction of motion of the body after the collision is the negative direction

The change in the momentum

∆ = Pafter - P before

2
1-ball of mass 200 g moving horizontally at a speed of 0.7 m/s collides with a vertical wall
and bounces off it horizontally at a speed of 0.4 m/s. The change in the momentum of
the ball as a result of the collision, neglecting air resistance = ................. kg.m/s
A 0.06 B 0.22 c 0.08 D 0.14

2-The product of the body's mass multiplied by the time rate of change in its displacement
is ..........................
A Power B accelerating c momentum D weight

3-Figure ................. represents the relationship between the amount of motion of an object
and its velocity

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

4-If the mass of an object is reduced by half and its momentum is increased by half, this
means that the speed with which it is moving is...
a not changed c I said in half B increased to double D increased fourfold

5-When a body falls freely towards the ground.

a Its momentum rate increases B Its mass increases
c Its acceleration decreases D slows down

3
6-A body of mass 0.5 kg has fallen from rest from a height of 180 cm above the surface of
the earth, so its momentum when it reaches the surface of the earth = ……… kg. m/s
a 3 B 5 c zero D 9

7-The following charts express four states of motion of a body, so the graph that has the
greatest momentum is ……………..

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C Dr Figure d

8-A car of mass 1000 kg started moving from rest with uniform acceleration , so its
momentum after 2 seconds is 4 x 10 3 kg.m /s, so its momentum after 4 seconds from the
start of the movement = ………… kg.m/s
a 8 √ x 10 3 b 4 √ x 10 3 c 16x10 3 d 8x10 3

9-Momentum of a stationary train .......... Momentum of a child running.

a bigger B Equal c less than

10-Momentum of a body of mass 5 kg moving at a uniform velocity 4 m/s = ......... kg,m/s

a 20 B 2 c 0.2 D 10

11-A stone of mass 2 kg fell from the top of a building in a free fall and reached the surface
of the earth after 4 seconds, knowing that the acceleration of gravity 10 m/sec 2 is the
amount of movement of the stone at the time of its arrival to the ground = ......... kg. m/s
a 8 B 80 c 4 D 40

12-A body moving at a constant speed whose momentum is 4 times its mass is numerically
the distance traveled in 5 seconds =......... m
a 20 B 16 c 10 D 40

4
13-A body has a mass of 10 kg when its momentum is 50 kg m/ s body velocity = ........ m/s
a 10 B 15 c 5 D 2.5

14-A ball whose mass fell 0.5 kg from a height. 20 m the momentum of the ball after it hits
the ground directly= …………. Note that the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m / s 2
a 15 B 20 c 5 D 10

15- An eagle of mass 10 kg flies at a speed of 20 m/s and a deer of mass 50 kg runs at a
speed of 5 m/s. The momentum of the gazelle is .................. the momentum of the eagle
a Greater than B equal c less than

16-Corresponding figure
A ball of mass 0.7 kg falls vertically from rest from a height of 50 m
The motion of the ball when it hits the ground = ............
a 7√ c 0.06
b 0.14 d 7

17- A constant force acts on a body of

mass 16 kg and changes the amount of
Move according to the following schedule.

A- Draw the graph between time (t) and momentum (P).

B- From the diagram, find the force acting on the body.

5
Newton's second

The net force acting on an object is equal to the time rate of change in
momentum

If a net force acts on a body, it will cause an acceleration

It is directly proportional to the force acting on the body and inversely proportional to its mass

Mathematical form of Newton's second law

=

Factors on which strength Depends

1- body mass
2- the wheel

What does that mean?!!

The magnitude of the force acting on an object is 12 N
That is, the time rate of change in the amount of movement of the body is 12 kg m / s

Deduce the mathematical relationship between force and acceleration (another form of
Newton's second law):
( )
= = = ∴ = ∵
=
when ?!!
Force equals acceleration
When body mass = 1 kg
The unit of measurement for force is the newton (N)
and is equivalent to (kg m/s2) or (kg m/s2).

Newton

The force that, if applied to a body of mass 1 kg, would cause it to

acceleration of 1 m/s 2.
The dimensional equation of the force: M. L . T - 2
Force is measured using a spring balance.
Give reasons?!!
Force is a vector quantity
Because it is the product of a scalar quantity (mass) by a vector quantity (acceleration).
6
 note

If two equal forces act on two bodies of different masses (m 1 and m 2)

They acquire two different accelerations (a 1 and a 2) and thus:
m 1 a1 = m 2 a2 F1=F2
If there is a force of friction between a surface and an object, then:
F friction - F moving = Fdriving
Acceleration units: m/s2 and N/kg from the relationship a =

Guidelines for solving problems on Newton's second law

The general idea: net force = total mass x

∑F = (m 1 + m 2 + m 3 ..... ) a
∑
a=
…….

Calculates the acceleration with which a group of objects or a single object is moving
1. Calculate the net force if it is:
A- Forces in one direction: the resultant is the sum of the forces
b- The forces are in two opposite directions: the result is the subtraction of the forces
C- Orthogonal forces:
rces: We calculate the resultant forces from the Pythagorean theorem
2. We calculate the acceleration by dividing the net force by the total masses of the
bodies
3. Direction of acceleration: is the direction of the net force

If the force is inclined at an angle to the horizontal and the

body or objects are to be moved horizontally
a- force analysis
B- We only use the horizontal component of the force to express the resultant force
And neglecting the vertical vehicle
∑
a= =
……. …….

If there is a group of blocks tied with a thread as in the figure, then:

a-The
The acceleration of one body = the total acceleration of the bodies, and it is
determined from the relationship:
∑
a total = a 1 = a 2 = a 3 =
…….
Calculate the amount of tensile strength in each individual thread
b-Tensile
Tensile force = total acceleration x tensioned masses
(F T ) 1 = (m 1 + m 2 + m 3 ) a total
(F T ) 2 = (m 2 + m 3 ) a total
(F T ) 3 = m 3 a total

7
When attaching an object and lowering it vertically down (or vice versa), there are two
forces:
1-upward tensile strength
2-weight downforce
3-The resultant of the two forces is the product of their subtraction because the two
forces are in opposite directions
F driving = Faffecting - Fcounteracting

Movement on an inclined plane

Weight force:
affect verticallydown
The product of the mass of the body is equal to the acceleration due to gravity
This is called true weight
b-When an object slides on a smooth plane along the ground at
an angleθ
The body is moving at an acceleration less than the acceleration
due to gravity, a = g sin θ
That is, we use the vertical component of the weight force,
which is called the apparent weight = tensile force
Wvirtual = Wreal sinθ
The greater the angle of inclination, the greater the acceleration of movement and the
lower the apparent weight

Deduce the law of calculating the acceleration of the pulley

The corresponding figure if m1 is greater than m2

Weight m 2 moves up and weight m 1 moves down

The pulley is smooth....so the tension force in the thread and the
force acting on each weight are equal
T1 = T2 = T

Applying Newton's second law to the two weights ∑F = ma :

T - W 2= m 2a W 1 -T = m 1 a

Combine the two equations:

W 1 -W 2 = m 1 a + m 2 a
m 1g - m 2g = m 1a + m 2a
(m 1 - m 2 ) g = (m 1 + m 2 ) a
Difference of masses x acceleration due to gravity = sum of masses x acceleration of the
two weights

8
 Life applications of Newton's
second law
According to Newton's second law, =

The force acting on the body, F:

It increases with increase in body mass m and change in velocity V.

It decreases with an increase in the time of effect ….. the time of change in
momentum, Δt.
From this we can explain some of the life phenomena:

Mention the scientific reason.....?!!

A car hitting a wall is more destructive than hitting
a haystack.

A person falling from a high place in the water is

less injured than falling
on the ground.

When an egg falls on a pillow, it does not break,

but it breaks when it falls on the ground.

A big truck hitting a wall is more destructive than a

small truck hitting a wall.

The use of airbags in cars to protect the driver in the

event of a collision.

To increase the impact time and thus decrease the force =

If the change in momentum occurred over a longer period of time, the impact of the
impact force would be less, and vice versa

9
The movement of the body can be represented as follows :

From the above, we find that the two graphic relationships a - t

and ∑F = t for a body moving in a straight line are symmetrical
since the net force acting on a body is determined by the relationship ∑F = ma
meaning that ∑F α a when the mass of the body is constant

10
corresponding figure
It represents the relationship between velocity (m/s).
The time per second for a moving body of mass 20 kg
Find the force acting on the body:
1- From (a) to (b).
2- From (b) to (c).

answer

From (a) to (b):

The velocity is uniform and therefore there is no acceleration and no force as well
F = 0N
From (b) to (c):
a=-3 m/s2
0= 30+a×10 ∴
Vf= V_i+a t
F = ma
F = 20 x ( -3 ) = -60 N

11
1-corresponding graphics
It expresses the relationship between the momentum of a body acting on
it by a force F And time is the force acting on the body.
A in the same direction of movement
B in the opposite direction of movement
C perpendicular to the direction of movement
D or not

2-A cart of mass 240 kg starts moving from rest on a straight horizontal road under the
influence of a horizontal force of 750 N. Its speed reaches 5 m/s after it travels a
distance of 10 m, so is the magnitude of the frictional force between the surface of the
earth and the cart = .... N
A 150 B 200 c 300 D 450

3-A force of 1 Newton acts on a wooden cube and gives it a known acceleration. When the
same force acts on another cube, it acquires a wheel three times greater than the first
wheel. The ratio between the mass of the first cube to the second cube = ..............
A B c D

4-The force that, if acted on a body of mass, 30 Kg gives it an acceleration of 3 m/s2 = ......N
A 90 B 9 c 45 D 4.5

5-body whose mass is acted 6 Kgupon by a force of 30 N. If this body begins its motion
from rest, the distance it moves in 4 s =......... m
A 20 B 40 c 30 D 15

6-A car whose mass 500 Kgof motion starts from rest under the action of a motor force of
300 N if the frictional force is 50 N. The driving force of the car = ........ N
A 350 B 35 c 25 D 250

12
7-Two
Two equal forces act on two different masses, so the first mass acquires an acceleration
of 2m /s2 and the other acquires an acceleration of 4m /s 2, so calculate that the
magnitude of the first mass = ... ..... kg if you know that the second mass is 1 kg
A 2 B 4 c 1 D 5

8-tennis
tennis ball of mass 0.06 kg is thrown vertically upwards and then hits the racket when
it is at its maximum height. If you know that it left the racket after a contact time of
0.004 s at a speed of 55 m/s, then the average force acting on the tennis ball during the
contact period = ......... Newton
A 8.25 B 0.825 c 825 D 422.5

When the ball reaches its maximum height, its final velocity is zero
(its initial velocity before collision = zero).
Therefore, its initial velocity the moment it touches the bat = zero

9-corresponding graphics
Shows the relationship between the change of the net force acting on
an object moving in a fixed direction over time, so if you know that
the body started its motion from rest and its velocity reached 4 m/s
in
n End of the fourth second The mass of the body
body = ..................... kg
a 2 B 1 c 3 D 1.5

10-Corresponding figure
A body placed on a frictionless horizontal surface is affected by
two forces, as shown in the figure
gure , The body is moving.........
moving....
a Turn left at a constant speed c Steady accelerator left
B turn right at a constant speed D Steady accelerator right

11-A
A person influences a force F on a static box placed on a horizontal, frictionless surface,
so that its speed reaches v after time t. If the person repeats the experiment with a force
of 2F, he reaches the same speed V after a time of ………….
A 4t B 2t c 0.5t D 0.25t

12-The
The ratio between the force acting on a body and the time rate of change of the body's
velocity according to Newton's second law.
a The momentum of the body B body mass
c body energy D body accelerator

13
13-The unit kg.ms -1 is equivalent to ......................
A N B Ns c N/s D N/s 2

14-The figure that expresses Newton's second law ........................

A Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

15- Corresponding figure

The relationship between growth and time for a body moving in a straight
line on a horizontal surface Smooth under the influence of a constant force
the force acting on the body = ....... Newtons
a 6 B 10 c 15 D 18

16-If a force of 2N is applied to a movable body of mass 1 kg, then the body acquires
A 2m/s speed B acceleration 2m/s 2 c 1m/s2 acceleration D 1m/s speed

17-body moving with an acceleration of 2 m / s 2 If its mass is 10 kg, then the force acting
on it = ............ N
A 20 B 10 c 5 D 1

18-A cart of mass 500 kg and another cart of mass 1500 kg are moving with the same
acceleration, so the force on the cart with the greater mass …………the force on the
cart with the less mass
A equal B half c triple

14
19-The ratio between the acceleration with which a body of mass 2 kg moves and the
acceleration with which a body of mass 4 kg moves when they are both affected by
the same force is ..................
A 1/4 B 4 c ½ D 2

20-Two forces 3N and 5N acted on a body, so the figure ............ represents the largest
value of the acceleration that the body will move

A Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

21-corresponding fig
It shows two touching masses, so the resultant forces acting
on the mass are The largest mass ................... 2 N
A bigger B equal c less than

22-Two bodies connected by a rope of negligible mass and

placed on a smooth surface External force F As in the
figure, the tension force in the rope F T = ..............
A zero B 2 F c F D F/3

23-A force of magnitude 100 N acts on a body of mass 10 kg, changing its velocity from 10
m/s to 20 m/s The distance that the body moved as a result of the effect of this force =
.............. m
a 25 B 225 c 15 D 1.5

24- Corresponding figure

A body of mass 80 kg moves in 100 seconds according to the graphic
relationship shown in the drawing Calculate the force acting on the
body at each stage
A 60, 0, and -120 c 60, 30 and 0
B -60, 0 and 120 D 0 and 0 and 0

15
25-A cannonball with a mass of 3.2 kg was fired, placed in
a horizontal plane as shown in the figureThe projectile
accelerated at 2500 m/s 2 and the cannon rebounded at
an acceleration of 0.76 m/s 2 If the cannon is placed on
a frictionless surface, calculate the mass of the cannon Note: Newton's third law
a 10526 B 10,526 c 20 D 10500 F1=-F2
m1a1=m2a2

26-A force of magnitude 8 N acting on a body of mass 2 kg The acceleration caused by the
force on the body =………… m/s2
A 2 B 6 c 8 D 4

27-The magnitude of the force acting on a body of mass 5 kg to increase its velocity from 3
m/s to 7 m/s in 2 seconds = .......... N
A 5 B 15 c 35 D 10

28-The magnitude of the 2 force of 20 Newtons acting on a body of mass 5 kg in a state of

rest placed on a smooth horizontal surface is the speed at which the body moves ..... and
the distance it travels after 8 seconds from the start of the effect of the force = ..........
Acceleration .......... m/s 2 Distance ....... m
a 32 128
B 16 128
c 32 12.8
D 16 12.8

29-A mass of magnitude 1 kgacquired an acceleration of 18 m / s 2 when it was affected

by a force equal to the force acting on another unknown mass, which gave it an
acceleration of magnitude 3 m / s 2 The magnitude of the unknown mass = ......... m/s2
a 18 B 12 c 54 D 6

30-Two equal forces act on two bodies, the first moving and its mass is 5 kg accelerating at
8 m/s2 , and the second changing its velocity from rest to 48 m/s within 3 s The mass of
the second body = …… …………. kg
A 5 B 25 c 16 D 2.5

16
31-A car 1000 kg moving at a speed of 2 m/s has its driver applying the brakes and it stops
after 2 s Brake force = .......... N
a 2000 B -2000 c 1000 D -1000

32-A passenger jet has a mass 50000 kgof corridor length required 1500 mto gain a
velocity of 180 kmh/h Which of the following choices is correct?
Acceleration.......... m/s 2 Take-off time......... s Motor power ........ N
a 0.833 60 41,666.66
B 8.3 30 4,166,666
c 0.833 60 4,166,666
Dr 8.3 30 416.6666

33-Equal forces acted on two bodies of different mass, the mass of the first mass m1 and
the mass of the second m2=1 kg, so the first mass acquired an acceleration of magnitude
4 m/s2 and the second mass acquired an acceleration of magnitude 20 m/s2 The mass of
m1 = …….. kg
a 25 B 2.5 c 10 D 5

34-A body is moving on a rough surface at a speed of 20 m/s. Its speed decreases due to
friction forces between the body and the surface until it stops completely at a distance
of 40 m. The frictional forces between the body and the surface if the mass of the body
is 8 kg = ......... ....N
a 40 B 20 c -20 D -40

35-A shotgun shell of mass 0.1 kg moving at velocity 200 m/s hits a sandbar and runs
through it a distance 80 cm before it comes to rest . Resistance force met by sand =
………… N
A -250 B 2500 c -250 D -2500

36-A half-ton car moving at 15 m/s slows down to 5 m/s within 5 sec of applying the
brakes, then the force of the brake action =……………… N
A 1000 B 500 c -500 D -1000

17
 Two equal forces act on two bodies, so the first one has 5 Kg and has a mass of 8 m /s2,
37-Two
and the velocity of the second changes from rest to 48 ms/s within a time of 3 sec. The
mass of the second body = .................. ... kg
a 250 B 10 c 25 D 2.5

38-magnitude
magnitude of the force acting on a body of mass 20 kg to increase its velocity from 2
m/s to 14 m/s in 3 seconds = ................ N
A 40 B 60 c 20 D 80

39-opposite figures
magnitude of the net force acting on the
mass and the acceleration it is moving
Figure A Figure b
Resultant Acceleration Resultant Acceleration
2
force ..... N .... m/s force ..... N .... m/s 2
a 250 50 30 1.5
B 550 5 1570 15
c 250 5 30 1.5
D 550 50 1570 15

40-body
body whose mass 5 Kgis resting on a smooth surface is acted upon by a force of 25 N
The acceleration with which the body moves = ........ m/s2
a 5 B 2.5 c 10 D 25

41-An
An elephant drags a wooden leg of mass 0.5 ton on a horizontal
surface at a constant speed A rope leaning on the horizontal at
an angle of o 60, as in the figure. If you know that the friction
force is between leg and ground ( 200 N ), then:
Tensile strength of Tensile force required for the leg to
the rope ..... N gain an acceleration of 2 m/s2
a 400 240
B 40 24
c 400 2400
D 40 2400

42-body
body is affected by a force equal to twice its mass, so its movement is the acceleration
with which it moves = ..................... m/s2
A 2 B 4 c 16 D 8

18
43-Three
Three blocks connected by discarded threads pulled the
blocks with a horizontal force a smooth surface :
The acceleration of mass Tensile strength in each
2
movement ..... m/s thread....... N
a 3 36 , 36
B 1.5 18, 60
c 3 6 , 18
D 1.5 18, 6

The acceleration with which the group of weights moves = ............... m/s 2
44-The
if you know that the mass first is 5 kg , and the second mass is equal to 7 kg
neglecting the frictional forces. Note that the
accelerator gravity10 m/s 2
a 1,667 B 16.67 c 0.1667 D 1,333

45-corresponding fig
It represents the relationship between velocity (m/s)
And time per second for a moving object
Its mass is 5 kg so the force in each stage.
The strength in the The force in the The force in the
first stage ..... N second stage ..... N third stage ..... N
a 30 0 -60
B 60 60 60
c -30 30 60
D -60 -60 -30

46-What
What is the effect of opening the airbag on the driver of the car when a collision occurs
in relation to both the time of the collision and the rate of change in the amount of his
movement?
collision time The rate of change in momentum
a is increasing less
B is increasing is increasing
c less is increasing
D less less

19
47-corresponding fig
Two groups of students each pull a box in opposite directions
The force of friction of the box with the surface F/4, the box
moves.
a Turn left at a constant speed B Steady accelerator left
c turn right at a constant speed D Steady accelerator right

48-A person influences a force F on a static box, a horizontal subject that neglects friction,
to reach its speed v after time t . If the person repeats the experiment with a force of 2F
, he reaches the same speed v after time ......................
a 4t B 2t c 0.5t D 0.25t

20
 The weight

Weight (w): is the gravitational force of the earth on the body

What does that mean?!!

body weight = 200 newtons
Earth's gravitational force = 200 newtons

weight vector quantity

To be the weight of the relationship
w=m.g
where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Weight units

Weight is measured in the same units of force as the newton (N)

and is equivalent to (kg m/s2) or (kg m/s2).

Mention the scientific reason....?!!

weight vector quantity

Because it is the product of multiplying a scalar quantity, which is mass, by a vector
quantity, which is the acceleration of gravity
The weight of a single body varies with the location on the Earth's surface
Because the acceleration of gravity varies from one position to another on the surface
of the Earth.
The weight of the body on the moon is 1/6 of the weight of the body on the earth
Because the gravitational acceleration on the moon is 1/6 the gravitational acceleration
on the earth's surface

A body's weight is always greater than its mass

Because weight = mass x gravitational acceleration, and gravitational acceleration is
greater than one
The mass of the astronaut on the moon = the mass of the astronaut on the surface of the
Earth
Because mass is constant, it does not change with place

It is preferable to deal by mass rather than weight when exporting goods

Because mass is constant, it does not change with change of place, while weight changes
with change in place

21
Practical Experiment: The relationship between force and acceleration

the purpose of the

Deduce the relationship between the force acting

on a body and the resulting acceleration.
The idea of the

Calculate the acceleration (a) with which

a small cart moves when towed
Using known forces (F) arising from
weights of known masses (m)
From the relationship: : = =
Draw a relationship between force and acceleration to
derive the relationship between them
Tools
Small cart - weights with masses - wire - pulley - stopwatch.

mass Force Time T2 D a

0.01kg 0.1N
0.02kg 0.2N
0.03kg 0.3N

Steps:

Install the tools as shown.

Gradually add weights of 5 g each to the hook until the cart starts to move slowly.
Add a weight of 10 g to the hook.
Measure the distance (d) that the cart will move and calculate the time (t) needed to
travel this distance using a stopwatch

Repeat the previous step three times and calculate the average time
Calculate the force causing the acceleration (caused by the weights) from the
relationship F = m g

Calculate the acceleration with which the cart is moving from the
Relationship : =

Repeat the previous steps and each time add

a weight of 10 g to the hook and record the
results in a table.
Draw the graphic relationship between
force on the horizontal axis and acceleration
on the vertical axis.
22
 Conclusion
Draw a graphic relationship between the force on the horizontal axis
And the acceleration is on the vertical axis, so we get a straight line
That is, the force acting on the body is directly proportional to the acceleration of
motion.

Mass and
Weight
Mass Wieght
concept The object's resistance to Earth's gravitational force on
any change in its state of objects
transition
Quantity type Standard base quantity Derivative physical quantity
vector
Mathematical m = w = mg
Relationship
Dimension formula M M.L.T-2
measruing unit N kg
The effect of changing Fixed no matter where the It changes with the acceleration
the place place changes of gravity from one place to
another

1-A winch pulls a car with a force of 3000N for 3 m , gaining it accelerator 2 m/s2 and car
weight = ...... N g = 9.8 m/s2
A 9800 B 980 c 98 D 9.8

2-A body at rest is acted upon by a force equal to twice its weight. Which of the following
is correct? Note that the earth's gravitational acceleration is 10 m /sec2
speed after 3 seconds The distance traveled by the body after one second.
A 60 10
B 30 12
c 60 10
D 30 12

3-ratio of the mass of a body on Earth to the mass of the same body on the Moon ……one
a greater B less than c Equal

23
4-The ratio of the weight of a body on Earth to the weight of the same body on the Moon
……..one.
a greater B less than c Equal

5-Outside dividing the weight of a body on the surface of the earth into its mass........ one.
a greater B less than c Equal

6-corresponding graph
Shows the relationship between the weight and mass of a group
of objects when each one is placed On two planets , Q and P, if
an object weighing 650 N is transferred to the planet P to planet
Q , then ........................
Body mass on planet Q (kg) Body weight on planet Q(N)
a 130 325
B 130 1300
c 65 325
D 65 1300

7-object of mass 50 kg is on the Earth's surface, where the acceleration due to gravity is
9.8 m/s2 If .....................
body weight on the surface of The mass of the body on the
the earth ........ N Moon ...... kg
a 490 49
B 50 490
c 50 490
D 490 50

8-A space trap of mass 225 kg on the surface of the moon, assuming that the acceleration
of gravity on the surface of the moon is 1.62 m/s2, then its weight = .......... ..........N
A 225 B 2250 c 22.5 D 364.5

24
9-A body of mass 180 kg is in a place and the acceleration due to gravity in that place is 9.8
m/s 2 , then its weight is on the ground In this place = ..... N And the Its weight on the
moon = …… If the gravitational acceleration on the moon is equal 1 to its value on the
earth's surface.
Body weight ...... N Body weight on the moon ..... N
a 18.8 10400
B 1764 10400
c 18.8 294
D 1764 294

10-driver whose mass 70 Kgis sitting inside a car moving at an acceleration of 4 m/s2 Note
that the earth's gravitational acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 , and its weight = ..................... N
a 686 B 280 c 68.6 D 39.2

11-A force acting on a body weighing 4000 N changed its velocity from 10 m/ s to 20 m/ s
within 10 s , so if the acceleration of free fall = 10 m/s 2 If .....................
The acceleration with which the body moves =… m/s 2 The force acting on the body =
...... N
a 1 200
B 2 400
c 1 400
D 2 200

12-body at rest is acted upon by a force equal to half of its weight . If you know that the
earth’s gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s 2 , then ..............
the speed after two seconds The distance traveled by the body after two
later seconds
a 10 10
B 20 20
c 18 18
Dr 10 15

25
13-A force equal to one-fourth of its weight is applied to a body, so its movement from rest
is velocity 6 seconds after the effect of this force = ............. m/s Note that the earth's
gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s2
a 15 B 1.5 c 2 D 1.25

14-The body has a quantity of motion twice its weight its speed = …………. m/s
(acceleration of free fall 10 m/sec 2 )
a 20 B 2 c 15 D 1.5

15-body weighing 100 Newtons 10 m moves at a speed of 10 m/s, and after 50 seconds its
speed becomes 30 m/s.
Influencing force..... N Distance traveled........ m
a 40 50
B 40 100
C 4 100
D 4 1000

1- It can be said that Newton's first law is a special case of Newton's second law..........
Explain that
2- Write the mathematical relationship and what the slope of the straight line is equal
in each case

3- Two cars x and y are moving in the same direction under

the same force Result If the mass of the car y is equal to the
mass of the car loaded xWhich of the two cars is moving faster?

4-Explain why car companies have recently added airbags to cars

26
 According to Newton's second law, when a force is applied to a body moving at a
uniform velocity, it acquires acceleration and the velocity changes
The change in velocity depends on the direction of the force acting on the
body relative to the direction of movement of the body.

previously :
There must be a force that acts in
a direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of the body
and in the direction of the center of the circle,
causing it to move
In a circular path called the centripetal force (F).
If this force vanishes, the body will move toward the tangent to the circular path in
which it was moving in a line
A straight line with a constant velocity in magnitude and direction is called tangential
velocity.

Conditions for a regular circular motion:

1- having Force
2- The direction of this force is always towards the center.

uniform circular motion

The motion that a body makes when it moves in a circle with a constant velocity in
magnitude and changing in direction

Examples :
the movement of the earth around the sun
the movement of the moon around the earth
the movement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom
Swing movement around its center
clockwise movement around its axis

27
Notes
The velocity of the body in the circular path is constant in magnitude
not constant in direction
The direction of the velocity is constantly changing
The centripetal force does not change the velocity of the body
but only its direction, and hence the acceleration
Centrality arises from a change in the direction of velocity
not the amount of velocity, and both the centripetal
centrip acceleration
and the attractive force
The centripetal direction is perpendicular to the velocity direction
Centripetal force F:
A constant force that constantly acts in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of motion of an object , transforming
transforming its straight path
into a circular path.
types of centripetal
forces
Tensile strength (F T):
A force that arises in a rope, string, or wire
when an object is pulled with it
When this force is in a direction perpendicular
to the direction of motion of an object
Moving at a constant speed, it moves in a circular
path, and the tension force is
It is the same centripetal force.

Physical attractive force (F G):

It is the gravitational force between the earth and
the sun (physical bodies).
It is perpendicular to the direction of the earth's
movement, so the earth moves
In a circular path around the sun.
That is, the force of physical attraction acts as
a centripetal force.
Frictional force (F f):
When a car is moving along a circular path
or curve
It is affected by the force of friction between the
road and the tires of the car.
This force is perpendicular to the direction of motion
It makes the car move in a circular path.
That is, the force of friction acts as a centripetal force.
Reaction Force ( F N ):
When a car is moving along a circular path
it is inclined at an angle to the horizontal
They are affected by more than one force,
including:

28
A- The reaction force is acting perpendicular
to the car
By analyzing this force:
The horizontal component of this reaction force is vertical
On the direction of movement and in the direction of the center
the car makes moving in a curved path.
B- Frictional force By analyzing this force also:
The horizontal component is also perpendicular to the direction
of movementIt makes the car move in a circular path.
That is, the centripetal force = the sum of the horizontal reaction force
Component And the horizontal friction force component towards the
center of rotation.
Lifting force (FL):
The lift force always acts perpendicular to
the fuselage
And when the plane is tilted, the horizontal
component of the lift force
It is perpendicular to the direction of motion
and to the center of the circle
The plane moves in a circular path.
That is, the horizontal component of the lift force
acts as a centripetal force.

Practical experience: Demonstrating movement in a circle:

the purpose of the experiment :
Describe the motion of an object moving in a circular
path.Understand the concept of centripetal force.
Experience idea:
The centripetal force is required to rotate the
body in a circular path
Tools :Tennis ball - pencil - string (about 120 cm long).
Steps:
Tie the tennis ball with string.
Draw with a pencil a circle of suitable radius.
Place the ball at a point on the circumference of the circle and hold the end of the string
with your hand at the center of the circle.
Spin the ball at an appropriate speed so that it moves along the circumference of the
circle.
Repeat the previous step using different lengths of string and record the description of
the movement in a table.
Leave the string suddenly from your hand and record the direction in which the ball is
moving
Conclusion:
The presence of a tensile force that acts as a centripetal force.
When leaving the string (absence of the centripetal force),
the ball is released due to inertia in a straight line
In the direction of the tangent of the circular path that it was traveling at the moment
of escaping, and that is at a constant speed in magnitude and direction
It is called tangential velocity.

29
 Conclusion of the law of the central
Suppose an object is moving on the circumference of a circle of radius (r) and center
(C) from point (A) to point (B).With a constant velocity (V) and by drawing the velocity
triangle and the similarity of the two triangles A B C and the velocity triangle it results
that

∆ ∆ ∆
= ∆ = .

∆ ∆
=V x x
∆ ∆

∆ ∆
a = , = =
∆ ∆

Factors on which the central wheel depends:

A- The square of the tangential

velocity V2 (directional)
B- turning radius (r) (reverse)

30
1- Corresponding fig
An object moves eastward on a frictionless plane surface at
a constant velocityIt has two forces, F1 and F2, so its velocity
changes.
a Just an amount c direction only
B amount and direction D There is no right answer

2- following shapes Figure ............. expresses the effect of several forces on a body
moving at a velocity V that can rotate in a uniform circular path

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C Dr Figure d

3- If the tangential velocity is doubled and the radius of the circular path is doubled The
central accelartor…………..
a Reduce to half c increase to double
B increase fourfold D remain the same

4- A car is moving at a constant linear speed of 20 m/s around a curve of radius 100 m , so
the centripetal acceleration = ………….. m/s2
a 0.25 B 5 c 2 D 4

5- When an object moves in uniform circular motion on the circumference of a circle of

radius r , then ………………
A Motion arises from a centripetal force that changes the direction of velocity
B The movement is at a constant speed
c The body's velocity = ( )
D all the above

31
6- corresponding graph
Represents the relationship between displacement and time of
an object rotating in a horizontal circular path at a constant
speedThe centripetal acceleration of the body = ................ m/s 2
a 0.7 B 1.4 c 13.8 D 55.3

7- corresponding graph
Shows the relationship between the centripetal acceleration of
a body and the reciprocal radius of a circular path The tangential
velocity at which the body is moving =......... m/s
a 4.47 B 44.7
c 22.3 D 8.9

8- A body attached to a string rotates in a horizontal circular path in

a clockwise direction when the body is At position x , the directions of
tangential velocity and centripetal acceleration are a c Representatives
of the form …………………..

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C Dr Figure d

9- corresponding figure
It represents the spinning wheel game in the amusement park
so if two equal children sit In the block in two different places
so that the second child was far from the center Double the first
child's distance from the center, and the game rotated at a constant
speed If ................
a-The ratio of the tangential velocity of each of the two
children = …………..
a 1 B 0.5 c 2 Dr 0.25

b-The ratio between the center wheel of each of the two children = ………………
a 1 B 0.5 c 2 Dr 0.25

32
Derive the law of centripetal force F
From Newton's second law,
F = m a,
and by substituting for the value of the central acceleration,
a =
result that:
=

The factors on which the centripetal force F depends:

1- The mass of the body (m).
Where the force is directly proportional
to the mass of the body.
2- The square of the body's velocity (V 2).
Where the force is directly proportional to
the square of the body's velocity
3- The radius of the circular path (r).
Where the force is inversely proportional
to the radius of the circular path.

Calculation of tangential velocity:

If we assume that the body made a complete
revolution in the circular path, the distance will be equal to
The circumference of the circle is 2 π r and time is the period T
The tangential velocity is given by:

Periodic time: The time required to make a complete cycle

=
From it, one cycle time T
can be calculated from the relationship
=

33
 Top apps
Design of road curves:
The centripetal force must be calculated when
designing road curves
And railways, so that cars and trains can move
On a curved path without slipping.
A- If a car is moving on a curved track
and the road is sticky
The frictional forces are not enough to
drive the car on a curved path
The car slips and does not continue
on the curved path.
B- Prevent heavy trucks from moving on some
dangerous curves
The greater the mass of the car, the greater the
centripetal force, where
F∝m . is required

C- Road engineers set a certain speed of movement on curves that must not be exceeded
The higher the speed of the car, the greater the centripetal force needed to move the car
Curved path where F∝V2

D- Travel at a small speed on dangerous curves to avoid its danger

The smaller the radius of the curve, the more central force the car needs
To spin in it without slipping where F∝F

E- When moving a bucket half-filled

filled with water in
a vertical circular motion with sufficient speed
The water does not come out of the mouth of
the bucket. This is due to:
The centripetal force acting on it is perpendicular
to the direction of motion
It works to change the direction of the velocity without changing its
amount, so the water circulates in
Circular path and stay inside the bucket.
bucket

Some devices whose work is based on centripetal force

The phenomenon of movement of bodies away from the circular path when the
centripetal force is not sufficient is used
For movement in the circular path in :- :
1- Making cotton candy.
2- Rotating drums game in amusement parks.
3- Drying clothes in automatic washing machines
Where we find that the water molecules adhere to the clothes
with a certain force
And when the dryer spins too fast, the force is not enough to keep the particles in their
orbit and they are released
tangent to the circumference
ircumference of the circle of rotation and separated from the clothes.

34
 What is the effect of decreasing centripetal force on the turning radius?
1- We find that the radius will increase as F ∝ , meaning that the body will
move away from the center of the circle
2- If the centripetal force becomes zero, it will move in a straight line due to inertia.
What happens to the centripetal force if the tangential velocity increases twice as long as
all other factors are held constant?
The centripetal force increases fourfold, because F∝V2
Mention the scientific reason..........?!!
Is it necessary to calculate the centripetal force when designing road and railway
curves?
So that cars and trains can move on this track without slipping.
Mention the scientific reason.........?!!
1-Does the Earth continue to revolve around the sun?
Because the force of physical attraction between the earth and the sun is perpendicular
to the direction of the earth's movement, so it acts as an attractive force Central
makes it move in a circular path.
2-When the car turns on a curve, it maintains its course in the curve and
does not deviate from it
Because the force of friction between the road and the tires of the car is perpendicular
to the direction of movement of the car and in the direction of the center of the circle, it
acts as a centripetal force that makes the car move in a curved path.
3-A car moving in a circular path at an angle to the horizontal does not slip
Because the car is affected by a reaction force and a friction force, both of which are
perpendicular to the car, and by analyzing each of them, the horizontal vehicle of either
of them is perpendicular to the direction of movement in the direction of the center,
making the car move in a curved path
4-When cornering, the cyclist leans his bike with his body toward the center of the circuit
In order to generate a force perpendicular to the direction of motion, the direction of
motion changes and follows a circular path.
5-A body that moves in a uniform circular motion never approaches the center of the circle,
even though it is affected by an attractive force towards the center
Because according to Newton's third law, there is a reaction of the centripetal force
that moves the body away from the center.
The two forces are in magnitude and opposite in direction, so the body rotates in a
circular path.
6-In order for an object to move in a circular path, a force must act on it perpendicular to
the direction of its motion and in the direction of the center of the circle
To change the direction of its instantaneous velocity continuously without changing its
magnitude.
7-An object may move at a constant speed and have acceleration
Because when a body moves in a circular path, it has a central acceleration that
changes the direction of the velocity only and does not change its magnitude.
8-The danger of moving at high speeds on curved roads
(Should the driver reduce the speed of his car on curves?)
Because according to the relationship = , the centripetal force is directly
proportional to the square of the velocity when the velocity decreases
The centripetal force needed to keep the car on the curved road is reduced, so it does
not overturn.
35
9-The
The higher the speed of the car on the curved path, the greater the centrip
centripetal force needed
Because the centripetal force is directly proportional to the square of the velocity from
the relationship = .
10-Prevent
Prevent the movement of heavy trucks on some dangerous curves
Because according to the relationship = , the centripetal force is directly
proportional to the mass of the car and inversely proportional to the radius
11-Curved
Curved path In dangerous curves, the radius decreases, which leads to the car slipping
off the path.
When the radius of the path is doubled, the centripetal force decreases by half?
Because according to the relationship = , the centripetal force is inversely
proportional to the radius of the circular orbit.
12-When
When an object's tangential velocity increases, the centripetal force required to keep it on
the same path increases fourfold
Because according to the relationship = , the centripetal force is directly
proportional to the square of the velocity
13-The
The glowing metal fragments are fired in straight directions and at tangential velocities
when using the electric sharpening stone
Because the centripetal force is zero
the fragments move in a straight line due to inertia
Practical experiment
Proving the validity of the centripetal force
Relationship
The purpose of the experiment :
To prove the validity of the centripetal force
relationship
Tools:
a rubber stopper with a known mass - a ruler
a thread of suitable length
A tube of metal or plastic - a stopwatch
a weight of a fixed and known mass, M.

steps:
Tie a rubber stopper of mass m to the thread.
Pass the thread through the tube.
Tie the other end of the string to a weight of mass M
Move the piece of rubber in a circular path.
Measure the period (T) using a stopwatch.
Calculate the centripetal force (the tension of the string)
Which is equal to the weight of the weight of the relationship
F = FT = M g
Calculate the speed of movement of the
rubber stopper from the relationship:
= And from it calculate the value of :
Observation and conclusion : = =

36
1-If the tangential velocity at which an object is moving in a circular path is 7 m/s and it
completes 4 revolutions in 2 minutes, then the radius of the path = ………… m
a 66.8 B 25.2 c 33.4 D 30.6

2-If the orbital radius of a particle rotating in a circular path is increased fourfold, then
the centripetal force required to keep the particle's velocity constant ...................
a cut in half B increase to double
c remain constant D reduced to a quarter

3-body of mass 6 kg moves around the center of a circle with a circumference of 6 πm at a

uniform speed of 10 m/s, so the centripetal force acting on the body = .............. Newtons
a 50 B 180 c 200 D 400

4-A person of mass 50 kg rides a bicycle and moves in a curved road with a radius of 30 m
at a speed of 2 m/s. If the centripetal force acting on the bicycle and the person together
is 10 N , then the mass of the bicycle = ....... kg
a 100 B 50 c 25 D 75

5-The ratio between the centripetal force acting on a body moving at a speed of 5 m/s in a
circle of diameter 4 m and the centripetal force acting on another body of the same
mass as the first body moving at a speed of 10 m/s in a circle of diameter 8 m is ..........
a b c d

6-A stone of mass 4 kg is tied to one end of a string of 10 m in length , fixed at the other
end, and rotates in a horizontal circle. If the tension force in the string is 160 N , the
speed of the stone will be ................ m/ s
a 10 B 20 c 100 D 400

37
7-In one of the amusement parks, chairs rotate in a regular circular path. If one of the
chairs is 1.5 m away from the center and the other chair is 2 m away from the center,
and both are on the same line from the center, which of them has the greater tangential
velocity?!!
a The chair that is 1.5 m from the center
B The chair that is 2 m from the center
c Both have the same speed
D You must know the period of time to determine the answer

8-A body of mass 2 kg is moving in a circular motion with a speed 10 m/s If you know that
the radius of its circular path 5m the ........
The centripetal acceleration with which the The centripetal force acting on the
2
body moves = ..... m/s body = .... N
a 20 2
B 2 4
c 2 4
D 20 40

9-A body moving with a constant linear speed of 20 m/s around a circle of radius500 m
The time it takes for the body to complete one cycle = .......... ( π= 3.14) s .
a 157 B 15.7 c 0.157 D 1570

10-A block stone is 600 gtied to a longitudinal string 10 cm and rotates rapidly3 m⁄s The
centripetal force is = .......... N
a 54 B 5.4 c 2.7 D 30

11-body weighing 3.92 N is moving at a linear velocity 18 km/h around a circle of radius
200 cm then ..... ( g = 9.8 m/s 2 )
Central acceleration ...... m/s Central acceleration ...... m/s Central force ........
2 2
N
a 25 0 10
B 5 0 25
c 25 25 10
D 5 25 10

38
12-The centripetal force acting on a car traveling on a curve is caused by ...............
a gravitational force B Friction force between the car tires and the road
c brake force D Moment of inertia affecting the driver

13-If an object moves in a circular path, its velocity changes.

a Just an amount B direction only c amount and direction

14-The direction of the central acceleration is the direction of the centripetal force………
a Reverse B at the same c Perpendicular to the

15- If the orbital radius of a particle traveling in a circular orbit is increased fourfold, then
the centripetal force required to keep the object's velocity constant...
a reduced to half of what it used to be B The amount remains constant
c Increase to what it used to be D reduced to a quarter of what it was

16-corresponding figure
Hold a child by a string with a stone at the end and move it in
a horizontal plane as shown in the direction of the arrow e On
the drawing, if the child suddenly left the thread and the pilgrimage
is at the x position , then the stoneThe moment of its release, it moves
in the direction ............... (neglecting the earth's gravitational force)

a ⃗ b ⃗ c ⃗ d ⃗

17-corresponding figure
It expresses the movement of the earth around the sun in a circular path
The direction of the center wheel is...
a Reverse the direction of the force F
B the same direction as the force F
c perpendicular to the direction of force F
D in the same direction as the tangential velocity to the ground

18-A cyclist moving in a circular path with a tangential speed of 13.2 m/s If the radius of
the path is 40 m and the force that keeps the bike in its circular path is 377 N , then the
mass of the bike and the rider together = .......... kg
a 886.55 B 88,655 c 8.86 D 0.88

39
19-body of mass 2 kg is tied to the end of a string to rotate in a horizontal circular path of
radius 1.5 m so that it makes three revolutions per second .
Tangential linear Central Tensile strength of the thread to the
velocity accelarator body
a 28.26 532.42 1064.84
B 28.26 0 10.65
c 2.8 532.42 1064.84
D 2.8 0 10.65

20-body weighing 100 N is moving at a speed of 10 m/s in a circular path of radius. If the
acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 , then ………
Central accelarator centripetal force Two full cycles
a 10 100 12.56
B 1 10 12.56
c 10 100 1,256
D 1 10 1,256

21-A children's toy in the form of a helicopter with a mass of 100 grams moving in a
circular path with a radius of 1 meter and rotating at a rate of 100 revolutions within
20 seconds...........
Tangential linear velocity Central accelarator centripetal force
a 31.4 985.96 98,596
B 3.14 9.9 98596
c 31.4 985.96 98,596
D 3.14 9.9 985.96

22-A children's toy in the form of a helicopter with a mass of 100 grams moving in a
circular path with a radius of 1 meter and rotating at a rate of 100 revolutions within
20 seconds...........
‫أ‬- Tangential linear velocity Central accelarator centripetal force
a 31.4 985.96 98,596
B 3.14 9.9 98596
c 31.4 985.96 98,596
D 3.14 9.9 985.96

40
23-If the centripetal force that maintains a car in a circular road with a radius of 500 m is
equal to 0.08 of the car's weight, then the maximum speed that the car can move on this
road = ..... m/s, if you know that the earth's gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s2
a 20 B 2 c 10 D 1

24-A body of mass 5 kg is moving around the circumference of a circle of radius 10 m with
a constant linear speed of magnitude 20 m/s The centripetal force acting on the body =
...... N
a 200 B 20 c 2 D 1000

25-A body of mass 500 kg is moving along a curved path of radius 50 m with a centripetal
acceleration of 2 m/s2
linear speed centripetal force acting on it
a 100 10
B 100 100
c 10 10
D 10 1000

26-body of mass ( 1.4 Kg ) moves around the circumference of a circle of radius ( 7 m) with
a uniform linear speed, so it completes a full revolution in a time of 1.1 s) , the
centripetal force acting on the body is = .......... N [ π=22/7] .
a 320 B 32 c 3.2 D 3200

27-body of mass ( 0.5 Kg) is moving around the circumference of a circle of radius ( 2 m)
with a linear velocity ( 10 m/s ).
Central accelarator centripetal force acting on it
a 50 2.5
B 5 25
c 5 2.5
D 50 25

41
28-body of mass ( 500 kg ) is moving in a circular curve of radius ( 4 m) with a linear speed
( 10 m/s ), then ..........
Central accelarator centripetal force acting on it
a 2.5 125
B 25 125
c 2.5 12500
D 25 12500

29-A curve in which a car of mass ( 500 kg ) rotates at a speed ( 5 m/s ) if it is affected by
acentripetal force of 500 N He is The radius of the curve = ………… m
a 25 B 2.5 c 250 D 0.25

30-Attaching a body whose mass is ( 2 Kg) to a string of length 90 Cmand fixing the other
end in an axis of rotation makes the body move in a circular path with a linear speed 15
m/s
Central accelarator centripetal force.
a 250 500
B 250 250
c 500 500
D 500 250

31-A ball of mass 2 kg moves in a circular path with a radius of 1 meter under the action
of a centripetal force of 3872 Newtons.
Central accelarator linear speed
a 1936 4.4
B 19.36 4.4
c 1936 44
D 19.36 44

32-body moving with a constant 10 ‫م‬linear velocity of 1m/s around a circle of radius 70 m
the time it takes for this body to complete one revolution = .......... s π= 3.14) )
a 43.96 B 4,396 c 0.4396 D 40

42
33-A toy in the form of a train with a mass of 600 grams moving around a circle with a
diameter of 4 meters at a constant linear speed of 10 m/s so .....
Central accelarator centripetal force time per cycle
a 50 300 12.56
B 5 300 1,256
c 50 30 1,256
D 5 30 12.56

34-A racing car of mass 500 kg enters a curved road with a radius of 50 meters under the
influence of a force. Centrality of 9000 newtons be Vehicle speed = …………. m/s
a 30 B 15 c 45 D 20

35-A ball of mass ( 0.2 Kg) is tied to one end of a rope of length 1 m and then rotated from
the other end with a linear speed 8 m/s If the rope can withstand a tensile force of 15 N ,
which of the following choices is correct?
a 12.8 The rope is not interrupted c 1 . 28 The rope does not break
B 12.8 The cord breaks D 1280 The rope breaks

36-A racing car of mass 600 kg enters a curved road with a radius of 60 meters under the
influence of a centripetal force of 8000 Newtons . Vehicle speed = …………. m/s
a 28.28 B 2,828 c 18 D 56.4

37-A small car with a mass of half a ton is traveling along a curve of radius 40 m If the
centripetal force acting on it is 5000 Newtons, then the linear speed required to cross
this curve is = ........... m/s
a 20 B 40 c 60 D 80

38-body whose mass 2 kgis tied to the end of a rope rotates in a circular path of radius at a
1.5 mspeed of 28.3 m/s The centripetal force is = .......... N
a 1067.85 B 10.6785 c 106,785 D 1.06785

39-body moving with a constant linear speed of 5 m/s around a circle with a radius of 35
meters , the time it takes for this body to complete one revolution = .......... s π= 3.14) )
a 43.96 B 4,396 c 0.4396 D 7

43
40-body weighing 100 N moves with a velocity of 10 m/s in a circular path of radius10 m
If...........
Central Two full Displacement for two full centripetal
accelarator cycles cycles force
a 10 12.56 20 100
B 1 1,256 0 10
c 10 12.56 10 10
D 1 12.56 0 100

41-body moves along the circumference of a circle of radius 100 ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬with centripetal
acceleration 2 m/s2 If...........
linear speed displacement during half a cycle periodic time
a 10 100 31.4
B 100 10 3.14
c 10 100 31.4
D 100 10 3.14

42-If a rubber plug whose mass is rotated 13 gin a horizontal circular path of radius 0.93
mto make 50 revolutions in a time of 59 s , the mass of the weight suspended at the
other end of the string = ........... kg where π= 3.14 ( g = 9.8 m/s2 ) .
a 0.034 B 0.34 c 3.4 D 30.4

43-If the car starts moving on a slippery curved path, it may deviate from this path due to
……
a Lack of frictional force B decelerate
c lack of mass D Increase the radius of the circular path

44-A car moving on a curved road of radius r whose plane is inclined to the horizontal at
an angle θ, so with an increase in the amount of the angle, the θamount of ............
increases.
a The vertical vehicle weight vehicle
B The horizontal component of friction force
c The horizontal component of the reaction force
D The vertical compound of the reaction force

44
1- When a stone attached to the end of a thread is rotated in a horizontal circular path,
what is the direction of the force applied to it? And what is its effect? What is the
direction of movement if the thread breaks?

2- Which point on the earth's surface has the greatest linear velocity relative to the
earth's axis of rotation............ the point at the equator or those at the tropics of
Capricorn or Cancer? And why?

3- Explain the following statements

A- Although a body moving in uniform circular motion is affected by acceleration, its
linear velocity is constant
B- The earth continues to rotate around the sun in the same orbit
T- When the car turns on a horizontal curve, it keeps moving in the curve and does not
deviate from it
r-Non-slip of the car moving in a horizontal curved path
D- Non-slipping of a vehicle moving on a curved road whose plane is inclined at an
angle to the horizontal plane
c- It is necessary to estimate the maximum centripetal force when designing road
curves

4- The car driving instructor emphasized to the trainees that the speed of the car must
be reduced before it enters a curve, in order to preserve the safety of the car and the
safety of its driver through your study of the concept of movement in a circle. What is
the reason for that?

5- The moving car started in a circular, curved, slippery path, and its driver noticed
that the car was deviating from the curved path..... He explained that

6- What are the consequences of the small diameter of the curves in the highways for
the cars that drive on them?

7-corresponding figure
shows three cars a, b and c
It moves in a curved road with the same
amount of speed If the masses of both cars
a and b is m and the car's mass c is 3m
Arrange the cars in descending order according
to the possibility of their exposure to the danger of skidding

45
 8-An object is moving in a circular path,
and the following table shows the relationship
between the central acceleratorIn which the body moves and
the reciprocal of the radius, the circular path:

(a) Draw the graph between (a) and (1/r)

(B) From the diagram, find the speed with
which the body is moving

9-The following table

shows the relationship between the centripetal acceleration
An object moves in a circular path and squared linear velocity:

A- Draw the graph between the central acceleration (a) and

square velocity (v2).
B- from the figure find the radius of the circular path that In
which the body moves

46
 Newton's law of universal gravitation

The force of physical attraction between two physical bodies is directly proportional
with the product of their masses and inversely with the square of the distance between
their centers

Conclusion of the law of universal

The force of mutual physical attraction between

two bodies of masses m and M is directly
proportional to the product of the two masses
∝ 1
The force of mutual physical attraction between
two bodies is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their center
∝ 2
From (1) , (2) it turns out that :
∝ =

where G is the general gravitational constant

The factors on which the forces of attraction
depend

general gravitational
constant

The force of attraction between two masses of 1 kg each and the distance
between their centers is 1 meter

The unit of measure for the gravitational constant G : from the relationship =
The unit of measure for the constant of universal gravitation is:
N m 2 / kg -2 - m 3 / kg s 2
The value of the universal gravitational constant is
6.67 x10-11 Nm²/kg2 .
Equation of the dimensions of the universal gravitational constant: M - 1 . L 3 . T - 2

47
 Mention the scientific reason............?!!
The forces of physical attraction between celestial bodies are clearly visible
For the largest mass of celestial bodies
The forces of physical attraction between two closely spaced cars are not clearly visible
Because of the small mass of the two cars

1-If the distance between the centers of two bodies is doubled and their masses remain
constant, then the gravitational force between them is...
a multiply B half of its original value
c It becomes a quarter of its original value D becomes four times its value

2-The ratio between the universal gravitational constant on the surface of the earth to the
universal gravitational constant on the surface of the moon .............. the correct one
a less than B Greater than c Equal

3-Two bodies each have mass m , so if the mass of one of them doubles, then the mutual
gravitational force between them...
a getting less B cut in half c increase fourfold D do not change

4-Two satellites A and B of equal mass revolve around a planet. If the radius of their
orbits is r and 2r, respectively, then the magnitude of the planet's gravitational force to
the moon B ................... the magnitude of the planet's gravitational force for moon A
a four times B Equal c half D a fourth

5-2000 kg satellite when it is orbiting

Around the Earth at an altitude equivalent to half the Earth's The satellite orbits
radius, where the Earth's radius = 6380 km And the mass of the the earth at an
earth is 5.98 x 10 24 kg and the universal gravitational constant altitude equal to
= 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm 2 /kg 2 The magnitude of the gravitational the radius of the
force between the Earth and the satellite = …….
earth r = 2R
A 1.2 x 10 3 N.m c 2.4 x 10 3 N.m
b 4.9 X 10 -3 N.m d 4.9 X 10 3 N

48
6-If
If m the mass of two bodies each and radius r each placed adjacent to each other , the
amount of physical attraction between them is given by the relationship ..........................
a F= b F= c F= d F=

7-masses
masses 8kg and 20kg and the distance between their centers is 0.2m . If the universal
gravitational constant is G , then the mutual gravitational force between them in
Newtons = ....................
a 8 grams B 4000 grams c 40 grams D 800 grams

8-a
a car is moving at a uniform speed away from the traffic light
for the figure …………The best graph expresses the change in
the physical force of gravity between the car and the traffic
light F with time t

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

9- Two small balls of mass each are 7.3 kg placed at a distance between their centers equal
0.5 mto the mutual gravitational force between them = .......... N
a 1.4x10 -8 B 2.8x10 -8 c 1.4x10 -7 Dr 2.8x10 -7

Two equal masses, the gravitational force between them is x 6.67x10 - 13 Newtons . The
10-Two
distance between their centers 50 m , the mass of each of them.............
a 25, 5 B 15 c 5 , 5 Dr 25, 25

Two balls of mass 20 kg and 50 kg have a force of attraction between them 6.67 x10 - 10
11-Two
Newtons , the distance between their centers = .......... m
a 100 B 10 c 50 D 25

49
12-their masses are 10 kg and 100 kg and the distance between their centers is 3 meters, so
the force of attraction between them = ..........
a 7.411x10-9 N B 7.411x10-11 N c 7.411x10-10 N D 7.411x10-8N

13-If the force of attraction between two balls, the mass of one of which is 20 kg and the
other is unknown, is 5.336X10-8 Newtons, and the distance between them is 50 cm. The
mass of the other ball is = .......... kg
a 10 B 100 c 50 D 120

14-Two spherical bodies have their masses 500 kg, 750 kg respectively, and the distance
between their centers is 25 by the gravitational force
between them = …………. N
A 4x10 -10 B 4x10 -9 c 4x10 -7 D 4x10 -8

15-Remember that their masses are 10 kg and 25 kg, and the distance between their
centers is 50 cm . The force of mutual attraction between them = .........
a 6.67x 10 -12 N b 6.67x 10 — 8 N c 6.67x 10 - 9 N d N 6.67 x 10 - 8 N

16-Calculate the force of attraction between two balls of mass 50 kg and 75 kg and the
distance between their centers is 60 cm. The force of attraction between them = ……
A 6.95x10-7 N B 695 x10-7 N c 69.5x10-7 N D 5x10-7 N

17-Two balls of mass 40 kg and 100 kg have a force of attraction between them
6.67 x10-10Newtons, the distance between their centers = .......... m
a 20 B 10 c 1 D 2

18-If the force of attraction between two balls, the mass of one of which is 20 kg, and the
other is unknown, is 8 - 10 x 16 Newtons , and the distance between them is 0.8 m , find
the mass of the other ball.
a 76.76 B 7,676 c 0.7676 D 767.6

50
19-Two spherical bodies have their masses 400 kg, 600 kgrespectively, and the distance
between their centers is 20 m. The force of attraction between them is = ……………
a 4x10 -10 b 4x10 -9 c 4x10 -7 d 4x10 -8

20-Two balls , one of iron has a mass of 10 kg and the other of copper has a mass of 0.5 kg
The force of attraction between them is 133.4x10-11 Newtons , the distance between
their centers = .......... m
a 0.5 B 5 c 50 Dr 500

21-Two masses of equal gravitational force between them are 14x10-13 newtons, the
distance between their centers is 40 meters. The mass of each of them is .......... kg
a 5,795 B 57.95 c 5,795 D 0.5795

22-For two equal masses, each of mass 7.3 kg, the distance between their centers is 0.5 m,
the mutual gravitational force between them = ..........
a 1.42X10-8 N B 1.42 x10-9 N c N 1.42X10-10 N D 1.42X10-12 N

23-Two equal masses, each with a mass of 200 kg, the distance between their centers is 20
meters, the mutual gravitational force between them = ..........
A 6.95x10-9 N B 695X10-7 N c 69.5X10-7 N D 0.695X10-7 N

51
 Gravitational field: the space in which the force of gravity appears
Earth's gravitational field strength (g): Earth's gravitational force for a mass of 1
kg at a point
what does it mean ?!!
The gravitational field strength at a point = 3 N/kg
The magnitude of the force acting on a mass of 1 kg at that point = 3 newtons

Derive a law for calculating the strength of the Earth's gravitational field

Suppose that a body of mass 1 kg is in the earth's gravitational field

then the force of attraction of the earth has:
F = mg --------- 1
The force of attraction between an object and the Earth can be determined
from Newton's law of universal gravitation:
= = -------- 2
From equations 1 and 2 it is :
=
Where M is the mass of the Earth and G is the gravitational constant.

Practical experiment: measuring the mass of

the Earth with a given radius

The purpose of the experiment:

Measure the mass of the Earth in terms of its radius

The idea of the experiment:

Calculate the gravitational field strength
from the relationship: =

Calculate the mass of the Earth from the relationship:

=
where R is the radius of the Earth, M is the mass of the Earth, and G is the universal
gravitational constant.
Tools:
3 pendulums of different masses - metric tape - stop watch - scissors.
steps:
1- Hang each pendulum so that the distance between the center of the ball of the
pendulum and the Earth (d) is equal and its value is great.

52
2- Cut the string at the suspension point of the first pendulum and calculate, using the
stopwatch, the time it reaches the ground.
3- Repeat the previous step for the other two pendulums.
4- Record the results in the following table.

Ball d (t) g=
1
2
3

Calculate the average gravitational field strength.

Given g,R,G, the mass of the Earth can be calculated from the relationship: =

The radius of the Earth is 6400 km, the mass of the Earth is 6 x 1024kg, and the
universal gravitational constant 6.67x10-11 N m 2 / kg 2

1-at a height of 400 km from the earth's surface. Where the radius of the earth is Km
6400, the mass of the earth is 6x10 24 kg , and the universal gravitational constant is N
m 2 / kg 2 6.67 x10-11, the gravitational acceleration on the earth's surface = ........... m/s2
A 8.65 B 9.7 c 8.2 D 9.2

2-At what height from the earth's surface is the gravitational field strength g = 8.5 m/s 2 ?
Where the radius of the Earth is 6400 km, the mass of the Earth is 6x1024kg, and the
universal gravitational constant is 6.67x10-11 N m 2 / kg 2
A 461.66 B 450.66 c 440.66 D 420.66

3-A planet whose mass is twice that of Earth and its diameter is twice that of Earth The ratio
of the gravitational acceleration on the surface of this planet to the gravitational
acceleration on Earth = ............
a b c d

53
4-satellite with a mass of 10 4 kg orbits the Earth at an altitude of 600 km from its surface
(Note that: G = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm 2 /kg 2 , M = 5.98 x 10 24 kg , R = 6378 km ) If.............
The gravitational acceleration of the moon in its The weight of the satellite in
orbit is …….m/s2 orbit is……… N
a 8.19 8.19 x 10 4
B 9.8 9.8x 10 4
c 8.19 9.8 x10 4
D 9.8 9.8x 10 4

5-Acceleration due to gravity on a body at a height 500 km above the Earth's surface =....
m/s 2
A 8,406 B 84.06 c 0.84 D 8

6-The strength of the gravitational field acting on an object at a height 800 as above the
Earth's surface =............ m/s 2
a 7.72 B 9.8 c 98 D 77.2

7- Mercury has a mass of 3.3x1023 kg and a radius of 2.439x106 m. The weight of a body of
mass 65 kg on its surface = ............ N
A 240.5 B 24.05 c 2,405 D 0.2405

8-At what height from the Earth's surface does the gravitational field strength g =9 m/s 2 ?
............... km
A 268.33 B 134.16 c 26,833 D 13,416

9-At what height from the Earth's surface is the gravitational field strength g = 9.2 m/s 2 ?
............... km
a 195.45 B 980 C 19.5 D 94.7

10- The ratio between the gravitational acceleration on the earth's surface to the
gravitational acceleration on the moon's surface = ............ If you know that:the moon's
mass is 7.53x1022 kg and its radius is 1.74x106 m
a 1: 5.89 B 5.89: 1 c 2:3 D 3:2

54
11-A planet with the same mass as the Earth, but its radius is twice the radius of the
Earth, the weight of a body on the surface of this planet = ............ N if its weight on the
surface of the Earth is N 100 and the strength of the gravitational field on the surface of
the Earth is 10 N/kg
A 25 B 1000 c 250 D 100

12-A planet whose mass is equal to 3 times the mass of Earth and its diameter also 3 times
the diameter of Earth is the ratio between the gravitational acceleration on the surface
of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration on the surface of this planet
a 6.018x10 26 b 6.018x10 24 c 60.18x10 24 d 6.018x10 24

13-Planet mass four times the mass of the Earth and its diameter is twice the diameter of
the Earth, the weight of a body on its surface = ............ N if the weight of the body on
the surface of the Earth is 150 N and the strength of the gravitational field on the
surface of the Earth is 10 N/kg
a 150 B 1500 c 15 D 1.5

14-A planet whose mass is 5 times that of Earth and its diameter is 5 times that of Earth,
so the ratio between the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the Earth to the
gravitational acceleration on the surface of this planet = ............
a 5:1 B 15 c 3:2 D 2:3

15-Earth's gravitational acceleration .................

a cosmological constant
B Variable according to the height above the ground
c It varies with the seasons of the year
D Variable according to the distance of the earth from the sun

16- A planet with a mass of 5.98 x 10 24 kg and a radius of 6378 km , then the
gravitational field strength of this planet at a point 36000 km from its surface = ... N /kg
a 22.2 x 10 2 c 22.2 x 10 -4
b 22.2 x 10 4 d 22.2 x 10 -2

55
What is the idea of launching satellites?
1-When
When a cannonball is fired in a horizontal plane from the top of
a mountain It will fall freely and take a curved path towards the
ground
2-If
If the velocity of the ejection increases, it will reach the ground at
a farther
ther point and draw a path with less curvature When the curvature
of the projectile's trajectory is equal to the curvature of the Earth's
surface, It rotates in a fixed trajectory

The satellite
A body that shoots at a certain speed that makes it rotate in a semi
semi-
circular curve so that its distance from the surface of the earth remains
constant

orbital velocity of the satellite

The speed that causes the satellite to rotate in a semi-circular

semi circular curve so
that its distance from the Earth's surface remains constant

What does that mean?!!

The orbital speed of the satellite is 7000 m/s
This means that the speed required for the satellite to revolve around the
Earth is 7000 m/s.

Deduce the orbital velocity of the satellite

Earth's gravitational force on the satellite= centripetal force F C = F g

= = =
where r is the radius of the satellite's orbit

The sum of the radius of the Earth is R

the height of the moon above the surface of the Earth h.
r=R+h =
What happens then?!!
If the satellite stops and its speed becomes zero
It moves in a straight line under the influence of gravity towards the earth
and then falls on its surface.
56
 If there is no gravitational force between the Earth and the satellite,
The satellite is moving in a straight line in the direction tangent to the circular path,
away from the Earth.
Mention the scientific reason.........?!!
The speed of a satellite does not change when a part of it falls
Because it is given by the relationship =
that is, it does not depend on the mass of the moon.
The satellite revolves in a circular path around the Earth
Because it rotates under the influence of two forces of equal magnitude and opposite
directions, which are:
A- The force of attraction of the Earth to the Moon.
B- The centripetal force generated in response to the Earth's gravitational force.

Notes

The speed of the satellite depends on the mass of the planet and the radius of the orbit of
the moon, and does not depend on the mass of the moon
The greater the mass of the satellite to be sent to space, we need a missile that can
influence the satellite more strongly so that it gains the necessary speed for its rotation
around the earth to calculate the time of a full cycle of the satellite around the earth.
Earth

(periodic time T): T =

Geosynchronous satellite
The periodic time of the satellite = the periodic time of the Earth's rotation around its
axis
Any ground day, and therefore the satellite remains above a fixed point on the Earth's
surface
Satellite period = Earth period = 86400 seconds
And the radius of the geosynchronous satellite orbit must be determined from the
relationship: r =
The orbital speed of the satellite around the Earth:
Inversely proportional to the square root of the radius of the circular orbit, depending
on the relationship v =
Directly proportional to the square root of the radius of the circular orbit according to
the relationship =
This is because the gravitational field depends on the radius of the orbit according to
the relation g = =
It is not directly proportional to the radius of the circular orbit, depending on the
relationship v =
Because the periodic time depends on the radius according to the relationship
T2 =

57
 v= In terms of periodic
time

V = 2 π f
in terms of
frequency orbital
velocity of the
v= satellite
in terms of the
mass of the
planet
v = In terms of the
strength of the
gravitational field

The importance of satellites

Satellites are considered a high-rise tower that can be used to transmit and receive radio
waves.In terms of applications, satellites can be divided into many types, including:

Satellites used in communications such as -

Television, radio and telephone transmission.
Internet .
Determine the location using the GPS system.
Seeing places from space using Google Earth.

Astronomical satellites,
where you can accurately photograph space.

Satellites used for remote sensing, such as:

Study and control of migratory birds.
Identification and distribution of mineral resources.
Monitoring agricultural crops to protect them from weather hazards.
Study of the formation of hurricanes.

Reconnaissance and spy satellites,

which provide the information needed by political and military leaders to make
decisions and war management.
Satellites used to monitor weather conditions,
such as determining weather and climate.

58
 The radius of the Earth is 6400 km, the mass of the Earth is 6 x 1024kg, and the
universal gravitational constant 6.67x10-11 N m 2 / kg 2

1-If you know ( = . × / , = × , = )

geosynchronous satellite has a geosynchronous satellite orbit radius = ............ m
a 4.22 x 10-7 B 4.22 x 10-8 c 2.11 x 10 7 D 2.11 x 10-8

2-A satellite orbiting the earth in a semi-circular orbit at a height of 940 km from the surface
of the earth , the orbital velocity = ............ the time required to make a complete
revolution around the earth =............
knowing that( = . × / , = × , = )
orbital velocity The time required to make a complete revolution around the Earth
a 7.3 x 10 6 61.95
B 7.3 x 10 7 6195
c 7.3 x 10 6 6195
D 7.3 x 10 7 61.95

3-At what height from the Earth's surface should a satellite rotate so that its orbital velocity
is m/s 7500 = ............ km
knowing that( = . × / , = × , = )
a 714.67 B 7.14 c 7,114,667 D 6400

4-The moon revolves around the Earth in a circular path of radius . × km and
completes a complete revolution within 27.3 days, so the mass of the Earth = ............ kg
( = . × / , = × , = )
a 6x10 24 B 6x10 25 c 6x10 26 D 6x10 -24

59
5-A satellite is revolving around the Earth and along 94.4 minits trajectory 43120 km=,
the orbital velocity = ............ And the height of the moon above the surface of the earth =
............ Note that(R=6360 km)
Orbital speed m/s The moon's height above the earth's surface km
a 7613 500
B 76.13 50
c 76.13 500
Dr 7613 50

6-The speed required for a satellite to orbit the Earth.

A It depends only on its mass
B It depends only on the mass of the Earth
C It depends on the mass of the Earth and the distance between them
D Fixed amount

7-The radius of the orbit of the follower ( A ) is equal to four times the radius of the
follower
( B ), so the ratio between the velocity of the follower ( A ) to the velocity of the follower
( B ) is equal to ........
a 4:1 B 2∶ 1 c 1:4 D 1:2

8-A satellite orbiting the Earth in a fixed orbit. If a part representing a quarter of its mass
is separated from it, then its orbital velocity is ............
a reduced to a quarter c increase by a quarter
B increase fourfold D remain the same

9-Two satellites A and B revolve around the Earth. If the radius of A's orbit is four times
the radius of B's orbit, then the ratio between the velocity of A and the velocity of B is
................
a B c d 2

10-Two satellites, one orbiting the Earth and the other orbiting Mars. If the orbital radius
of each of them is one and the mass of the Earth is nine times the mass of Mars, then
the ratio between the linear velocity of the moon that orbits the Earth and the diamond
velocity of the moon that orbits Mars..........................
a b c d

60
11-If the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth at the orbit of a satellite orbiting the
Earth is 2.5 m/s 2 , then the distance between the satellite and the Earth's surface and
the Earth's surface h = ................
(where R : Earth's radius - gravitational acceleration at Earth's surface = 10 m/s 2 )
a b c R d 2R a
.

12-satellite revolves around the Earth with an orbital speed where R is the Earth's
radius, so the satellite's distance from the Earth's surface, h , is ....................
a 0.5R B 3 R c 2 R D 4 R

13-Two satellites orbiting a planet with orbital radii of 2 x 10 6 m and 1 x 10 6 m ,

respectively. If the period of the second moon is 8 x 10 7 s , then the period of the first
moon = ............ second
a 4.5 x 10 8 b 2.3 x 10 4 c 4 x 10 6 d 5 x 10 5

14-A satellite that takes a circular path around the Earth at a height of 940 km above the
Earth’s surface , its orbital speed and the time required to complete a complete
revolution = ............
Orbital speed m/s The time required for a complete cycle to complete s
a 7383.98 624,259
B 738398 624,259
c 7383.98 6242.59
Dr 738398 6242.59

15-A satellite that takes a circular path around the earth at an altitude of 800 km above
the surface of the earth , its orbital velocity = ............
Also, the time required to complete a full cycle = ............
Orbital speed m/s The time required for a complete cycle to complete s
a 7455.42 6064.8
B 3700.21 60,648
c 3700.21 6064.8
D 7455.42 60.64

61
16-A satellite that takes a circular path around the earth at an altitude of 1200 km above
the surface of the earth , its orbital speed is = ...... m/s
a 7256.58 B 72565.8 c 36,000 D 182,000

17-A satellite that takes a circular path around the earth at an altitude of 300 km above
the surface of the earth .
Orbital speed The rotation time of the moon The central wheel while it is
m/s around the earth, s moving m/s 2
a 7728.6 5444.19 8.92
B 77286 5444.19 8.92
c 77286 544419 89.2
D 7728.6 5444.19 0.892

18-At any height from the Earth's surface, a satellite must rotate so that it has a rotation
time The satellite around the Earth is equal to the time of the Earth’s rotation around
its axis, which is 24 hours , so the height from the Earth’s surface that the satellite must
rotate = ... km
a 35911.8 B 359,118 c 359,118 D 35.9118

19-A satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the Earth at a speed of 7072 m/s.
The height of the Moon above the The time required to complete a complete
Earth's surface, km cycle in hours
a 1601.89 19,738
B 160189 197.38
c 1601.89 1.9738
D 160189 1973.8

20-The time required for a satellite to complete a complete orbit around the Earth =
............ s if its orbital speed is 8100 m / s and the radius of its orbit is 6.7x106 meters
a 5194.57 B 519,457 c 25550 D 255.25

62
21-If the orbital time of a satellite around the Earth is 96 minutes and the length of its
circular path around the Earth 48384 km , then...
Orbital speed m/s The height of the Moon above the Earth's surface, km
a 8400 130,446
B 840 130446
c 8400 1304.46
D 840 13.0446

22-If the orbital time of a satellite around the Earth is 100 minutes and the length of its
circular path around the Earth is 60,000 km, then.....
Orbital speed m/s The height of the Moon above the Earth's surface, km
a 10,000 3154.14
B 1000 315,414
c 10,000 315,414
D 1000 3154.14

23-satellite that takes a circular path around the earth at an altitude of 640 km above the
surface of the earth.
Orbital speed m/s center accelerator m/s 2
a 7539.66 8.07
B 75396.6 80.7
c 75.3966 8.07
D 7539.66 80.7

24-The Moon revolves around the Earth in a circular path with a radius of 3.85 x 10 5 km
The orbital velocity of the moon = ...... m/s
a 1017.85 B 101,785 c 10178.5 D 101,785

25-A planet whose mass is four times the mass of the earth and its diameter is twice the
diameter of the earth The weight of a body on its surface if the weight of the body on
the surface of the earth is 150 N = ............ N
a 150 B 15 c 450 D 225

63
26-The time of its rotation around the Earth is equal to the time of the Earth's rotation on
its axis? At what height from Earth's surface should a satellite orbit ? km Note that
( = . × / , = × , = )
a 35,886.76 B 3,588,676 c 358.8676 D 358867.6

1- What happens when the curvature of a projectile fired horizontally from the top of a
mountain equals the curvature of the Earth's surface?

2- Explain the following phrases

A- A satellite orbiting the Earth does not fall in a regular circular path, although it is
affected by the Earth's gravity
B- The orbital velocity of a satellite orbiting the Earth depends only on the radius of its
orbit
T- The orbital velocity of a satellite of mass 5 x 10 3 kg is equal to the orbital velocity of
another satellite of mass 15 x 10 3 kg orbiting the same planet at the same altitude

64
 Work

Work: The product of the force multiplied by the displacement in the

direction of the line of action of the force

What does that mean?!!

A force that does 20 joules of work on an object?
That is, a force of 20 Newtons is required to move this body a distance of 1 meter in the
direction of its line of action.

Calculatimg Work :
Work (W) is estimated by multiplying the magnitude of the force (F) x the distance (d)
that the body moves in the direction of the force.
W=Fd
Work dimensions equation :
Units of measurement of work :
(Joule) (J).(Newton. Meter) (N m).(kg. m2 / s2), i.e. (kg m 2 / s 2).

Joule

Joule: It is the work done when a force of 1 Newton acts on an object and moves it a
distance of 1 meter in the direction of the line of action of the force.

Conditions of doing Work :

1- The presence of an influential force
2- A displacement occurs in the same
direction as the line of action of the force
Calculatimg Work :
When the force is inclined at an angle (θ)
to the direction of motion of the body: W = Fd Cos θ
Factors on which the work done depends:
The effective force (F)-displacement (d).
is the angle between force and displacement ( θ ).

65
Mention the scientific reason......?!!
Standard quantity work
Because the work is the product of the standard product of the force and
displacement vectors.
Centripetal force does no work
Because it is perpendicular to the movement, so it is ˚ 90 = θ, and so it is 0 = Cos θ, so
there is no work.
There is no work done when a person carries a bucket full of water and walks a horizontal
distance with it
Because it is perpendicular to the movement, so ˚ = θ 90, and thus 0 = Cos θ, so there is
no work.
If a body moves in the direction of the acting force, the work done by the force will be
maximum
Because ∵ W=F.d cos θ ⟹ ∵ θ = 0⟹∴W=F.d.= 1
which is the maximum value of work.
If the angle between the direction of motion of a body and the direction of the force
acting on it is ˚ = 60, then the work done by the forces is half its maximum value.
∵W=F.d cosθ ⟹ ∵ θ=60°⟹ θ=60° ∴ W= 1/2 F.d
half of maximum value
Noticeable
The movement of the electron around the nucleus, the moon around the
earth, and the earth around the sun, and the work is zero.

The effect of the angle of inclination θ on the value of the work done:
angle (θ) Work Examples

0 = positive
maximum value

positive

zero

negative

The work done is

180 =
a negative
maximum value

66
 Positive work and negative work
When an object is lifted to a certain distance, there are two forces acting on the object,
and each of them does work:
1- The force that lifts the body upward and the resulting work is positive
Because the force is in the direction of motion
2- The force of gravity (the weight of the body) and this force acts downward and the
resulting work is negative
Because the force is the opposite of the
t direction of motion.

Calculating work graphically

Work can be calculated graphically using the (force-displacement)

displacement) curve
When plotting a graphic relationship between force and displacement
where the displacement is in the same line
The work of the force (˚0 = θ) produces a
straight line parallel to the displacement axis.
∵ work = force x displacement
∴ work graph = length x width
Work = area under the curve (force - displacement)

1-A
A horizontal force acting on a body whose magnitude changes
with the truncated displacement as in the form of work you are
making The force if the body moves horizontally from zero
displacement 7 m = ............ J
a 55 B 28 c 40 D 70

2-A force of magnitude 20 Newtons acting on an object moves it a distance 10 m Calculate

the work done by this force .
The force is in the same The force is deflected at an angle of 60˚
60 The force is perpendicular
direction as the motion J to the direction of motion of the body J to the motion J
a 200 100 0
B 100 50 0
c 100 100 200
D 200 √3100 200

67
3-power It affects a body of mass 8 kg to increase its velocity from 4 14‫ م‬m/s to 14 m/s.
amount of force N The work done by that force J
a 40 720
B 400 7200
c 40 72
D 400 720

4-Sarah carries a bucket of mass 300 g and moves it with a displacement of 10 m in the
horizontal direction , and Amr lifts a bucket of the same mass with a displacement of 10
cm in the vertical direction, so ……………
Amr's work J Sarah's work J
a 0.3 0
B 0 0
c 0.3 3
D 0 0.3

5-The work done is greatest when the angle between the force and the displacement is...
a 60 B 0 c 90

6-A force of magnitude 50 N acts on an object in a direction perpendicular to the direction

of motion. If the object moves a distance of 10 m The work done by this force is equal
to ...... N
a 5 B 500 c 0

7-The work done by the brake force...

a positive B minus c zero

8-When a body moves in a direction that is inclined to the direction of the force acting on
it at an angle 60°, the work done is equal to...
a zero B super value c Half value

9-If the force acting on an object is doubled so that it travels the same distance, then the
work done is ........
a It increases fourfold B getting weaker c halved

10-corresponding graph
Explains the relationship between a horizontal force acting on
an object and the amount of horizontal displacement due to the
forceThe job expended by that force = ............ joules
a 20 B 40
c 50 D 60

68
11-corresponding graph
Expresses the relationship between the value of the work done on
an object And the angle between the force acting on The body and
the displacement it moves as a result of being affected by this force,
so the value of A and B will be ..........
A value B value
a Fd 0o
B 0.5Fd 30 o
c Fd 90 o
D 0.5Fd 90 o

12-When
When a body is moving in a direction that is inclined by 60 degrees to the direction of
the force acting on °it, the work done = ............
a super value B super value
c Half value D √ of great value

13-Work
Work is negative when the direction of displacement is the direction of the force
a at the same B Perpendicular to the
c in reverse D Inclined at an acute angle

14-If
If the force acting on an object is doubled so that it travels the same distance, then the
work done is ......................
a It increases fourfold B getting weaker
c halved D remains constant

15-The
The following charts The relationship between the force acting on a group of moving
bodies and the displacement that these bodies move in the same direction as the force
shows which of these bodies does more work?!! ...................

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

69
16-A horse pulls a mass on a road with a rope leaning on the road at an angle of 60˚ for a
distance 200 m , so if the mass is 150 kg and the wheel of motion is 2 m/s2
The work done by the horse = ............ J
a 30,000 B 60,000 c 30,000√3 D 3000

17-A force of 80 Newtons acts on a body at rest, so its velocity becomes 20 m/s after 5
seconds , the work done = ...... J
a 4000 B 320 c 3200 D 400

18-Mai carries a bag in her hand with a mass of 12 kg, while her father drags a bag behind
him of a mass of 30 kg for a distance 100 m, then each of them carried the bag that he
had with him and they climbed to the fourth floor at a height 15 m , because the work
that each of them did ............ knowing that Acceleration of horizontal motion for each
of them = Acceleration of free fall 10 m/s2
The work done by Mi .... Joule The work done by the parent is ... Joule
a 1800 1800
B 34,500 30,000
c 1800 34,500
D 34,500 30,000

19-A force of magnitude N 200 acts on a body of mass 50 kg at rest so that the work done
over a period of time 6 s = ............ J
a 14400 B 10,000 c 60,000 D 144

20-If the work done on an object to move the object a distance of 50 m is 2500 J If the
direction of the force makes an angle of 60˚ with the direction of motion, then the
magnitude of the applied force = ............ N
a 100 B 100√3 c 50 D 50√3

21-Calculate the work done to push a cart a distance of 3.5 km with a force of 20 Newtons
= ............ J
a 70 B 700 c 7 D 5.2

22-A force of magnitude N 100 acts on a body at rest so that its velocity is equal to 20 m/s
after 5 s , so the work done = ......
a 5000 B 500 c 10,000 D 5

70
23-Amr carried a bag weighing 50 Newtons and climbed a ladder with it10 m The work
done by Amr = ............ J
a 500 B 50 c 5 D 0.5

24-body whose mass is acted 4 Kgupon by a force of 8 N. If this body starts its motion
from rest, what is the distance it moves in 6 s and the work done since the force tends
to move by an angle of 60˚
The distance traveled in 6 s The work done
a 36 144
B 18 288
c 36 288
D 18 144

25-A man pushes a broken down car with a force of 160 Newtons for a distance with a 20
m force inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 35˚. The work done by the man = ...... J
a 2621.29 B 3200 c 32 Dr 26.2

26-A force of magnitude 20 N acts on a body of mass 5 kg at rest on a smooth horizontal

surface.
The speed at which the body is The distance traveled 8 seconds after Work J
moving m/s the onset of the force, m
a 32 128 2560
B 18 36 1280
c 32 72 2560
D 18 36 1280

27-corresponding fig
Shows the change in the force acting on a body
moving in a constant direction that is workBy
the force when the body is moving:
from d = 0 to d = 10 m from d=0 to d=15 m
a 3750 2500
B 2500 1250
c 3750 3750
Dr 2500 1250

71
28-corresponding fig
It shows the graphical relationship between the value of work and
the angle of the line of action of the force on the direction of motion,
if knownthat The force causing the motion is 100 Newtons and the
displacement is 5 meters.
The value of work at ………….. The value of the angle at...
A C B D
a 500 2500 90 60
B 2500 500 90 30
c 500 2500 60 90
Dr 2500 500 30 60

29-corresponding fig
A man of mass 70 kg climbs a ladder 50 meters long. If you know
the work expended isThe acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2
a 30x10 3 B 3x10 3 c 300 D 3x10-7

72
1- Explain the following phrases
A- Work is a standard quantity
B- The centripetal force does no work on the body moving in a circular path
T- The electron is not lost during its orbit around the nucleus
D - The Earth's gravitational force does no work on the satellite as it orbits the Earth
C- When a body is moving at a constant speed on a horizontal surface with no friction,
the work done on it by the net force is zero.
2- Corresponding figure
If a force F acts on an object twice, it will move it with the same
displacement d each time In which of the two cases is the work
done on the body greater?

3- In each of the following, indicate whether or not work is being done. with
explanation
A- A person climbs an inclined staircase
B- Someone tries to push a car and it won't move
T- A person pushing a stroller and moving it

4- Give an example of a body on which work is done

a- equals zero
B- Someone tries to push a car and it won't move
T- minus

5- Corresponding fig
The work done is greater if the object moves the same
displacementby force F ? withreasoning

6-The following table shows the relationship

between work in joules and distance
In meters of a body moving in a straight line
under the action of a constant force:

(a)Draw the graph between work (W) and displacement (d)

(b) Calculate the force acting on the body if the body moves in
Same direction of force

73
 Energy: is the ability to do work

Units of measurement of energy: are the units of measurement of work.

1- Joule J
2- N m
3- kg m 2 / s 2
The equation for the dimensions of energy is the same as the equation for the dimensions
of work, M. L 2 . T – 2
Kinetic energy of a body ( K. E)

Kinetic Energy: It is the energy possessed by a body as a result of its motion

kinetic energy output

When a force acts on a body of mass (m) and moves it from rest with uniform
acceleration (a)
and its final velocity becomes (Vf)
And the displacement traveled by (d) and by applying the third equation of motion:
= + (1)
The body moved from rest ( 0 = Vi )
=
= (2)
And by multiplying both sides of equation (2) by (F), we get
= (3)
From Newton's second law
= (4)
=
The left side represents the work done, which is the energy needed to move the body
The right side represents the form into which work is converted, ie kinetic energy. K. E
. .=

Factors on which the kinetic

energy of a body depends:

1- body mass
2- The square of the body's Velocity

74
life app
It is clear from the relationship = . .=
that the work done is directly proportional to the square
of the velocity that
The body is moving, so if there is a car moving at a speed of
60 km / h and it is intended to stop it from moving by applying
Pressure On the brake pedal, we find that it will slide a distance
before stopping, four times more than it would if it were moving
At a speed of 30 km/h.

Experiment to practically determine the kinetic energy of an object:

1 - We install a passenger of a known
know mass
(m) on an airbagTighten by a flexible thread
in two fixed posts.
2 - We pull the passengers back for
a distance, let it be (AB).
3 - We allow the passengers to return to
their original position by making the thread Flex and
set the speed of the passengers by means of a photovoltaic cell (Vf).
4 - We repeat the previous action several times and each time we change a block
Passengers with set speed.
5 - We draw a graphic relationship between the
reciprocal of mass ( )
And the square of the velocity (Vf 2) we find that it
is a straight line.

6 - The slope of a straight line is a constant amount

representing twice the kinetic energyAnd from it
we designate the kinetic energy of the body.
Notes
A- When the body rises, the kinetic energy decreases due to the decrease in velocity
B- No kinetic energy at maximum height because its velocity is zero
C- When it descends, the kinetic energy increases to increase the speed of the body
D- If the work done on a body:
1- Positive: the kinetic energy increases with the amount of work
work done
And the speed of the body increases
The net force acting on the body is in the direction of its motion
2- Negative: the kinetic energy decreases with the amount of work done
And the velocity of the body decreases
The net force acting on the body is in a direction opposite to the direction of its
motion
3- Zero: kinetic energy remains constant
4- The velocity of the body remains a constant
The resultant force acting on the body is absent

75
 The relationship between a body's kinetic energy and its momentum
K.E = mv2 K.E ∝ v2
√ . ∝ v ---------- 1
P = mv
p∝v ----------- 2
From 1 and 2 we find that:
√ . ∝ P
( . )
=
( . )

1-The work required to increase the speed of a 1200 kg car from 5 m/s to 10 m/s = ....... J
a 4.5x10 4 B 9x10 5 c 4.5x10 6 Dr 9x10 5

2-bodies , y and x, have the same mass, so their kinetic energy is 900 J and 100 J ,
respectively, and the momentum of the body X is 20 kg.m/s. The momentum of the
body is y =...... kg.m/s
a 60 B 30 c 6.3 D 15

3-The kinetic energy of a car of mass 2000 kg traveling at a speed of 72 km/h = ............ J
a 400,000 B 400 c 4000 D 40

4-A body whose kinetic energy is twice the amount of its movement has a velocity =.... m/s
a 4 B 16 c 2 D 8

5-8 J of kinetic energy and 4 J of momentum Its velocity and mass are ...............
body speed m/s body mass kg
a 4 1
B 32 1
c 4 8
Dr 32 8

76
6-body
body of mass 12 kg is moving from rest with a uniform acceleration of 10 2 m/s . Its
kinetic energy after traveling a distance of 80 m = ............ J
a 9600 B 480 c 4800 D 960

7-A
A body of mass 5 kg falls from a height of 200 meters. Its kinetic energy is in the
following cases:
When it starts to When it descends a distance Just before it reaches the
fall J of 50 m J Earth's surface J
a 0 2500 10,000
B 2500 0 100
c 0 2500 10,000
D 2500 0 100

8-If
If the velocity of an object doubles and the mass decreases by a quarter, then its kinetic
energy is...
a multiply B do not change c reduce to half Dr reduced to a quarter

9-Two
Two bodies, the first has twice the mass of the second, and its velocity is half the speed of
the second, so the kinetic energy of the first ......... the kinetic energy of the second.
a half B fivth c a fourth D four times

10-When
When the speed of the car is doubled, the kinetic energy is...
a reduce to half B increase to double c It increases fourfold D remain constant

11-A
A body has kinetic energy of 4 J. If its velocity is doubled, its kinetic energy becomes
.......... J
a 16 B 8 c 4 D 0.8

12-corresponding fig
If all three objects have the same speed The highest in
kinetic energy............
a c B b
c a D The answer cannot be determined

77
13-corresponding fig
If all three objects have the same kinetic energy, then……
then
the speed is greater
a c B b
c a Dr The answer cannot be determined

14-corresponding fig
shows two forces F 1 and F 2 acting on a stationary body and it
moves horizontally a distance of 4 mSo the change in the body's
kinetic energy = ........................ J
a 8 B 10 c 24 Dr 32

15-Two
Two bodies a and b , the mass of body a is four times the mass of body b , and the two
bodies have the same energy of inviolability, so the ratio between the two bodies'
motions = ..........
a 0.5 B 2 c 0.25 D 4

16-A ball of mass m moving horizontally at velocity v collides with a wall and then
bounces back at half its speed, then the energy lost as a result of the collision = ....
a mv2 b mv2 c mv2 B mv2

17-A
A body rotates in a regular circular path with a radius of 20 cm and a centripetal force
of 10 Newtons acts on it, so the body's kinetic energy = ............... joules
a 0.1 B 0.2 c 1 D 2

18-Kinetic
Kinetic energy of a body of mass 100 kg moving at a speed of 2 m/s = ............ J
a 200 B 50 c 400 D 20,000

19-A
A body whose mass is 100 joules of kinetic energy is moving at a speed of 2 m/s =
............ kg
a 50 B 200 c 100 D 75

78
20-The velocity of a body of 100 joules of kinetic energy has a mass of 0.5 kg = ....... m/s
a 20 B 400 c 500 D 200

21-A body of mass 15 kg falls freely from a height of 8 meters Its kinetic energy when it
hits the ground is the acceleration of free fall 9.8 m/s 2 =............ J
a 1176 B 117.6 c 120 D 1200

22-A body whose kinetic energy is four times its momentum , its velocity = ............ m/s
a 8 B 64 c 4 D 16

23-A body whose kinetic energy is twice its mass Its velocity = ………… . m/s
a 2 B 4 c 16 D √2

24-body whose kinetic energy is equal to the square of its velocity be its mass =............ kg
a 2 B 4 c 16 D 32

25-body whose kinetic energy is twice its weight , its velocity = ............ m/s (acceleration of
free fall 10 m/s2 )
a 6.32 B 63.2 c 64 D 6.4

26-moving body whose kinetic energy is 5 times its weight and its momentum is 20 kg.m/s,
the mass of the body =............ kg (acceleration of free fall 10 m/sec2 )
a 2 B 4 c 16 D 32

27-A body of mass 4 kg is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 80 m per second Its
kinetic energy after 5 seconds, knowing that the free fall acceleration 10 m/s2 =............ J
a 1800 B 180 c 36,000 D 360

79
28-A car of mass 3 x 10 3 Kgand velocity 16 ms hits a tree, but the tree does not move and
the car stops.
The amount of change in The work done on the tree when The force acting on the front of
the car's kinetic energy the front of the car hits the tree the car moves a distance50 cm
a -384000 J 0 7.68 x 10 5
B 384000 J 0 7.68 x 10 - 5
c 384000 J 38400 7.68 x 10 5
D -384000 J 38400 7.68 x 10 -5

29-A body of mass 4 kg falls freely from the top of a 120-meter-high tower, its kinetic
energy when it hits the ground = ...... J, noting that the acceleration of free fall 10 m/s2
a 48,000 B 2400 c 480 D 240

30-A bullet with a mass of 80 grams was fired from a rifle with a barrel length. 1 meter If
the force of gas pressure inside the barrel is 6400 Newtons, then the bullet’s velocity
from the barrel’s mouth = ............ m/s
A 400 B 40 c 4 D 16

31- An apple of mass 200 grams fell from a tree and after one second it hits the ground.
The kinetic energy at the moment it reaches the ground = ............ J Note that the
acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s 2
a 10 B 2 c 5 D 0.22

32-A car of mass 1.5 tons started its motion from rest with a uniform acceleration of
2 m/s 2whose kinetic energy after 3sec from the start of the motion = ............ J
A 27,000 B 3000 c 90,000 D 180,000

33-body of mass 5 kg accelerates uniformly ( 6 m/s 2 ) from rest If ...................

kinetic energy after 8 seconds Its kinetic energy after it has covered a distance400 m
a 12,000 5760
B 30 120
c 12,000 576
D 30 120

80
34-A body of mass 14 kg is thrown vertically upwards at velocity 60 m/s Its kinetic energy
at the midpoint of the body's maximum height =... J Note that the acceleration of free
fall is 10 m/s 2
a 12600 B 126 c 1260 D 12.6

35-A body of mass 3 kg falls freely from the top of a building of its height 50 meters Its
kinetic energy one second after the start of its fall = ...... J Note that the acceleration of
free fall is 10 m/s 2
A 150 B 15 c 1500 D 1.5

36-If the kinetic energy of an object is 36 J and the momentum of the same object is 18
kg.m/s , then ……………
body speed body mass
a 4 45
B 16 4
c 4 4.5
D 16 4.5

37-A rapid-fire cannon that fires 600 bullets per minute. If the mass of a single bullet is 49
g and its velocity is 200 m/s , then the kinetic energy generated per second = ............ J
a 9800 B 490 c 980 D 4900

38-projectile of mass 10 g is fired at a speed of 600 m/s at a piece of rubber 8 cm thick ,

and the velocity of the projectile at the time of its exit from the rubber was 400 m/s .
The work done by the rubber resistance Average strength of rubber
force on the projectile resistance to projectile
a -1000 - 12,500
B -1000 100
c 1000 1250
D 100 12500

81
39-corresponding graph
The displacement-time
time graph shows the motion of a body of mass 10 kg
The kinetic energy of this body = J
a 250 B 2500 c 25 D 50,000

40-corresponding graph
represents the relationship between the velocity of a body of mass 2 kg
and the time of movement of this body The graph .............. expresses the
relationship between the energy of motion of a body and time

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

41-corresponding graph
a moving body of mass 10 kg The body's kinetic energy = ……….. J
a 25 B 50 c 125 D 25

42-The
The figure …………… represents a body with greater kinetic energy

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

82
 Potential energy

Potential Energy: It is the energy that a body acquires as a result of a change in

its position or state

The potential energy of an object is determined by the relationship

P.E. = mgh
m mass of the body
h height of the body from the surface of the earth
g acceleration due to gravity

Factors on which the potential

energy of a body depends:
1- body mass.
2- Gravitational acceleration.
3-The height of the body above the surface of the earth

Note

1- The acceleration due to gravity changes slightly as the surface of the Earth moves away
2- When the body rises up, the potential energy increases, and when it goes down, the
potential energy decreases.

Induction of potential energy for a body

When a body of mass m is raised a vertical distance h, the work is
W is required from the relationship:
W=Fh
where F is the force required to lift the body
upward and equal to its weight w :
F=w=mg
W=mgh
The work done is stored in the form of
potential energy P.E :
P. E . = m g h
83
 Examples of situational
energy
1- Potential energy stored in the electrons inside the battery.
2- Potential energy stored in a compressed or stretched spring (elastic potential energy).
3- Potential energy stored in a stretched elastic string.
4- Potential energy stored in a body raised up (gravitational potential energy).
5- Potential energy stored in a pendulum shifted from equilibrium.
6- Potential energy stored in water above the surface of the earth.
earth

life app
To lift a box to put it in a car, work needs to be done

Figure (1)
We need a force of 450 newtons to lift
The box is 1 meter high vertically.

Figure (2)
We can lift the same box with a less
force of 150 newtons
Use an inclined plane, but it will need a
displacement of more than 3 metres.

1-body
body with a mass of 5 kg and its height above the ground is m 6 , its potential energy,
knowing that the acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2 = ............ J
A 300 B 30 c 60 D 50

2-A
A body of mass 5 kg is thrown vertically upwards at velocity 80 m/s Its potential energy
after the passage of 5 seconds = ............ J , noting that the acceleration of free fall 10
m/s2 is
A 13750 B 1375 c 400 D 50

84
3-A body of mass 2 kg falls from a height 120 m The potential energy of a body is in the
following cases:
When it starts to 4 seconds after the start of the just before it reaches the
fall J fall J ground J
a 2400 800 0
B 240 800 800
c 2400 400 400
D 240 200 0

4-The slope of the straight line in the corresponding graph represents ……..
a body mass B body weight c body displacement Dr body speed

5-If a body has a mass of 2 kg and is located at a height of 5 m above the surface of the
earth, g=9.8 m⁄s2 then its potential energy is ............. joules
a 9.8 B 2.5 c 10 D 98

6-If an object is thrown upwards, which physical quantity is zero at the maximum height?
a Earth's gravitational force B accelerator c Energy situation D the speed

7-The energy stored in a compressed spring is energy.

a situation B repulsion c a movement D nuclear

8-The potential energy of a body of mass 1 kg at Earth's surface = .............. Joules

a 0 B 1 c 98 D 10

9-A man arrived at his apartment by climbing the stairs once and using the elevator a
second time. Which of the following statements is correct?!!
a The nomadic position energy is greater when climbing the ladder
B A man's potential energy is greater when using an elevator There is no potential
energy for the man when using the elevator
c The man's potential energy is equal in both cases

85
10-Figure ............. expresses the change in the potential energy of a freely falling body with
a change in its distance from its original position

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C D Figure d

11-A body with an energy of 120 joules and a mass of 2 kg has a height above the ground =
............ m g=10 m/s2
a 6 B 240 c 60 D 24

12-A body of energy with a magnitude of 80 joules and a height above the Earth's surface1
m Its mass = ............ kg (g=10 m/s2 )
a 8 B 0.8 c 80 D 800

13-A body with an energy of 100 joules and a mass of 5 kg has a height above the ground =
............ m (g=10 m/s2 )
a 2 B 20 c 10 D 50

14-The increase in potential energy for a person of mass 70 kg climbing a mountain to a

height of 60 meters =............ J (g=10 m/s2)
a 42,000 B 4200 c 42 D 4.2

15-corresponding fig
If you know that the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2
and the mass of the weight is 100 kg The work done by
the weight lifter = ............ J
a 2000 B 100 c 150 D 50

86
16-The following figures show three different trajectories, ignoring friction, that a static
ball can take at the surface of the earth to reach a certain height. Therefore, the
trajectory............ the work done to raise the ball is as great as possible.

a track a B track b c track c D They are all equal

17-corresponding graph
It represents the relationship between the potential energy of each of two
bodies A and B and the height of each of them h above the earth's surface
The ratio between the weights of the two bodies =………….
a b c d

87
1-corresponding figure
A roller coaster of mass m is frictionless with the surface
It passes point A at a linear speed v 1, how much work is
done?
The force of gravity exerted on the cart to move from point A to:
Point B
Point C

2-You
You have boxes a and b of weight 40 N and 60 N respectively. Box a is on the ground
and box b is 2 m above the ground.
a is raised to have the potential energy of box b ? With the mention of the curse

3-Explain
Explain the following statements
Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity
The kinetic energy of a body at rest is zero
When thrown vertically upwards, its potential energy increases during the ascent

4-Write
Write the mathematical relationship and what is the slope of the straight line

5-Compare
Compare elastic potential energy and gravitational potential energy in terms of
concept and examples

6-corresponding fig
A coil of spring tensioned with a force F shows what happens
when this force is removed? with explanation

88
7- Graph.
In an experiment to measure the kinetic energy using the airbag, we obtained the
following results:

(a) Draw the graphical relationship between the

reciprocal of mass (1/m) and the square of velocity (v2)
(b) From the drawing, find:
1-X-value
2- Calculate the kinetic energy

8-If the kinetic energy of a body is 36 J and the momentum of the same body is 18
kg.m/s, calculate
(a) The speed at which the body is moving
(B) body mass

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Energy conservation law

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to
another
Mechanical energy: the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a body

Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a body equals a constant amount

Deduce the law of conservation of mechanical energy

When a body of mass (m) is thrown from a point (1)

with an initial velocity (V)
In the opposite direction of the gravitational field it
reaches point (2) with a terminal velocity (Vf).
Where the distance between the points (1) and
(2) is (d)
From the equations of motion:
= + − =
Since the body is moving upwards against gravity,
the =−
− =−

And by multiplying both sides of the equation

by ( m)
Substituting in the value of d where ( d = yf – yi)

− =−

− =− ( − )
− =− +
And by rearranging the equation, it is obtained that
+ = +

That is, the sum of the potential and kinetic energies at point (1) = the sum of the
potential and kinetic energies at point (2)

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Examples of converting potential energy into kinetic energy and back

amusement park cart

Potential energy is as high as possible at the highest position - then converted into
kinetic energy when descending
high jump player
The athlete stores potential energy in the pole during the high jump in athletics - and it
is converted into kinetic energy.
Tight bow
Potential energy is stored, and when the bow is released, the arrow is released with
great kinetic energy.
Likewise, the hammer, the pendulum, the waterfalls, and the …………

Point A is called the resting point

And then the speed of the body is as fast as
possible
The kinetic energy is as high as possible
Points B and C: the highest point away from
rest
Then the velocity of the body = zero
The velocity of a body increases as it
approaches its resting position
Any from A to B or from C to A
Thus, the kinetic energy increases and the
potential energy decreases
The mechanical energy remains constant
The velocity of a body decreases as it moves
away from its resting position
Any from A to B or from A to C
Therefore, the kinetic energy decreases, the potential energy increases, and the
mechanical energy remains constant
Determining the amount of mechanical energy in a simple pendulum
At rest E = K.E + P.E
At the maximum height away from the rest position, E = P.E
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Practical Experiment: Law of Conservation of Energy
the purpose of the experiment :
Prove that: mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy = a constant
estimator.
Tools :
Tennis Ball Sticky Tape Digital Scale Stopwatch
Steps:
Determine the mass of a tennis ball in grams using a digital scale and then convert it to
kilograms.
Glue the pieces of masking tape to the wall at different heights (1 m, 2 m, 2.5 m)
respectively.
Drop the tennis ball from the first height and set the time required for it to reach the
surface of the ground.
Repeat the previous attempt several times
Repeat the previous two steps for all heights

Record the results in a table:

height h(m) time t (s)
first attempt second attempt The third attempt
1
2
2.5
average

Calculate the potential energy at each height of the relationship:

P. E. = m g h
Calculate the final velocity Vf of the ball at the moment it hits the ground using the first
equation of motion:
Vf = Vi + a t where Vi = 0 because the ball fell from rest.

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 Calculate the kinetic energy of the ball at the moment it hits the ground from the
relationship: K .E .= ½ mV2
Record the results in a table.
height (h) 1 2 2.5
Energy situation
Kinetic energy
Conclusion:
As the height increases, the potential energy increases
Potential energy at maximum height = kinetic energy at the Earth's
surface = mechanical energy
That is, mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy = a constant amount

1-A body of mass 4 kg is thrown vertically upwards at a speed of 70 m/s After 3 seconds,
then ............... Note that the acceleration of free fall 10 m/s2
Kinetic energy Energy situation mechanical energy
a 3200 6600 9800
B 1600 6600 8200
c 3200 3300 6500
D 1600 3300 6500

2-A stationary body at a height of 30 meters from the surface of the

earth has a potential energy of 1470 joules. If the body falls down
by neglecting air resistance, then ……… (g=9.8 m/s2)
The kinetic energy of a body The speed of the body
at a height of 20 meters when it hits the ground
from the ground J m/s
a 980 24.25
B 980 24.25
c 490 12.1
D 980 12.1

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3-corresponding figure
A ball suspended by a string literally swings at a specific level
If the mass of the ball is 4 kg and the air resistance D neglected
What is the maximum speed reached by the ball while swinging?
g=9.8 m⁄s2
a 7 B 49 c 3.5 D 16

4-An
An energy body placed at a maximum height of 100 J , the mechanical energy at the
earth's surface is ........ joules
a 100 B 2000 c 50 D 200

5-When
When an object is thrown vertically upwards , the mechanical energy...
a increase B less c do not change

6-When
When an object is thrown vertically upwards, the kinetic energy is maximum at ........
a Maximum height B The earth's surface c in the middle of the distance

7-When
When an object falls vertically downward freely, the mechanical energy is ..........
a increase B less c do not change

8-a
a body is thrown upwards, its mechanical energy is at the surface of the earth...... Its
mechanical energy is at the maximum height it reaches.
a greater B less than c Equal

9-a
a body is thrown vertically upwards, it is in the middle of the maximum height it reaches
. Its mechanical energy is ............. Its mechanical energy is at the maximum height it
reaches.
a greater B less than c Equal

10-A
A ball slides on an inclined surface with no friction.
a-Its
Its speed............. while sliding
a It increases at a regular rate B decrease at a regular rate
c increase at an irregular rate Dr do not change

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 b-Its kinetic energy during sliding .............................
a increase B Less than, not equal to, not equal to zero
c zero D do not change

11-When designing the train game engineer in the amusement park, he designed the first
elevation to be the highest of elevations.
a To increase the earth's attraction force for vehicles
B To reduce the work done on the carts as they descend
c to reduce air resistance
D To store the largest energy put in the wagons

12-in the corresponding fig

The kinetic energy of the leg is greatest at the position.
a 1 B 2
c 3 D 4

13-The ratio between the mechanical energy of a body thrown vertically upwards and the
energy of its position at its maximum height.
a 2 B 0.5 c 1 D 0.25

14-body of mass m falls freely, so if its velocity at the midpoint of the distance between the
place of its fall and the surface of the earth is v , then its mechanical energy is ................
a 2mv 2 b mv2 c mv2 d mv2

15-A body of mass 0.2 kg is thrown vertically upwards at a speed of 20 m / s

a-The maximum height reached by the body.
a 1 B 20 c 40 Dr 200

b-The velocity of the body at a height of 10 m from the surface of the earth = .......... m/s
a 14.14 B 20.21 c 25.31 Dr 30.42

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16-corresponding fig
Shows the graphical relationship between the kinetic energy of
a body falling from a height of 10 m above the ground And the
square of his velocity during the fall, so his potential energy at
a height of 2m = ...... J (Note that g = 10m/s 2 )
a 20 B 40 c 60 D 80

17-Two
Two bodies, the mass of the first three times the mass of the second, fell at one moment,
and the height from which the first body fell was one-third
one third of the height from which the
second body fell, so the ratio between the kinetic energy of the first body aand the kinetic
( . )
energy of the second body at the moment they reached the ground = ...............
( . )
a 1/3 B 1/2 c 1 D 3

18-corresponding fig
The amusement park ride starts from rest at point A and
moves along idler railsResistance, then the velocity of the
cart at point B = ......... m/s
a 5 B 10 c 50 D 100

19-corresponding graph
Explains the relationship between two forms of energy for a body of
mass 10 kg and the height of the body from the surface of the earth h
when it is thrown vertically upward until it reaches a maximum height
of 20 m, given that g = 10 m / s 2
a-Graph
Graph M represents ………….
a movement energy c Kinetic energy or potential energy of a body
B potential energy D mechanical energy

b-The
The mechanical energy of the body = ............ J
a 0 B 50 c 1000 D 2000

c-The
The cat's body velocity a = .......... m/s
a 0 B 10 c 14.14 D 20

d-The
The velocity of the body at point b = ............ m/s
a 0 B 10 c 14.14 D 20

e-The
The velocity of the body at point c = ………… m/s
a 0 B 10 c 14.14 Dr 20

k-At
At point b , the potential energy is kinetic energy
a less than B Equal c bigger

96
20-corresponding fig
Explains the graphical relationship between some physical quantities
of a body projected vertically upwards and time:
a-Which
Which quantities do curve A and curve B represent ?
Curve A Curve B
a Energy situation Kinetic energy
B Kinetic energy Energy situation
c move amount Wheel
D Wheel move amount

b-The
The relationship between the mechanical energy of the body and time is represented
by the red line in the graph ...............

a Figure A B Figure b c Figure C

21-A
A ball whose mass 200 gfalls from a height100 m The mechanical energy of the ball
when it falls half the distance with air resistance neglected = ............ J
a 200 B 2 c 1000 D 100

22-If
If you know that the energy of placing a body at a point far 5 m from the surface of the
earth is equal to 980 joules, knowing that the acceleration of free fall is 9.8 m/s2 , then
Mass of a body at Earth's surface = ............ kg
a 20 B 4.9 c 98 D 200

23-A
A body of mass 5 kg is thrown vertically upwards at velocity 80 ‫م‬// s Its potential energy
after 5 seconds is ………….. J (g=10 m/s2 )
a 13750 B 27750 c 1375 D 2775

24-body
body of mass 1.5 kg was thrown vertically upwards at a speed of 24.5 m/s until it
reached its velocity 4.9 m/s Its potential energy at this point = …….. J (g=10 m/s2 )
a 432.18 B 216.4 c 4.32 D 2.16

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25-A body of energy with a capacity of 5 times its weight fell freely until it reached the
surface of the earth , the time required for that = ..... s (g=10 m/s2)
a 1 B 0.5 c 2 D 0.25

26-A body of energy placed 8 times its mass fell freely until it reached the surface of the
earth , the velocity of its arrival to the earth =……... m/s
a 4 B 16 c 2 D 8

27-A body of energy with an emplacement of 120 joules and a mass of 2 kg has a height
above the ground = ............ m (g=10 m/s2 )
a 6 B 36 c 16 D 12

28-body of mass 2 kg has a kinetic energy of 400 joules at the Earth's surface Its potential
energy at the maximum height it reaches =……... J (g=10 m/s2 )
a 400 B 200 c 100 D 40

29-body of mass 1 kg has a kinetic energy of 100 joules at the Earth's surface Its potential
energy at the center of the maximum height it reaches = ...... J
a 50 B 100 c 500 D 10

30-body is thrown upwards with an initial velocity of 10 ‫م‬/ s. If its potential energy at the
maximum height is 1000 joules , then it is The mass of this body = ........ kg ( g=10 m/s2)
a 20 B 10 c 2 D 1

31-A body of energy with a position of 5 times its weight , its height above the earth's
surface = ............ m
a 5 B 2.5 c 7.5 D 10

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32-A ball falling freely from a height h above the surface of the earth to collide with the
surface of the earth and then bounce again, so the height …………… cannot represent
the height to which the ball will bounce
a b c d

33-corresponding fig
It represents two different attempts to shoot two arrows from
the same bow, i.e. the two arrowsIt has a faster launch speed
a Arrow 1 B Arrow 2 c They both fire at the same speed

34-corresponding fig
Two identical balls , Y and X, descend together from point A
to the bottom of one of them on slope AB and the other on slope
AC Which of the following statements describes the arrival of
the two balls to points C and B ?
a Y ball reaches first c The two balls connect together
B X ball speed is greater D The speed of the two balls is equal

1-body of mass 4 kg falls freely from a height of 20 m above the surface of the earth
........ Complete the blanks in the following table considering the acceleration due to
gravity as 10 m/s 2
the point The displacement potential speed motion mechanical
from the point of fall energy m/s energy energy
m
1 0 .......... .......... .......... ..........
2 .......... .......... 5 .......... ..........
3 .......... 400 .......... .......... ..........
4 .......... .......... .......... 800 ..........

From your findings.... Determine the position of the point during the fall that you are at
A- The mechanical energy of a body is equal to its kinetic energy
B- The mechanical energy of a body is equal to its potential energy
T- The kinetic energy of a body is equal to its potential energy

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2- Throw an object vertically upwards and you have three graphic forms to express
some physical quantities for it

Determine which one is appropriate to express the relationship between each of the
following:
a- Potential energy and the height of the body above the ground
B- Kinetic energy and the height of the body above the ground
T - Mechanical energy and the height of the body above the ground

3- Corresponding fig Which of the following statements is correct?!!

a kinetic energy is at a maximum value of c
B The mechanical energy at A < the mechanical energy at B
c Potential energy at A is a maximum value
D Potential energy at C < potential energy at A

4- A body of mass 2 kg falls from a height of 100 metres. Calculate the potential energy
of the body, its kinetic energy, and its mechanical energy in the following cases,
knowing that the acceleration of free fall of 10 m/s2 is :
1 - when it starts to fall. [ 2000 J , Zero , 2000 J ]
2 - When he descends a distance of 20 metres. [ 1600 J , 400 J , 2000 J ]
3 - Just before it reaches the Earth's surface. [ Zero, 2000 J , 2000 J ]

5- A body of mass 5 kg falls freely from a height of 2 meters, calculate its kinetic energy
when it hits the ground.
And he proved that it is equal to the energy of his position at the beginning of his fall,
knowing that the acceleration of the free fall is 10 m/s2 [100 J]

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