Scribd
Upload
16 views33 pages

6.1 Lecture Slides+Notes 5thweek

Convolution is a mathematical operation that combines two signals to produce a third signal, essential for understanding Linear Time-invariant (LTI) systems. It allows for the analysis of a system's response to arbitrary input signals by utilizing the impulse response. The convolution integral, which has properties similar to basic arithmetic operations, is used to compute the output of a system based on its input and impulse response.

Uploaded by

bunnyreddy0402
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views33 pages

6.1 Lecture Slides+Notes 5thweek

Convolution is a mathematical operation that combines two signals to produce a third signal, essential for understanding Linear Time-invariant (LTI) systems. It allows for the analysis of a system's response to arbitrary input signals by utilizing the impulse response. The convolution integral, which has properties similar to basic arithmetic operations, is used to compute the output of a system based on its input and impulse response.

Uploaded by

bunnyreddy0402
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

CONVOLUTION

(1) A formal mathematical operation just as


multiplication, addition, and integration.

(2) Addition takes two numbers and produces a


third number.

(3) Convolution takes two signals and produces


a third signal.

Signals & Systems 1


Why learn CONVOLUTION?

In Linear Time-invariant (LTI) systems

convolution is used to describe


the relationship between the input
signal, impulse response (output),
and the output signal.

Signals & Systems 2


Why learn CONVOLUTION?
Try to relate with circuit analysis
Let’s try to remember why we used

Sine or cosine waveforms as input for steady-state


analysis of linear electrical circuits.

Signals & Systems 3


Why impulse signal is chosen to
study a system’s response?
• Impulse signal has infinite frequencies, so
using impulse signal we will come to know
how a system will respond to all
frequencies.
• Any arbitrary signal can be represented
using an impulse function
• So the impulse response can tell us about
the characteristics of a given system

Signals & Systems 4


How a system changes an input signal into an
output signal using convolution?

(1) First, the input signal can be decomposed


into a set of impulses, each of which can be
viewed as a scaled and shifted delta
function.

Signals & Systems 5


How a system changes an input signal into an
output signal using convolution?

(2) Second, the output resulting from each


impulse is a scaled and shifted version of
the impulse response.

Signals & Systems 6


(3) Third, the overall output
signal can be found by
adding these scaled and
shifted impulse responses.

Signals & Systems 7


(4) In other words, if we know a system's
impulse response, then we can
calculate what the output will be for any
aribitrary input signal.

This means we know about the system.

Signals & Systems 8


Zero State Response
Total Response :

Zero-Input Response + Zero-state Response

Zero state response is the system’s response y(t)


to the input f(t) when all the initial conditions in
the system are zero.

Under these conditions, zero state response is the


total response of the system.

Signals & Systems 9


Zero State Response
Superposition principle is used to derive systems
response to an arbitrary input f(t).

The input signal f(t) can be approximated with


narrow rectangular pulses resulting in staircase
approximation of the signal.

The approximation improves when the pulse width


is reduced.

Signals & Systems 10


Zero State Response

Signals & Systems 11


Zero State Response
The representation becomes exact as the rectangular
pulse width limit approaches zero i.e. they become
impulses delayed by various amounts.

Systems response to the arbitrary input f(t) is given


by sum of the systems response to each delayed
impulse component of input f(t).

Systems impulse response can be used to determine


the systems response y(t), to any arbitrary input f(t).

Signals & Systems 12


Zero State Response

The signal is expressed as sum of rectangular pulses


each of width ∆ . As ∆  →0 the shaded rectangular
pulse at t= n∆  will approach an impulse at the same
location with strength f(n∆  ) ∆ i.e. shaded area
under the rectangular pulse.
Signals & Systems 13
Zero State Response

Signals & Systems 14


Zero State Response
This impulse can be represented by:
[ f (n ) ] (t  n )
Thus if systems response to  (t ) is h(t )
Then the input and corresponding system response is
 (t )  h(t )
 (t  n )  h(t  n )
[ f (n ) ] (t  n )  [ f (n ) ]h(t  n )
     
input output

Signals & Systems 15


Zero State Response
The total response of the system [y(t)] is the sum of
systems response to all the impulse components of
f(t).  

 lim  f (n ) (t  n ) 
  0
 
n  
input f(t)


 

 lim  f (n )h(t  n ) 
  0
 
n  
output y ( t )

Signals & Systems 16


Zero State Response
The systems input-output can be written as:
 
f (

 ) (t   )d   f ( )h(t   )d
   
 
f (t ) y (t )

Thus a linear time-invariant system’s response, y(t),


to arbitrary input f(t) is given as:

y (t )   f ( )h(t   )d  f (t )  h(t )


Signals & Systems 17


Zero State Response

Signals & Systems 18


Zero State Response –
Response of a System

Signals & Systems 19


Response of a CT LTI System

CT LTI
f (t ) CT LTI
CT LTI y (t )  f (t ) * h(t )
h(t )

Signals & Systems 20


convolution with an impulse function

CT LTI

Signals & Systems 21


Convolution Integral
The integral that gives the zero state response [y(t)]
is called the convolution integral.

For two functions ƒ1(t) and ƒ2(t), the convolution


integral is denoted as ƒ1(t) * ƒ2(t).

Convolution integral is defined as:



f1 (t )  f 2 (t )   f1 ( ) f 2 (t   )d


Signals & Systems 22


Convolution Integral properties
Convolution integral has associative, distributive, and
commutative properties, just like other basic mathematical
operations like addition or multiplication.

Associative:

Distributive:

Commutative:

Signals & Systems 23


Convolution
(A Graphical understanding)

Signals & Systems 24


Graphical Understanding

If c(t) is the convolution of f(t) with g(t) then,



c(t )   f ( ) g (t   )d


Since the integration in the convolution operation is


performed with respect to the  variable and t is
taken as the constant, the graphical representation
sketch should reflect this point.

Signals & Systems 25


Graphical Understanding

In the convolution integral:

g (t   )  g[(  t )].
which is function g ( ), first inverted
and then shifted by t seconds.
If t > 0 then the shift is towards right and for t < 0, the
shift is towards left.

Signals & Systems 26


Response of a CT LTI System

Signals & Systems 27


Graphical Understanding

Given signal f(t) and g(t) as in fig (a) and (b). The
signals in terms of  are given in fig (c) and (d).

Signals & Systems 28


Figs. (a) & (b) are given two signals

Figs. (c) & (d) are given dummy variable (τ)

Signals & Systems 29


Graphical Understanding

Representation of g(-τ) and f(τ)

Signals & Systems 30


Graphical Understanding

 To compute c(t ) at some positive instant


t  t1, first invert g ( ) about the vertical axis
to obtain g(- ).
 Right - shift g ( ) by t1 to obtain g (t1 -  ).
 Multiply function f ( ) with g (t1 -  ).
 The area under this product is c(t1 ) at t  t1.

Signals & Systems 31


Graphical Understanding

The area under the product of f ( ) g ( )


is c(0), the value of the convolutio n at t  0.

Signals & Systems 32


Graphical Understanding

The area under the product of the functions [c(t1)]


is the value of c(t) at t = t1.
It is represented by A1 in the figure.

Signals & Systems 33

You might also like