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SS Unit 2

The document discusses continuous-time and discrete-time LTI systems, focusing on impulse response, convolution, and system properties. It explains the mathematical operation of convolution as a relationship between input, output, and impulse response, detailing properties such as commutative, distributive, and associative. Various examples illustrate the computation of convolution for different signals and systems.

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12 views12 pages

SS Unit 2

The document discusses continuous-time and discrete-time LTI systems, focusing on impulse response, convolution, and system properties. It explains the mathematical operation of convolution as a relationship between input, output, and impulse response, detailing properties such as commutative, distributive, and associative. Various examples illustrate the computation of convolution for different signals and systems.

Uploaded by

angelnavya572
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit – II

Continuous-time LTI Systems: Impulse response of an LTI system, convolution


integral, graphical convolution, system properties from impulse response,
interconnection of LTI systems, evaluating impulse response from the step response.
Discrete-time signals and systems: Emphasize similarities and differences with
continuous-time counterpart, discrete-time convolution.

When a system is excited by the input, it produces a response (output). Like signals,
systems are also classified as Continuous Time (CT) and Discrete Time (DT) systems.
If the input to the system is continuous and the output produced is also continuous, the
system is called continuous time system.

On the other hand if the input to the system is discrete in nature in the form of
impulses and if the output produced is also in the form of impulses such systems are
called discrete time systems.

Convolution
Convolution is a mathematical operation used to express the relation between input
and output of an LTI system. It relates input, output and impulse response of an LTI
system as

Where y (t) = output of LTI


x (t) = input of LTI
h (t) = impulse response of LTI

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Above equation is commonly called the convolution integral. Thus, we have
the fundamental result that the output of any continuous-time LTI system is the
convolution of the input x(t) with the impulse response h(t) of the system.
There are two types of convolutions:
 Continuous convolution
 Discrete convolution
Continuous Convolution

Discrete Convolution

The Unit Impulse Response

Consider the LTIC time system. Let the system be causal. Let the input x(t) = δ(t), an
impulse which is characterized as given below

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The output response is now denoted by h(t) which is called the impulse response of
the system.
Properties of Convolution
Commutative Property
According to this property,
if y(t) = x(t) * h(t), then y(t) can also be expressed as y(t) = h(t) * x(t)

Distributive Property

Associative Property

Shifting Property

Convolution with Impulse

Convolution of Unit Steps

The Width Property


Let T1 be the width of x(t) and T2, the width of h(t). The width of y(t) = x(t) * h(t) is
T1 + T2.
Example
Let x(t) be the input to an LTI system with unit impulse response h(t), where
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 , 𝑎 > 0
And
ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑢(𝑡)
then find y(t) = x(t) * h(t)

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Solution

From this, we can compute y(t) for t > 0:

Example: Determine the continuous-time convolution of h(t) and x(t)

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Example
Compute the quantity x*h, where

Example
The impulse response of a certain system is

Find the output response of the system for the input

Solution:

Both x(t) and h(t) are causal. Hence, the limit of convolution integral is from 0 to t.
Thus, y(t) is expressed as

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Example
Find y(t) if x(t) = sin at u(t) and h(t) = u(t).
Solution:

Both x(t) and h(t) are causal signals. Hence, y(t) is determined from the following
integral:

Example
Find the convolution of the following signals

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Solution:
1. x(τ ), h(τ ), h(t − τ) are shown in Fig. a, b and c, respectively.
2. Figure d shows h(t − τ) where h(t − τ) is left shifted to the extreme.
3. Figure e shows x(τ ) and h(t − τ). It is observed that for−∞ < τ < t, there is no
overlapping and hence y(t) = 0. For t < 0 there is overlapping and y(t) is found as
follows.

4. For t > 0, x(τ )h(t − τ) is shown in Fig. f.

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Example
A linear time invariant system has the following impulse response:
h(n) = [u(n) − u(n − 6)]
The system is excited by
x(n) = [u(n − 1) − u(n − 5)]
Determine the output of the system.

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1. x(k) and h(k) can be expressed by the following sequences
x(n) = δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 2) + δ(n − 3) + δ(n − 4)
h(n) = δ(n) + δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 2) + δ(n − 3) + δ(n − 4) + δ(n − 5)
2.
y(n) = h(n) * x(n)
= h(n) * [δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 2) + δ(n − 3) + δ(n − 4)]
= h(n) * δ(n − 1) + h(n) * δ(n − 2) + h(n) * δ(n − 3) + h(n) * δ(n − 4)
= y1(n) + y2(n) + y3(n) + y4(n)
where
y1(n) = h(n) * δ(n − 1)
y2(n) = h(n) * δ(n − 2)
y3(n) = h(n) * δ(n − 3)
y4(n) = h(n) * δ(n − 4)
By using the property
h(n) * δ(n − 1) = h(n − 1), we get
y1(n) = δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 2) + δ(n − 3) + δ(n − 4) + δ(n − 5) + δ(n − 6)
y2(n) = h(n) * δ(n − 2)
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= δ(n − 2) + δ(n − 3) + δ(n − 4) + δ(n − 5) + δ(n − 6) + δ(n − 7)
y3(n) = h(n) * δ(n − 3)
= δ(n − 3) + δ(n − 4) + δ(n − 5) + δ(n − 6) + δ(n − 7) + δ(n − 8)
y4(n) = δ(n − 4) + δ(n − 5) + δ(n − 6) + δ(n − 7) + δ(n − 8) + δ(n − 9)
y(n) = y1(n) + y2(n) + y3(n) + y4(n)

Example
Find the convolution of x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} with h(n) = {1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1}.
Solution:
When no arrow is marked in x(n) or h(n), the signals are to be taken as causal and
therefore N1 = 0,N2 = 0 and N = N1 + N2 = 0; T1 = 6, T2 = 5, T = 6 + 5 − 1 = 10. The
following multiplication is done.

Example
Determine the convolution of the following two signals.
x(n) = bnu(n)
h(n) =anu(n)
Solution:
x(n) and h(n) are causal and hence the range of convolution sum is 0 < k < n.

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Example

Find y(n) by convolution method.


Solution:
Here N1 = 1; N2 = 2 and N1 + N2 = 3; T1 = 4, T2 = 3 and T = 4 + 3 −1 = 6.

Example
Determine the convolution of the following two signals.
x(n) = (0.6)n u(n) and h(n) = (0.2)nu(n)

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Solution:

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