SCHEME OF SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS

Preliminary analysis
No. Experiment Observation
1 Colour and appearan ce of the salt is noted.
ColourlesSs
Inference
Absence of salts of copper,
iron, nickel, manganese
chromium

Green or bluish green Presence of salts of copper,

iron, nickcl, or chromium

Ycllowish brown Prescnce of ferric i1ons

Pink
2. Solubility:- A small quantity of the salt is Presence of manganese salts
treated with the following solvents in
succession:
1) In water
Soluble Ammonium may be present
) In dil. HCl
Soluble Abscnce of lead
11) In dil. HNO3 Soluble

Flame test:- A small quantity of the salt is Bright grcenish blue Prescnce of coppe
made into a paste with conc. HCI in a
Pale green Presence of barium
watch glass. A little of the paste is shown in Crimson red Presence of strontium
the non-luminous flame with a Brick red
platinum Presence of calcium
wire and the colour is noted.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS (Acid Radicals)

Action of dil. HCI a) Brisk cffervescence with Gas evolved is CO2
About Iml of dil. HCI is taken in the test the liberation of a
tube and a small quantity of salt is added colourless, odourless gas

The above gas is passed through lime Lime water turns Presence of carbonate
water milky. confirmed

b) Colourless gas with the Gas evolved is H2S

smell of rotten eggs Presence of Sulphide(S?)
turning lead acetate paper confirmed
black.

c)Colourless gas with the Gas cvolved is SO2

smell of burning sulphur, Presence of Sulphite(SO
turning acidified K2Cr:O7
paper green.

d) Reddish brown vapours Gas cvolved is NO2

With a pungent smell Prescncc of nitrite( NO2 )
 Action of dil. H2SO4- A little of the Smell of vinegar Presence of acetate
substance is rubbed with dil. H2SO4
and the smell noted. Vinegar smell is due to
formation of acetic acid
Action of Conc. H2SOg- About 10 (a) Colourless pungent Gas evolved is HCI. Dense white
mg of the salt is warmed with 0.5
Gas fuming in moist fumes are due to formation of
ml. of Conc. H:SO4
air, dense white NH C1
(Test tube should be perfectly dry) Fumes when glass rod Presence of Chloride.
dipped in NH4OH is
introduced in the test
tube.
(b) Colourless fuming gas Colourless gas is HBr and reddish
followed by reddish brown vapour is bromine.
brown vapours and Presence of Bromide
solution turns brown.
(c) Fuming gas with violet Colourless gas is HI and violet
vapours, which vapour is iodine
condense as black Presence of lodine
residue on the coler
parts of the test tube.
(d) Reddish brown vapoursGas evolved is NO2
Action of Conc. H,SO; and copper on heating. Presence of Nitrate.
Tumings- The salt is heated with Dense reddish brown fumes
Conc. H2SO4 and copper turnings Gas evolved is NO
te: Both bromides and nitrates with irritating smell Presence of Nitrate
give reddish brown fumes. If it is due to bromide
to nitrate the solution remains colourless. the solution turns brown and if it is due
ONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS:- Confirmatory tests for anions
are carried out
EPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE by Sodium carbonate extract.
iling lgm of EXTRACT:(For insoluble salts) Sodium Carbonate extract is
anhydrous sodium carbonate and 20ml of water in a China prepared
the substance with thrice its weight of by
nutes. It is then cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called the Sodium carbonate dish for 10
extract.
e following tests are done with the sodium
carbonate extract or by water extract.
For Chloride a) White curdy ppt Presence of chloride confirmed
Silver Nitrate Test: A little of the soluble in NH,OH
extract is acidified with dil. HNO3 b) Pale yellow ppt partly Presence of bromide confirmed
And boiled to expel CO; and cooled. soluble in NH,OH
A few drops of silver nitrate added to
c) Yellow ppt insoluble in Presence of iodide confirmed
the solution. NH OH
For Sulphate
Barium chloridetest:- A little of the White precipitate Presence of Sulphate confirmed
extract is acidified with dil. HCI insoluble in all mineral acids.
boiled and cooled and BaCl2 is added.

For Nitrate a) A brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate confirmed

Brown Ring Test:- Extract is acidified in the junction of the
with dil H2SO4 and freshly prepared two layers.
FeSO4 sol is added. Conc. H2SO, is b) A brown mass 1S Presence of Nitrite confirmed.
added carefully by the side of the test formed.
tube without shaking.

2
 ANALYSIS OF G2 CATION
The black group2 ppt is boiled with dil
Pale blue ppt which Presence of Cu-" confirmed.
HNO3 and add dil HSO4 dissolves in excess of
Then NH,OH is added in excess
NH.OH to give a deep
blue solution
To the salt solution add
potassium Chocolate brown Presence of Cus" confimed
ferrocyanide solution
precipitate

ANALYSIS OF G3 CATIONS
[AI*]
Lake test:
Dissolve the groùp 3 white ppt in dil HCl
Add two Blue ppt loating on Presence of Aluminium is
drops of blue litmus solution. colourless solution
Then add NH,OH drop wise till blue confirmed
colour develops.

Ash test:
To the salt solution add conc.
HNO, and is Blue ash Presence of Aluminium is
boiled with 2-3 drops of cobalt nitrate. A
filter paper soaked in this solution and is confirmed.
bumt to ashes.

ANALYSIS OF G4 CATIONS[Zn2* & Mn2*]

Dissolve the group 4 ppt in hot dil HCI

NaOH Test a) White ppt dissolves Presence of Zinc is confirmed

in excess NaOH
Add NaOH solution drop wise in excess to
the above solution.
b)White ppt thuns Presence of Manganese is
brown on standing confirmed
2) Ash test:
To the salt solution add conc. HNO3 and is
boiled with 2-3 drops of cobalt nitrate. A Green Ash Presence of Zinc is confimed
filter paper soaked in this solution and is
burnt to ashes.

3) Permanganic acid test:

Pink colour Presence of Manganese is
The above solution is boiled with Conc. confirmed
HNO3 and PbO2 and then diluted with
water.
 For Acetale
Ferric chloridetest:- The extract is acidificd with Red colour tuming Presence of Acctate confimed
dil. HNO; boiled and cooled. It is then neutralizod brown on heating
with NHOH Excess of ammonia is boiled oft
To the neutralsolution neutral FeCl is added.
tor Oxalate
Calcium chloridetest:- The extract is acidified A white precipitate
with dil. Acetic acid and then CaCl; solution is
added. The pink colour Presence of oxalate con firmed
The above ppt is dissolve in dil. HaS04 and then discharged with
add KMnO4 solution drop wise effervescence
Preparation of original salt so lution: The saltisdissolvedin water/dil HCVdil HNOsto preparetheoriginal salt
solution.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CATIONSS
NaOH solution is added to the salt and varmed.
Smell of ammonia, Presence of zero grOup
dense white fumes with (NH4)
Dil HCl is added to the original salt solution
HCI
White precipitate Presence of group I cations

H:S is passed through the above solution Black precipitate

(Pb*)
Presence of group Ill cations
(Cu*)
Boil off H:S add 2 drops of Conc HNO, boil and White preccipitate Presence of group IlI cationsS
add solid NH:CI and excess of NH.OH (A13")
Green precipitate
(Fe2*)
To the above solution add NH,Cl excess NH4OH Dirty White precipitate Prescnce of group IV cations
and HaS (Zn*)
Black precipitate (Ni2*)
Pale pink precipitate (Mn2*)
. Boil off HS add NH,Cl and excess of NH.OH White precipitate Presence of group cations
andSouTOTY GHDD3 Soluhun
(Ba, SrCa)
To theaisolution add NH:OH and disodium White crystallinc Presence of group Vl cations
hydrogen phosphate solution. Rub the inner sides precipitate (Mg*)
ofthetest tubewith a glass rod
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CATIONS
Analysis of Group zero (NH")
Nessler'sreagenttest: To the salt solution add Brown precipitate Presence of ammonium
Nessler 's ragent (NHA) confimed
ANALYSIS OF GROUPICATION ( Pb)
The group l ppt is dissolved in hot water.
1. Potassium chromate test: To the one part add Yellow precipitate Presence oflead confirmed
potassium chromate solution
Potassium iodidetest: Add KI solution to the Yellow precipitate Presence of lead confirmed
other part which is soluble in hot
water and reappears as
golden spangles on
cooling.
3
 ANALYSIS OF G5 CATIONS[Ba2* , Ca2*, Sr2* ]
Dissolve he group 5 ppt in hot dil acetic acid and divided into three

) Potassium Chromate test:

Add K2CrO4 to the one portion White precipitate Presence of Barium is
confirmed
2) Flame Test(Explain) Green Flame Prescnce of Barium is
Confirmed

Ammonium Sulphate test:

To the second portion add ammonium White ppt Presence of Strontium is
sulphate solution confirmed

2) Flame Test (Explain) Crimson red flame Presence of Strontium is

confirmed

1) Ammonium Oxalate test:

To the third portion add ammonium White ppt Presence of Calcium is
oxalate solution confirmed

) Flame Test (Explain) Presence of Calcium is

Brick red flame confirmed

ANALYSIS OF G6 CATIONS[Mg"]

1) Ash test:

To the salt solution add conc. HNO and is

boiled with 2-3 drops of cobalt nitrate. A Pink ash Presence of magnesium
filter paper soaked in this solution and is is contirmed
bumt to ashes.