Salt Analysis

Cations Pb+2 Cu2+ Zn+2 Fe+3 Ni+2

Al+3 Ca+2 Mg+2 Ba+2 NH4+

Anions CH3COO– CO32– S2– SO32– NO2– NO3– Cl– Br– I–

 Low Ksp. : Low solubility : ppt formation 4 Cations : Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+

CO32– SO32– All are water insoluble NH4+ & 4 Cations carbonates are water soluble

HCO3– HSO3– All are water soluble NaHCO3 is sparingly soluble

SO4 2–
All are water soluble Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ , Ba , Sr , Ca
are water insoluble

NO3– NO2– All are water soluble AgNO2 is water insoluble

OH– All are water insoluble 4 Cations , NH4+, Ba , Sr , Ca

Ppt - (Al3+ , Fe3+ , Cr3+) are water soluble
 NH4+ Water soluble

Cl–, Br–, I– All are water soluble Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ water insoluble

S2– All are water insoluble 4 Cations & NH4+ sulphides are
water soluble

CH3COO– All are water soluble Ag+, Hg22+, Cu22+ water insoluble
 Anion Radical

Group 1A Group 1B
Radical which give volatile products Radical which give volatile products
with dil acid with conc. acid
Group Reagent : dil HCl / dil H2SO4 Group Reagent : Conc. H2SO4
CO32– / HCO3–
Cl–
CH3COO–
Br–
NO2–
I–
S2– NO3–
SO32–

Car me AC Nahi hai , Site par Sulphide Kal Bahar N-ayi

Sodium carbonate extract

If the given salt is insoluble in H2O.

We add Na2CO3 in the salt of get soda extract.

Almost all sodium salts are water soluble.

Na+ displaces the cation of the salt to obtain soluble salt solution.

Soda extract → Basic (neutralise by small amount of acid)

Test for Group - 1A Anion CO32– , S2– , SO32– , CH3COO– , NO2–

Reagent : dil H2SO4 / dil HCl

dil HCl
Gas evolve Group-IA Anion is present

 Observation Ions

Colourless and odourless gas

with brisk effervescence CO2 CO32–

Colourless gas with odour

H2S gas – Smells like rotten eggs S2–

SO2 gas – Suffocating smell of burning SO32–

of sulphur
HCl gas – Pungent smell Cl–
Acetic acid vapours - vinegar like smell CH3COO–

NH3 gas – Characteristic smell NH4+

Coloured gases-Pungent smell

NO2 gas – Reddish brown NO2– or NO3–

Cl2 gas – Greenish yellow Cl–

Br2 vapour – Reddish brown Br–

I2 vapours – Dark violet I–

 Test for CO32–

Na2CO3 + dil HCl

Confirmatory Test : Lime water Test

CO2 + Ca(OH)2

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

CO2 turns Lime water milky but when excess of CO2 is passed milkiness disappears.
Baryta Water : Ba(OH)2
Test for SO32–

Na2SO3 + dil HCl

Ca(OH)2
SO2 Excess
SO2 + H2O

Confirmatory Test The filter paper dipped in acidified K2Cr2O7 turns green.

SO2 + K2Cr2O7
Orange Green
 Test for Sulphide (S2–) ion
Preliminary Test :

Na2S + dil H2SO4 Rotten egg like smell

(CH3COO)2 Pb + H2S
Filter Paper Black ppt

(CH3COO)2 Cd + H2S
Filter Paper Yellow ppt
 Na2S + Na2 [ Fe(CN)5NO ]
Sodium nitroprusside Sodium thio-nitroprusside
Brown red Violet

H2S does not provide sufficient concentration of S2- ions so that it does not give
sodium nitroprusside test.
 Test for NO2– ion
Preliminary Test :

NaNO2 + dil H2SO4


HNO2

1
NO + O Reddish brown vapours
2 2

CH3COOH KI Starch
NO2– Blue complex
 Al + Zn + Cu HCl
NO2–
Devarda’s alloy

CuSO4

AgCl
Griss – Hosray Test Sulphanillic Acid + 1-Naphthyl amine + CH3COOH

CH3COOH Sulphanillic 1-Naphthyl

NO2 – Red Azo dye
Acid amine
Test for acetate (CH3COO–) ion
Solubility : All CH3COO– except Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+ are water soluble.


CH3COONa (aq) + dil H2SO4 Vinegar like smell


CH3COOH + C2H5OH
Conc. H2SO4
( Fruity odour )
 Test for Group 1B (Cl–, Br–, I–, NO3–
)
Reagent : Conc. H SO2 4

Test for NO3– ion

Preliminary Test : NaNO3 + Conc. H2SO4


HNO3
Reddish brown vapours
 Brown Ring Test
H2SO4

FeSO4 +
NO3–

NO3– + Fe2+

[Fe (H2O)6]2+ + NO
 Brown Ring Test for NO2–
H2SO4

+
FeSO4 NO2–

NO2– + H+

NO3– + Fe2+

[Fe (H2O)6]2+ + NO
 Test for Cl– ion
Preliminary Test :

NaCl(aq) + Conc H2SO4

Chromyl Chloride Test

Ionic chlorides gives this test
Insoluble and covalent chlorides do not give this test ( AgCl , PbCl2 & CCl4 ) .

Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + Conc H2SO4

Solid Solid
Chromyl chloride
(Red vapours)
 Conc H2SO4 NaOH
Cl–
Solid K2Cr2O7

Yellow solution

Pb(CH3COO)2 Conc. H2SO4 + Amyl alcohol

CH3COOH H2O2

yellow ppt Blue solution

Amyl alcohol : C5H11OH

 Test for Br– ion

Preliminary Test :

NaBr(aq) + Conc. H2SO4 Reddish Brown


NaBr (aq) + Conc. H2SO4 + MnO2
Reddish Brown Colour with intensity
 Test for I– ion
Preliminary Test :

NaI(aq) + Conc. H2SO4 Violet vapours

From HgCl2
KI
2I- + HgCl2 Excess
Soluble
Scarlet red
From CuSO4

Na2S2O3 White
I- + Cu2+ + Hypo
White ppt

Brown
Layer Test

2NaBr + Cl2 Water

A brown colouration in the organic layer confirms the
presence of bromide ion.

2 NaI + Cl2 Water

A violet colour appears in the organic layer.

Test for cations Cations

Dry Test Wet Test (aq. Reaction)

( Solid form ) Group - Test

❖ Flame Test
❖ Borax Bead Test
Flame Test
Fuel = O2
O2 > Fuel
Max Temp
Complete Combustion
Oxidising flame
O2 < Fuel
Non-Luminous flame
Incomplete combustion
Luminous flame
Reducing flame
Flame Test
Li Crimson Red Be

Na Yellow Mg

K Violet Ca Brick Red

Rb Red Violet Sr Crimson Red

Cs Blue Ba Apple Green

The electrons in Be and Mg are too strongly bound to get excited by flame. Hence,
NCERT

these elements do not impart any colour to the flame.

Borax Bead test Borax Suhaga / Tincal
Colour’s of Bead in Non-Luminous Flame ( Oxidising Flame )

Ions Bead Formula Colour

Cu+2 Cu (BO2)2 Light Blue

Co+2 Co(BO2)2 Dark Blue

Cr+3 Cr(BO2)3 Light Green

Fe+3 Fe(BO2)3 Yellow

Mn+2 Mn(BO2)2 Pink

Ni+2 Ni(BO2)2 Brown

 Group Test

I. Pb+2 Hg2+2 Ag+ dil HCl

II. Pb+2 Cu+2 Hg+2 Cd+2 Bi+3 H2S gas + HCl

III. Al+3 Cr+3 Fe+3 NH4OH + NH4Cl

IV. Ni+2 Co+2 Mn+2 Zn+2 H2S gas + NH4OH

V. Ba+2 Sr2 Ca+2 (NH4)2CO3 + NH4OH

VI. Na + K+ Mg +2 Na2HPO4 + NH4OH

Zero Group : NH4+ Aq. NaOH Nesseler’s Reagent

Test for group-1 cation ( Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
)
Group reagent : dil HCl

dil. HCl
White ppt
( AgCl , Hg2Cl2 , PbCl2 )
Filtrate of Group-I
Hot water

Insoluble Soluble
AgCl , Hg2Cl2 PbCl2
Excess of NH3
Test for Pb2+ 1. PbCl2 + H2S
Black

2. PbCl2 + Cl–
Excess Clear Solution

3. PbCl2 + Na2CrO4
Yellow
• Test for Group-II Pb+2 Cu+2 Hg+2 Cd+2 Bi+3

Group reagent : H2S gas + HCl

• Test for Cu+2

NH4OH
Cu+2 + NH4OH excess
Deep Blue
Light Blue

Cu+2 + K4 [ Fe(CN)6 ] Chocolate Brown ppt

• Test for Group-III Fe+3, Cr+3, Al+3
Group reagent → NH4OH + NH4Cl

Al+3
White Gelatinous ppt

(1) Boil ( H2S remove )

(2) Add few drops of HNO3 Cr+3
Green - yellow ppt
(Fe+2 → Fe3+ )
(3) NH4OH + NH4Cl
Filtrate
of Group-2 Fe+3
Red Brown ppt
Test for Al+3 Al(OH)3 + NaOH
excess

Lake Test
Litmus paper

Test for Fe+3

• Fe+3 + K4 [ Fe(CN)6 ]
Prussian Blue

• Fe+3 + SCN–
Blood Red
Test for Fe+3

Fe(OH) 3 + HCl

Yellow Solution

• Fe+3 + K4 [ Fe(CN)6 ] Prussian Blue (ppt)

• Fe+3 + K4 [ Fe(CN)6 ] Prussian Blue ( Colloidal Solution )

• Fe+3 + SCN–
Blood Red
 Prussian Blue Turnbulls Blue

• Fe+3 + K4 [ Fe(CN)6 ] • Fe+2 + K3 [ Fe(CN)6 ]

Group – IV ( Ni+2, Co+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 )
NiS Black
Group Reagent : NH4OH + H2S
CoS Black
MnS Pink , Buff
ZnS White
Test for Zn+2
NaOH
❖ ZnCl2 + NaOH excess

❖ ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Bluish white

Test for Ni+2
Ni 2 + + dmg – Rosy Red
Test for Group-VI ( Ba+2, Sr2+, Ca2+ )
Group Reagent : (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4OH

(NH4)2CO3 CH3COOH Divide in 3

parts

K2CrO4 Insoluble
Part (1) Yellow ppt of BaCrO4 Ba2+ CrO42– SO42– C2O42–

(NH4)2SO4 C2O42–
Part (2) White ppt of SrSO4 Sr2+ SO42– Insoluble

(NH4)2C2O4
Part (3) White ppt of CaC2O4 Ca2+ C2O42– Insoluble
Test for Group - V ( Mg+2, K+, Na+ )

Flame Test

Mg+2 + Na2HPO4
White ppt
 Test for group-0 cation ( NH4+) Detection of NH3 & NH4+

Group reagent : Aq. NaOH or KOH It is characterised by

(i) Its smell
NH4+ + NaOH (ii) Terms red litmus blue.
(iii) When a glass rod dipped in HCl
solution is brought near the gas,
white dense fumes form
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

NH4+ + KOH + K2HgI4 Brown ppt

Nessler’s Reagent Iodide of Melon’s base