Series of functions

Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Informatics

Hanoi University of Science and Technology

September 24, 2024

Content

1 Basic concepts
Pointwise convergence. Domain of convergence

Series of functions September 24, 2024 2 / 19

Content

1 Basic concepts
Pointwise convergence. Domain of convergence

2 Uniform convergence
Definition
Weierstrass test
Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions

Series of functions September 24, 2024 2 / 19

Content

1 Basic concepts
Pointwise convergence. Domain of convergence

2 Uniform convergence
Definition
Weierstrass test
Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Definition
Given a sequence of functions {un (x)}n≥1 defined on a set X .

Series of functions September 24, 2024 3 / 19

Definition
Given a sequence of functions {un (x)}n≥1 defined on a set X . Series of
functions is the sum
∞
X
un (x) = u1 (x) + u2 (x) + . . . + un (x) + . . .
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 3 / 19

Definition
Given a sequence of functions {un (x)}n≥1 defined on a set X . Series of
functions is the sum
∞
X
un (x) = u1 (x) + u2 (x) + . . . + un (x) + . . .
n=1

The n−th partial sum is

Sn (x) = u1 (x) + u2 (x) + . . . + un (x).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 3 / 19

Definition
Given a sequence of functions {un (x)}n≥1 defined on a set X . Series of
functions is the sum
∞
X
un (x) = u1 (x) + u2 (x) + . . . + un (x) + . . .
n=1

The n−th partial sum is

Sn (x) = u1 (x) + u2 (x) + . . . + un (x).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 3 / 19

Domain of convergence

Definition
∞
P ∞
P
un (x) converges at x0 if un (x0 ) converges.
n=1 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 4 / 19

Domain of convergence

Definition
∞
P ∞
P
un (x) converges at x0 if un (x0 ) converges.
n=1 n=1
P∞ ∞
P
un (x) diverges at x0 if un (x0 ) diverges.
n=1 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 4 / 19

Domain of convergence

Definition
∞
P ∞
P
un (x) converges at x0 if un (x0 ) converges.
n=1 n=1
P∞ ∞
P
un (x) diverges at x0 if un (x0 ) diverges.
n=1 n=1
∞
P
The set of all x0 at which the series of functions un (x) converges is
n=1
called the domain of convergence of the series.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 4 / 19

Domain of convergence

Definition
∞
P ∞
P
un (x) converges at x0 if un (x0 ) converges.
n=1 n=1
P∞ ∞
P
un (x) diverges at x0 if un (x0 ) diverges.
n=1 n=1
∞
P
The set of all x0 at which the series of functions un (x) converges is
n=1
called the domain of convergence of the series.
∞
P
For x in the domain of convergence: un (x) = S(x), S(x) is called the
n=1
sum of the series.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 4 / 19

Domain of convergence

Definition
∞
P ∞
P
un (x) converges at x0 if un (x0 ) converges.
n=1 n=1
P∞ ∞
P
un (x) diverges at x0 if un (x0 ) diverges.
n=1 n=1
∞
P
The set of all x0 at which the series of functions un (x) converges is
n=1
called the domain of convergence of the series.
∞
P
For x in the domain of convergence: un (x) = S(x), S(x) is called the
n=1
sum of the series.
S(x) = lim Sn (x). Similarly, we define absolute convergence and
n→∞
conditional convergence at a point.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 4 / 19

Domain of convergence

Definition
∞
P ∞
P
un (x) converges at x0 if un (x0 ) converges.
n=1 n=1
P∞ ∞
P
un (x) diverges at x0 if un (x0 ) diverges.
n=1 n=1
∞
P
The set of all x0 at which the series of functions un (x) converges is
n=1
called the domain of convergence of the series.
∞
P
For x in the domain of convergence: un (x) = S(x), S(x) is called the
n=1
sum of the series.
S(x) = lim Sn (x). Similarly, we define absolute convergence and
n→∞
conditional convergence at a point.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 4 / 19

Example
Find the domain of convergence
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X
x
X 1 X xn
a) x b) n c) d)
1 + xn n
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 5 / 19

Example
Find the domain of convergence
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X
x
X 1 X xn
a) x b) n c) d)
1 + xn n
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

P n
a) The geometric series P n ⇔ |q| < 1, so the domain of
aq converges
convergence of the functional series x is (−1, 1).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 5 / 19

Example
Find the domain of convergence
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X
x
X 1 X xn
a) x b) n c) d)
1 + xn n
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

P n
a) The geometric series P n ⇔ |q| < 1, so the domain of
aq converges
convergence of the functional series x is (−1, 1).
P 1 P x
b) The series converges ⇔ p > 1, so the function series n for
np
−x > 1, hence the domain of convergence is (−∞, −1).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 5 / 19

Example
Find the domain of convergence
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X
x
X 1 X xn
a) x b) n c) d)
1 + xn n
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

P n
a) The geometric series P n ⇔ |q| < 1, so the domain of
aq converges
convergence of the functional series x is (−1, 1).
P 1 P x
b) The series converges ⇔ p > 1, so the function series n for
np
−x > 1, hence the domain of convergence is (−∞, −1).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 5 / 19

c) Neccessary condition for convergence:
1
lim = 0 ⇒ lim x n = ∞ ⇒ |x| > 1.
n→∞ 1 + x n n→∞

Series of functions September 24, 2024 6 / 19

c) Neccessary condition for convergence:
1
lim = 0 ⇒ lim x n = ∞ ⇒ |x| > 1.
n→∞ 1 + x n n→∞
If |x| > 1:
1 1 1
n
= n
∼ n as n → ∞.
1+x |1 + x | |x |

Series of functions September 24, 2024 6 / 19

c) Neccessary condition for convergence:
1
lim = 0 ⇒ lim x n = ∞ ⇒ |x| > 1.
n→∞ 1 + x n n→∞
If |x| > 1:
1 1 1
n
= n
∼ n as n → ∞.
1+x |1 + x | |x |
1 P 1
As < 1, the converges, so the given series also converges.
|x| |x|n
The series converges iff |x| > 1.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 6 / 19

c) Neccessary condition for convergence:
1
lim = 0 ⇒ lim x n = ∞ ⇒ |x| > 1.
n→∞ 1 + x n n→∞
If |x| > 1:
1 1 1
n
= n
∼ n as n → ∞.
1+x |1 + x | |x |
1 P 1
As < 1, the converges, so the given series also converges.
|x| |x|n
The series converges iff |x| > 1.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 6 / 19

d) We have

x n+1 n n
D = lim = |x| lim = |x|.
n→∞ n + 1 xn n→∞ n + 1

|x| < 1 ⇒ D < 1: the series converges.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 7 / 19

d) We have

x n+1 n n
D = lim = |x| lim = |x|.
n→∞ n + 1 xn n→∞ n + 1

|x| < 1 ⇒ D < 1: the series converges.

|x| > 1 ⇒ D > 1: the series diverges.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 7 / 19

d) We have

x n+1 n n
D = lim = |x| lim = |x|.
n→∞ n + 1 xn n→∞ n + 1

|x| < 1 ⇒ D < 1: the series converges.

|x| > 1 ⇒ D > 1: the series diverges.
P1
x = 1, the series becomes which diverges.
n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 7 / 19

d) We have

x n+1 n n
D = lim = |x| lim = |x|.
n→∞ n + 1 xn n→∞ n + 1

|x| < 1 ⇒ D < 1: the series converges.

|x| > 1 ⇒ D > 1: the series diverges.
P1
x = 1, the series becomes which diverges.
n
P (−1)n
x = −1, the series becomes which converges.
n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 7 / 19

d) We have

x n+1 n n
D = lim = |x| lim = |x|.
n→∞ n + 1 xn n→∞ n + 1

|x| < 1 ⇒ D < 1: the series converges.

|x| > 1 ⇒ D > 1: the series diverges.
P1
x = 1, the series becomes which diverges.
n
P (−1)n
x = −1, the series becomes which converges.
n
The domain of convergence is [−1, 1).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 7 / 19

d) We have

x n+1 n n
D = lim = |x| lim = |x|.
n→∞ n + 1 xn n→∞ n + 1

|x| < 1 ⇒ D < 1: the series converges.

|x| > 1 ⇒ D > 1: the series diverges.
P1
x = 1, the series becomes which diverges.
n
P (−1)n
x = −1, the series becomes which converges.
n
The domain of convergence is [−1, 1).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 7 / 19

Remark
un+1 (x) p
Find D = lim or C = lim n |un (x)|.
n→∞ un (x) n→∞
Find x such that D < 1 or C < 1, the series converges.
Test for convergence at endpoints.
At these points D = 1 (or C = 1), we have to use other criteria.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 8 / 19

Content

1 Basic concepts
Pointwise convergence. Domain of convergence

2 Uniform convergence
Definition
Weierstrass test
Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Uniform convergence

Recall that
∞
X
un (x) = S(x) ⇔ lim Sn (x) = S(x) ⇔
n→∞
n=1
∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε, x) ∈ N : ∀ n ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − S(x)| < ε.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 9 / 19

Uniform convergence

Recall that
∞
X
un (x) = S(x) ⇔ lim Sn (x) = S(x) ⇔
n→∞
n=1
∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε, x) ∈ N : ∀ n ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − S(x)| < ε.

Definition
∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 9 / 19

Uniform convergence

Recall that
∞
X
un (x) = S(x) ⇔ lim Sn (x) = S(x) ⇔
n→∞
n=1
∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε, x) ∈ N : ∀ n ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − S(x)| < ε.

Definition
∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X if
n=1

∞
X
∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε) ∈ N ∀ n ≥ N0 : |Rn (x)| = | uk (x)| < ε, ∀x ∈ X .
k=n+1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 9 / 19

Uniform convergence

Recall that
∞
X
un (x) = S(x) ⇔ lim Sn (x) = S(x) ⇔
n→∞
n=1
∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε, x) ∈ N : ∀ n ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − S(x)| < ε.

Definition
∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X if
n=1

∞
X
∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε) ∈ N ∀ n ≥ N0 : |Rn (x)| = | uk (x)| < ε, ∀x ∈ X .
k=n+1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 9 / 19

Weierstrass test

Proposition
If
|un (x)| ≤ an , ∀n ∈ N, ∀x ∈ X , an ∈ R,

Series of functions September 24, 2024 10 / 19

Weierstrass test

Proposition
If
|un (x)| ≤ an , ∀n ∈ N, ∀x ∈ X , an ∈ R,
∞
P
the number series an converges,
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 10 / 19

Weierstrass test

Proposition
If
|un (x)| ≤ an , ∀n ∈ N, ∀x ∈ X , an ∈ R,
∞
P
the number series an converges,
n=1
∞
P
then the series un (x) converges uniformly on the set X .
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 10 / 19

Weierstrass test

Proposition
If
|un (x)| ≤ an , ∀n ∈ N, ∀x ∈ X , an ∈ R,
∞
P
the number series an converges,
n=1
∞
P
then the series un (x) converges uniformly on the set X .
n=1

Example
Test for uniform convergence.
P∞ cos nx
1
2 2
on R.
n=1 n + x
P∞ (−1)n x 2n
2 √ on (−1, 1).
n=1 n n
Series of functions September 24, 2024 10 / 19
1 We have
cos nx 1 1
2 2
≤ 2 2
≤ 2 , for all x ∈ R.
n +x n +x n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 11 / 19

1 We have
cos nx 1 1
2 2
≤ 2 2
≤ 2 , for all x ∈ R.
n +x n +x n
P 1
Moreover, the series converges.
n2

Series of functions September 24, 2024 11 / 19

1 We have
cos nx 1 1
2 2
≤ 2 2
≤ 2 , for all x ∈ R.
n +x n +x n
P 1
Moreover, the series converges. Hence, the given series
n2
converges uniformly in R.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 11 / 19

1 We have
cos nx 1 1
2 2
≤ 2 2
≤ 2 , for all x ∈ R.
n +x n +x n
P 1
Moreover, the series converges. Hence, the given series
n2
converges uniformly in R.
2 We have
(−1)n x 2n 1
√ ≤ √ , for all x ∈ (−1, 1).
n n n n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 11 / 19

1 We have
cos nx 1 1
2 2
≤ 2 2
≤ 2 , for all x ∈ R.
n +x n +x n
P 1
Moreover, the series converges. Hence, the given series
n2
converges uniformly in R.
2 We have
(−1)n x 2n 1
√ ≤ √ , for all x ∈ (−1, 1).
n n n n
P 1
The series √ converges.
n n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 11 / 19

1 We have
cos nx 1 1
2 2
≤ 2 2
≤ 2 , for all x ∈ R.
n +x n +x n
P 1
Moreover, the series converges. Hence, the given series
n2
converges uniformly in R.
2 We have
(−1)n x 2n 1
√ ≤ √ , for all x ∈ (−1, 1).
n n n n
P 1
The series √ converges. Hence, the series converges uniformly
n n
in (−1, 1).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 11 / 19

1 We have
cos nx 1 1
2 2
≤ 2 2
≤ 2 , for all x ∈ R.
n +x n +x n
P 1
Moreover, the series converges. Hence, the given series
n2
converges uniformly in R.
2 We have
(−1)n x 2n 1
√ ≤ √ , for all x ∈ (−1, 1).
n n n n
P 1
The series √ converges. Hence, the series converges uniformly
n n
in (−1, 1).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 11 / 19

Example
∞
P (−1)n
Prove that the function series x 2 +n
converges uniformly on R.
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 12 / 19

Example
∞
P (−1)n
Prove that the function series x 2 +n
converges uniformly on R.
n=1

Theorem (Cauchy’s test)

∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X if
n=1

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε) ∈ N ∀ n, m ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| < ε, ∀x ∈ X .

Series of functions September 24, 2024 12 / 19

Example
∞
P (−1)n
Prove that the function series x 2 +n
converges uniformly on R.
n=1

Theorem (Cauchy’s test)

∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X if
n=1

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε) ∈ N ∀ n, m ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| < ε, ∀x ∈ X .

Remark
We can use Cauchy’s test as follows:

Series of functions September 24, 2024 12 / 19

Example
∞
P (−1)n
Prove that the function series x 2 +n
converges uniformly on R.
n=1

Theorem (Cauchy’s test)

∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X if
n=1

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε) ∈ N ∀ n, m ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| < ε, ∀x ∈ X .

Remark
We can use Cauchy’s test as follows:

|Sn+p (x) − Sn (x)| ≤ an for all x ∈ X

Series of functions September 24, 2024 12 / 19

Example
∞
P (−1)n
Prove that the function series x 2 +n
converges uniformly on R.
n=1

Theorem (Cauchy’s test)

∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X if
n=1

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε) ∈ N ∀ n, m ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| < ε, ∀x ∈ X .

Remark
We can use Cauchy’s test as follows:

|Sn+p (x) − Sn (x)| ≤ an for all x ∈ X

and limn→+∞ an = 0.
Series of functions September 24, 2024 12 / 19
Example
∞
P (−1)n
Prove that the function series x 2 +n
converges uniformly on R.
n=1

Theorem (Cauchy’s test)

∞
P
The series of functions un (x) converges uniformly on the set X if
n=1

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N0 (ε) ∈ N ∀ n, m ≥ N0 : |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| < ε, ∀x ∈ X .

Remark
We can use Cauchy’s test as follows:

|Sn+p (x) − Sn (x)| ≤ an for all x ∈ X

and limn→+∞ an = 0.
Series of functions September 24, 2024 12 / 19
Proof
n
P (−1)k
Suppose that n > m. Sn (x) − Sm (x) = x 2 +k
k=m+1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 13 / 19

Proof
n
P (−1)k
Suppose that n > m. Sn (x) − Sm (x) = x 2 +k
Remark that
k=m+1

n
X (−1)k 1 1
|Sn (x) − Sm (x)| = 2
≤ 2 ≤ , ∀x.
x +k x +m+1 m+1
k=m+1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 13 / 19

Proof
n
P (−1)k
Suppose that n > m. Sn (x) − Sm (x) = x 2 +k
Remark that
k=m+1

n
X (−1)k 1 1
|Sn (x) − Sm (x)| = 2
≤ 2 ≤ , ∀x.
x +k x +m+1 m+1
k=m+1

For all ε > 0,

Series of functions September 24, 2024 13 / 19

Proof
n
P (−1)k
Suppose that n > m. Sn (x) − Sm (x) = x 2 +k
Remark that
k=m+1

n
X (−1)k 1 1
|Sn (x) − Sm (x)| = 2
≤ 2 ≤ , ∀x.
x +k x +m+1 m+1
k=m+1

1
For all ε > 0, choose N0 (ε) ∈ N such that N0 +1 < ε.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 13 / 19

Proof
n
P (−1)k
Suppose that n > m. Sn (x) − Sm (x) = x 2 +k
Remark that
k=m+1

n
X (−1)k 1 1
|Sn (x) − Sm (x)| = 2
≤ 2 ≤ , ∀x.
x +k x +m+1 m+1
k=m+1

1
For all ε > 0, choose N0 (ε) ∈ N such that N0 +1 < ε. We have, for all
m ≥ N0
1 1
⇒ |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| ≤ < < ε, for all x.
m+1 N0 + 1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 13 / 19

Proof
n
P (−1)k
Suppose that n > m. Sn (x) − Sm (x) = x 2 +k
Remark that
k=m+1

n
X (−1)k 1 1
|Sn (x) − Sm (x)| = 2
≤ 2 ≤ , ∀x.
x +k x +m+1 m+1
k=m+1

1
For all ε > 0, choose N0 (ε) ∈ N such that N0 +1 < ε. We have, for all
m ≥ N0
1 1
⇒ |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| ≤ < < ε, for all x.
m+1 N0 + 1
By the Cauchy test, the function series is convergent uniformly on R.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 13 / 19

Proof
n
P (−1)k
Suppose that n > m. Sn (x) − Sm (x) = x 2 +k
Remark that
k=m+1

n
X (−1)k 1 1
|Sn (x) − Sm (x)| = 2
≤ 2 ≤ , ∀x.
x +k x +m+1 m+1
k=m+1

1
For all ε > 0, choose N0 (ε) ∈ N such that N0 +1 < ε. We have, for all
m ≥ N0
1 1
⇒ |Sn (x) − Sm (x)| ≤ < < ε, for all x.
m+1 N0 + 1
By the Cauchy test, the function series is convergent uniformly on R.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 13 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X and un (x) are
n=1
continuous functions on X ,

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X and un (x) are
n=1
continuous functions on X , then S(x) is continuous on X .

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X and un (x) are
n=1
continuous functions on X , then S(x) is continuous on X .

Example
∞
P x
Prove that S(x) = 1+n4 x 2
is continuous on [1, ∞).
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X and un (x) are
n=1
continuous functions on X , then S(x) is continuous on X .

Example
∞
P x
Prove that S(x) = 1+n4 x 2
is continuous on [1, ∞).
n=1

Proof
x
We have un (x) = 1+n4 x 2
is continous on [1, ∞).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X and un (x) are
n=1
continuous functions on X , then S(x) is continuous on X .

Example
∞
P x
Prove that S(x) = 1+n4 x 2
is continuous on [1, ∞).
n=1

Proof
We have un (x) = 1+nx4 x 2 is continous on [1, ∞). Then, it is enough to
prove that the series is convergent uniformly on [1, ∞).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X and un (x) are
n=1
continuous functions on X , then S(x) is continuous on X .

Example
∞
P x
Prove that S(x) = 1+n4 x 2
is continuous on [1, ∞).
n=1

Proof
We have un (x) = 1+nx4 x 2 is continous on [1, ∞). Then, it is enough to
prove that the series is convergent uniformly on [1, ∞). This is done by
estimate
x x 1 1
| | ≤ 4 2 = 4 ≤ 4.
1 + n4 x 2 n x n x n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Properties of uniformly convergent series of functions
Theorem (Continuity)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on the set X and un (x) are
n=1
continuous functions on X , then S(x) is continuous on X .

Example
∞
P x
Prove that S(x) = 1+n4 x 2
is continuous on [1, ∞).
n=1

Proof
We have un (x) = 1+nx4 x 2 is continous on [1, ∞). Then, it is enough to
prove that the series is convergent uniformly on [1, ∞). This is done by
estimate
x x 1 1
| | ≤ 4 2 = 4 ≤ 4.
1 + n4 x 2 n x n x n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 14 / 19

Example
∞
P cos nx
Prove that S(x) = n2
is continuous on R.
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 15 / 19

Example
∞
P cos nx
Prove that S(x) = n2
is continuous on R.
n=1

Example
∞
x(1 − x)n is not
P
By using Theorem above, prove that the series
n=1
uniformly convergent on [0, 2).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 15 / 19

Example
∞
P cos nx
Prove that S(x) = n2
is continuous on R.
n=1

Example
∞
x(1 − x)n is not
P
By using Theorem above, prove that the series
n=1
uniformly convergent on [0, 2).

Proof
∞
x(1 − x)n is not continuous on
P
It is enough to prove that S(x) =
n=1
[0, 2).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 15 / 19

Example
∞
P cos nx
Prove that S(x) = n2
is continuous on R.
n=1

Example
∞
x(1 − x)n is not
P
By using Theorem above, prove that the series
n=1
uniformly convergent on [0, 2).

Proof
∞
x(1 − x)n is not continuous on
P
It is enough to prove that S(x) =
n=1
[0, 2). Indeed, we have
(
0 if x = 0
S(x) = 1−x .
x 1−(1−x) =1−x if x ∈ (0, 2).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 15 / 19

Example
∞
P cos nx
Prove that S(x) = n2
is continuous on R.
n=1

Example
∞
x(1 − x)n is not
P
By using Theorem above, prove that the series
n=1
uniformly convergent on [0, 2).

Proof
∞
x(1 − x)n is not continuous on
P
It is enough to prove that S(x) =
n=1
[0, 2). Indeed, we have
(
0 if x = 0
S(x) = 1−x .
x 1−(1−x) =1−x if x ∈ (0, 2).

It is easy to see that S(x) is not continuous at 0.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 15 / 19
Example
∞
P cos nx
Prove that S(x) = n2
is continuous on R.
n=1

Example
∞
x(1 − x)n is not
P
By using Theorem above, prove that the series
n=1
uniformly convergent on [0, 2).

Proof
∞
x(1 − x)n is not continuous on
P
It is enough to prove that S(x) =
n=1
[0, 2). Indeed, we have
(
0 if x = 0
S(x) = 1−x .
x 1−(1−x) =1−x if x ∈ (0, 2).

It is easy to see that S(x) is not continuous at 0.

Series of functions September 24, 2024 15 / 19
Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b],
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b], un (x) are continuous
n=1
functions on [a, b].

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b], un (x) are continuous
n=1
functions on [a, b]. Then S(x) is integrable on [a, b].

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b], un (x) are continuous
n=1
functions on [a, b]. Then S(x) is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover,
Z b ∞
Z b X  ∞ Z
X b
S(x)dx = un (x) dx = un (x)dx.
a a n=1 n=1 a

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b], un (x) are continuous
n=1
functions on [a, b]. Then S(x) is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover,
Z b ∞
Z b X  ∞ Z
X b
S(x)dx = un (x) dx = un (x)dx.
a a n=1 n=1 a

Example
1 ∞
nx n−1 .
R 2
P
Find − 21
S(x)dx with S(x) =
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b], un (x) are continuous
n=1
functions on [a, b]. Then S(x) is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover,
Z b ∞
Z b X  ∞ Z
X b
S(x)dx = un (x) dx = un (x)dx.
a a n=1 n=1 a

Example
1 ∞
nx n−1 .
R 2
P
Find − 21
S(x)dx with S(x) =
n=1

Proof
The series is uniformly convergent on [− 12 , 21 ] by the Weierstrass test,
n
|nx n−1 | ≤ 2n .

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b], un (x) are continuous
n=1
functions on [a, b]. Then S(x) is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover,
Z b ∞
Z b X  ∞ Z
X b
S(x)dx = un (x) dx = un (x)dx.
a a n=1 n=1 a

Example
1 ∞
nx n−1 .
R 2
P
Find − 21
S(x)dx with S(x) =
n=1

Proof
The series is uniformly convergent on [− 12 , 21 ] by the Weierstrass test,
R1 ∞ R 1 ∞  
(−1)n
|nx n−1 | ≤ 2nn . Then −2 1 S(x)dx = n−1 dx = 1
P P
−
2
1 nx 2n − 2n .
2 n=1 2 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Theorem (Integrability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges uniformly to S(x) on [a, b], un (x) are continuous
n=1
functions on [a, b]. Then S(x) is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover,
Z b ∞
Z b X  ∞ Z
X b
S(x)dx = un (x) dx = un (x)dx.
a a n=1 n=1 a

Example
1 ∞
nx n−1 .
R 2
P
Find − 21
S(x)dx with S(x) =
n=1

Proof
The series is uniformly convergent on [− 12 , 21 ] by the Weierstrass test,
R1 ∞ R 1 ∞  
(−1)n
|nx n−1 | ≤ 2nn . Then −2 1 S(x)dx = n−1 dx = 1
P P
−
2
1 nx 2n − 2n .
2 n=1 2 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 16 / 19

Example
∞ R1 ∞
P cos nx P sin n
Let S(x) = n2
. Prove that 0 S(x)dx = − n3
.
n=1 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 17 / 19

Example
∞ R1 ∞
P cos nx P sin n
Let S(x) = n2
. Prove that 0 S(x)dx = − n3
.
n=1 n=1

Theorem (Differentiability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on (a, b),
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 17 / 19

Example
∞ R1 ∞
P cos nx P sin n
Let S(x) = n2
. Prove that 0 S(x)dx = − n3
.
n=1 n=1

Theorem (Differentiability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on (a, b), un (x) are continuously
n=1

differentiable on (a, b),

Series of functions September 24, 2024 17 / 19

Example
∞ R1 ∞
P cos nx P sin n
Let S(x) = n2
. Prove that 0 S(x)dx = − n3
.
n=1 n=1

Theorem (Differentiability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on (a, b), un (x) are continuously
n=1
∞
un′ (x) converges uniformly on (a, b),
P
differentiable on (a, b),
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 17 / 19

Example
∞ R1 ∞
P cos nx P sin n
Let S(x) = n2
. Prove that 0 S(x)dx = − n3
.
n=1 n=1

Theorem (Differentiability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on (a, b), un (x) are continuously
n=1
∞
un′ (x) converges uniformly on (a, b), then S(x)
P
differentiable on (a, b),
n=1
is differentiable on (a, b).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 17 / 19

Example
∞ R1 ∞
P cos nx P sin n
Let S(x) = n2
. Prove that 0 S(x)dx = − n3
.
n=1 n=1

Theorem (Differentiability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on (a, b), un (x) are continuously
n=1
∞
un′ (x) converges uniformly on (a, b), then S(x)
P
differentiable on (a, b),
n=1
is differentiable on (a, b). Moreover,
∞
X ∞
′ X
′
S (x) = un (x) = un′ (x).
n=1 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 17 / 19

Example
∞ R1 ∞
P cos nx P sin n
Let S(x) = n2
. Prove that 0 S(x)dx = − n3
.
n=1 n=1

Theorem (Differentiability)
∞
P
If un (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on (a, b), un (x) are continuously
n=1
∞
un′ (x) converges uniformly on (a, b), then S(x)
P
differentiable on (a, b),
n=1
is differentiable on (a, b). Moreover,
∞
X ∞
′ X
′
S (x) = un (x) = un′ (x).
n=1 n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 17 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
P∞ xn
Denote S(x) = .
n=1 n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n  n ′
∞ x ∞
x n−1 is uniformly convergent on
P P
Moreover, the series =
n=1 n n=1
(− 12 , 12 ).

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n  n ′
∞ x ∞
x n−1 is uniformly convergent on
P P
Moreover, the series =
n=1 n n=1
(− 12 , 12 ). Hence, for x ∈ (− 12 , 21 ), we have

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n  n ′
∞ x ∞
x n−1 is uniformly convergent on
P P
Moreover, the series =
n=1 n n=1
(− 12 , 12 ). Hence, for x ∈ (− 12 , 21 ), we have
∞  n ′
′
X x
S (x) =
n
n=1
∞ ∞
X
n−1
X 1
= x = xn = .
1−x
n=1 n=0

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n  n ′
∞ x ∞
x n−1 is uniformly convergent on
P P
Moreover, the series =
n=1 n n=1
(− 12 , 12 ). Hence, for x ∈ (− 12 , 21 ), we have
∞  n ′
′
X x
S (x) =
n
n=1
∞ ∞
X
n−1
X 1
= x = xn = .
1−x
n=1 n=0
Z
dx
Therefore, S(x) = = − ln(1 − x) + C .
1−x

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n  n ′
∞ x ∞
x n−1 is uniformly convergent on
P P
Moreover, the series =
n=1 n n=1
(− 12 , 12 ). Hence, for x ∈ (− 12 , 21 ), we have
∞  n ′
′
X x
S (x) =
n
n=1
∞ ∞
X
n−1
X 1
= x = xn = .
1−x
n=1 n=0
Z
dx
Therefore, S(x) = = − ln(1 − x) + C . S(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0.
1−x

Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19

Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n  n ′
∞ x ∞
x n−1 is uniformly convergent on
P P
Moreover, the series =
n=1 n n=1
(− 12 , 12 ). Hence, for x ∈ (− 12 , 21 ), we have
∞  n ′
′
X x
S (x) =
n
n=1
∞ ∞
X
n−1
X 1
= x = xn = .
1−x
n=1 n=0
Z
dx
Therefore, S(x) = = − ln(1 − x) + C . S(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0.
1−x
∞ xn
= − ln(1 − x), x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
In conclusion, we obtain
n=1 n
Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19
Example
∞
xn
for x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
Find the sum of the function series n
n=1
∞ xn
. The series is convergent for x ∈ (− 21 , 12 ).
P
Denote S(x) =
n=1 n  n ′
∞ x ∞
x n−1 is uniformly convergent on
P P
Moreover, the series =
n=1 n n=1
(− 12 , 12 ). Hence, for x ∈ (− 12 , 21 ), we have
∞  n ′
′
X x
S (x) =
n
n=1
∞ ∞
X
n−1
X 1
= x = xn = .
1−x
n=1 n=0
Z
dx
Therefore, S(x) = = − ln(1 − x) + C . S(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0.
1−x
∞ xn
= − ln(1 − x), x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ).
P
In conclusion, we obtain
n=1 n
Series of functions September 24, 2024 18 / 19
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Series of functions September 24, 2024 19 / 19