Practical no: 8

NAME: - Jay Pandey

ROLL NO:-34
SUBJECT:-Simulation lab 3
CLASS/SEM:-BE/7th
DATE:-

Aim:
TO STUDY THE IMPULSE VOLTAGE GENERATOR, WITH THE HELP OF VIRTUAL LAB.

Apparatus:
Online virtual lab cloud

Circuit diagram:
Theory:
Transient over-voltages due to lightning and switching action cause steep build-up of voltage
on transmission lines and other electrical power apparatus. Experimental investigations show
that these waves have a rise time of 0.5 to 10µs and decay time to 50% of the peak value of
the order of 30 to 200µs. The wave-shapes are arbitrary, but mostly unidirectional. It is
shown that lightning over-voltages can be represented as double exponential waves defined
by the equation:
V=Vo [exp (-at)-exp (-βt)] ---------------------- (1)
where a and β are constants of inverse microsecond values. The equation (1) represents a
unidirectional wave which usually has a rapid rise to the peak value and slowly falls to zero
value. The standard wave-shape is given in figure below.

The impulse waves are specified by defining their rise or front time, fall (or tail time) to 50%
peak value, and the value of the peak voltage. Thus 1.2/50µs, 1000 kv wave represents an
impulse voltage wave with a front time of 1.2µs, fall (or tail) time to 50% peak value of 50µs
and a peak value of 1000 kv. When impulse wave-shapes are recorded, the initial portion of
the wave may not be clearly defined or sometimes may be missing. Hence, front and tail
times are to be redefined. Referring to the wave shape in figure 1, the peak value A is fixed
and referred to as 100% value. The point corresponding to 10% and 90% of the peak values
are located on the front portion (points C and D). O' is taken as the virtual origin. 1.25 times
the interval between times t1 and t2 corresponding to points C and D is defined as the front
time, i.e. 1.25(O't1-O't2). The point E is located on the wave tail corresponding to 50% of the
peak value, and it is t4. O't4 is defined as fall or tail time. In case, C is not clear or missing
from the wave shape record, the point corresponding to 30% of the peak value is taken on the
time axis and then the wave front time in that case will be 1.67 times in place of 1.25. The
tolerances that can be allowed on the front and tail times are respectively ± 30% and ± 20%.
The tolerance allowed on the peak value is ± 3%.
Single stage circuit-IVG
Fig:9: Equivalent circuit of a single stage IVGThe one-stage equivalent, of an impulse
voltage circuit with a capacitive load is shown in Fig. 9. Resistances, which are used in Marx
circuit, are non-inductive. All resistances have some small internal inductances, which leads
to the inefficient outputs. The inductance Lf represents the loop inductance offered by the
front resistance that is responsible for the overshoot of lightning impulse (LI) which must be
limited to below 5%. Similarly, Lt is the inductance offered by the tail resistance of the
impulse circuit. These inductances are incorporated in the equivalent circuit to give the
VHVL a more realistic feel.
As mentioned earlier in IVG Introduction (http://10.9.1.224:85/), impulse voltages are
represented as a sum of two exponentials. A double exponential wave shape can be generated
by having a circuit with energy storage elements with independent control for rising portion
and falling portion of the wave. These circuit elements can either be capacitors or inductors.
Since inductors of large ratings are difficult to manufacture owing to their large size and high
currents involved, hence a speedy suitable discharge circuit consisting of capacitors could be
preferred

Fig:10: Three stage Marx Generator Circuit

Marx Circuit
In 1916, Marx proposed a circuit which can be used for generating high impulse voltages.
The basic principle of operation of the Marx circuit is that the capacitors are charged in
parallel and discharged in series by triggering a switch. Hence, a very high voltage can be
obtained when the impulse generator discharges.
As shown in Fig. 10, the front resistors and the discharge resistors are distributed along each
stage. Sphere gaps are used as switches to connect the parallely charged capacitors in series.
A high voltage dc source is used to charge the capacitors in parallel. The charging current is
limited by a large charging resistance which is typically of the order of a few kilo ohms. On
firing (or triggering) the lowest sphere gap, stages 1 and 2 get connected in series. Hence, the
individual voltages across the stages 1 and 2 appear as a sum across the next gap, thereby
triggering it and thus connecting all the stages in series. Hence, an impulse voltage is
obtained across the load capacitance.

Procedure / Instruction:
1. When the page is loaded user will be presented with a 3D simulator representation of IVG
on the right frame.
2. Mouse-hover on equivalent circuit to see the equivalent circuit diagram of the simulator
model.
3. Mouse-hover on Instructions to know how to perform the experiment.
4. The input parameters namely Charging Voltage (VO), Ground Capacitance (Cg), Tail
Capacitance (Cl),Front Inductance(Lf),Load Inductance(Ll), Front Resistance(Rf),Tail
Resistance(Rt)are displayed with default values on the other frame.
5. The user can conduct the experiment with the default values, However the parameters can
also be changed and the experiment performed.
6. Drag your mouse to see the impulse voltage generator testing apparatus in details. You
can also zoom in it by scrolling your mouse for detail study of IVG.
7. After completing detail study of IVG, set the value of voltage and sphere gap
8. Click on start Experiment
9. Then click on open ground switch to give supply to IVG and you can see it in simulator
10. The Charge Capacitor button is to be clicked to charge generator capacitors.Charging
time of capacitor is displayed by bar on left corner of simulator
11. The Trigger generator button is to be clicked to display the mechanism of IVG and the
fact that Breakdown has occurred or not is displayed.
12. After complete the process the respective graph will be shown. Different alert statements
are included to direct the user whether there are withstand or flashover occurs between
sphere gaps. View the waveform carefully how waveform is changing with variation in
parameters. And also different wave forms are generated for withstand and flashover.
13. Mouse-hover on wave to see the variation of generated voltage with time. You can drag it
or Zoom In/Zoom Out the wave form for detail study.
14. Find out Front time and tail time from the wave from (how to find out front time and tail
time you have to see theory part).
15. after finding front time and tail time you can compare the generated Impulse wave with
standard switching impulse wave.

Objective:
 For measurement of spark-over and withstand voltages of various test objects.
 HV testing engineers are also the group of people who benefits, apart from academic and
industry personnel.
 To study the behaviour of output impulse voltage pulse by variation of different circuit
parameters like the front and tail resistors and inductors and complying with IEC 60060-
1.
 Enables safe setting up of the experiment in minimal time.
 Ensures thorough learning of the concepts involved in IVG before stepping into the
physical laboratory.

Conclusion:
Studying the Impulse Voltage Generator (IVG) using a virtual lab provides valuable insights
into the behavior and characteristics of high-voltage impulse generation. Using a virtual lab
for studying the Impulse Voltage Generator provides a safe, cost-effective, and detailed way
to explore high-voltage phenomena, making it an invaluable tool for both educational and
research purposes.
3D Simulation:

Output graph: