purpose:

In this point of view it is easy for an user to use it

in this point of view that have performance as basic

criteria

Involvement of CPU with hardware

 https://youtu.be/VzuCqn3I3Mg

not proper generating system in case any

error generate it clashes whole system
that's why complex debugging

kernel and user are in same so it is fast

hard to extend
If any fault it clashes whole system
https://youtu.be/88vlIFfsmKM

APPLICATION

VFS, Syetem calls

IPC, file system

Scheduler, virtual memory

Device drivers, dispatcher

Hardware
 if any error genrated in any layer it would be
bound to upto that layer it would not affect
system working

1: we should know properly the functionality of all layers

2: it is less efficient

we need to switch it to different

modes
slow execution
smaller in size
 Disadvantages:-
1. Complicated
2. Large memory system required

If any CPU clashes than

work distribute to other
CPus

4. Fasy processing
5. Efficiency improved
 In tightly coupled system data memory is shared among all network so that data rate is high
but in loosely coupled every system has its own memory so data rate is less

one or more than one processors are present that can

execute more than one process at the same time

https://youtu.be/NdTnVA6Eq9s

It have a master processor that

one OS controls all CPUs all CPUs have equal work distribution. gives instruction to all others.
All CPUs are in peer-to-peer relationship It contains master-slave relationship

It is the group of system which perform some specific task

they are slow but efficient for some specific task
Both of these work in single CPUs

https://youtu.be/yEVbI3MnFpw

non premptive (we cannot stop process forcefuly to start another process)

In this OS, for the time a process does I/O, the CPU can start execution
of other process

Disadsvantage:
1. response time is max for the last process
2. last process has to wait until processes execute
cant stop forcefully

In this OS, each process is assigned some specific

quantum of time for which a process is meant to execute
 https://youtu.be/jn8NyLdht9c
non-premptive

It make batches of same type of processes

time when CPU is not busy, in this Batch OS CPU doesn't execute another process it
would be free
 CPU is being idle at time of I/O
starvation(waiting time of another process
to execute)

Less user interactive (it loads offline user wouldn't present at time of execution)
 https://youtu.be/NYBKXzl5bWU

Goals:
1. Connecting users and resources
2. Complexibility is hidden from users (users work only in single system
3. Efficiency should not get affected by increasing number of compuational nodes
4. If any computer fails work would not stop to execute (Reliability)
5. Response time, throughput, memory utilization, netwrok utilization

It is the software over a collection of network, communicating and physically seperate computational
nodes

Work is evenly distributed

Easy data access
Computation speedup

system with shared memory

 https://youtu.be/9TA53YdEfXo

Run on server
Provide capability of manage date, user,
group, security, application and other network
functionalities
Allow to shared files and printers access
among multiple computer in network

security can be easily managed

Process time:- time taken by system to process the task

Response time:- time interval between input and output by system
https://youtu.be/Tn1E-xFSzcc

In this OS process and response time is very small

System fail:- If an output is not provided in fixed time

 less multitasking
severe consequences on missing deadline

https://youtu.be/8ZLKkDm5hAg
Interrupts give to a work (is it done or not)

memory failure
Rise in temperature
https://youtu.be/j6ygwEjOA3o
 Fetch stage
Execute stage
Interrupt stage

Interr. disabled

start fetch next instruction Execute instruction check for inter.

Interr. enabled
(Initiate inter.
Halt handler)
https://youtu.be/3bdaRLSV1QY

Generate

It is used to find out the procedures RESUME

whose execution have not
been completed PSW:- Process Status Work
PC:- Program Counter

PC value
https://youtu.be/tWPa-rZiGM8
This calls would be done in kernel mode(user can interact with computer hardware
User mode and kernel mode https://youtu.be/8duV1LLHHJU
An application programming interface (API) is code that enables two software programs to communicate. An API
defines how a developer should request services from an operating system (OS) or other application, and expose
data within different contexts and across multiple channels.
https://youtu.be/ITc09gOrqZk
https://youtu.be/GuGjNaMl0Rs
 queue of process in secondary mem

queue in process in primary memory

https://youtu.be/aCOaHwRrTDQ
https://youtu.be/9zAPwpP71Ig

manages process and priorities in job queue in sec.

memory

it is responsible for managing process in ready queue

sometimes a situation creates when a proper system stops working or any

process blocks the way then medium scheduler works
https://youtu.be/iMD1Z3f9ioI
 https://youtu.be/3Eaw1SSIqRg

share (variable), memory, code,

resources(CPU, printer)

running process pause for 1 sec

several processes access and manipulate the same data concurrently and the
outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access
takes place, is called a race condition.
https://youtu.be/LOfGJcVnvAk
of multithreading programming

it allows program to run continue if any art is blocked, therefore increase

responsiveness to user
 https://youtu.be/qMQsd7Iy5jo

the place where shared variables, resources are same(dependent)

Consider a system consisting of n processes

{P0, P1, ..., Pn1}. Each process has a segment of code, called a critical
section,
in which the process may be changing common variables, updating a table,
writing a file, and so on.
Mutually exclusion

https://youtu.be/TrV_dOX_YHw

process is there in critical section

no process in critical section

https://youtu.be/eoGkJWgxurQ
https://youtu.be/l5-3mbBV1BQ