Thermal radiation

Introduction
❑ Radiation can transfers with no medium.
 Introduction
❑ As the temperature of any object is
higher than the absolute zero, it emits
electromagnetic waves
 Thermal Radiation range

Electromagnetic radiation: cosmic rays10-7 – Radio

waves109 µm
Visible light: 0.35-0.75 µm
Solar: 0.23-3 µm
UV: 0.01-0.35 µm
IR: 0.75-1000 µm
Thermal: 0.1-1000 µm
Industrially significant: 0.1-100 µm
Radiation incident on a body
surface
 Radiation incident on a body
surface
❑ qi=qρ+qα+qτ
qi

q
qα Body
τ
❑ 1=ρ+α+τ qρ
I. ρ = Reflectance
II. α = Absorptance
III. τ = Transmittance
 Radiation incident on a body
surface
• qi Radiation striking unit surface per unit time.
qi Irradiation
• qρ Radiation reflected per unit time & surface = ρqi
• qα Radiation absorbed per unit time & surface = αqi
• qτ Radiation transmitted per unit time & surface = τqi

❑ ρ = Fraction of incident radiation which is reflected.

❑ α = Fraction of incident radiation which is absorbed.
❑ τ = Fraction of incident radiation which is
transmitted.
 The Radiosity
❑ Radiosity (qr) : Total radiation
Leaving a body per unit time
&surface. qi
❑ qe emitted radiation per unit time
q
(Total emissive power). qα Body

❑ Radiation emissive power τ

depends on the temperature of qρ
the body and q
its type.
e
❑ qr=qρ+qτ+qe
 Types of bodies
❑ Black body
Theoretical perfect absorber and perfect
emitter.
ρ=τ=0 α=1 qρ=qτ =0 qi= qα

The most practical black body is a chamber

that has a small hole in it.
 Types of bodies
Black body
Stefan-Boltzman Law
qe(B)=σT4
T is the absolute temperature ( oK or oR)

σ is Stefan-Boltzman constant
=5.669E-08 W/m2k4
=0.171E-08 Btu/hr.ft2.R4
 Types of bodies
For Non-Black Bodies
qe<qeB

ε= Emittance of the body

qe=εqeB=εσT
4

❑The Radiating Power: Qe=εqB

A=εσΑT4
 Types of bodies
Gray Body:
ε≠1, α ≠ 1 , τ ≠0, ρ≠0
α=ε

Non-Gray Body:
ε≠1, α ≠ 1 , τ ≠ 0, ρ≠0
 View factor
❑ heat transfer Radiation depends on the
orientation between surfaces relative to
each other.
View factor
View factor
 Resistance to radiation

Resistance
s to
radiation

Space Body
resistance resistance
 Space resistance
❑ For non-radiating gas:
qri qrj

(AF)ij
 Body Resistance
❑ For a Non-gray Body:

1-αi
αiAi
❑ For a Gray Body:

qBi qr
i
1-εi
εiAi
Net radiation
Qi↔j
qB qr qr qB
i i j j
1-εi 1 1-εj
εiAi (AF)ij εjAj
 Net radiation
Qi↔j
qB qr qr qB
i i j j
1-εi 1 1-εj
εiAi (AF)ij εjAj
For body “i” convex or plane: Fii=0 so (AF)ij=AiFij=Ai
 Sheet 1: Problem 1
❑A long pipe covered by insulation loses heat to a large room walls and
the air it contains are at 90oF . The outside diameter of insulation is 9
inches , the outside surface of insulation is at 120oF and has emittance
of 0.9 . Consider the insulation and the room as gray surfaces.
a- Predict the rate of heat loss by radiation for linear foot of pipe to
the walls of the room .
b- Calculate the radiation heat transfer coefficient for the cylinder.
c- What is the total rate of heat loss per linear foot of pipe to
surrounding at 90oF ( convection + radiation ) . if convection heat
transfer coefficient is 0.678 BTU/hr.ft2.f
90
• Tpipe= 120 F= 580 R F
• Ts= 90 F = 550 R 120
F
• εpipe= 0.9
• Dpipe=9 in= 0.75 ft 9
• Apipe=pi*DL=pi×0.75×1=2.356 in
ft2/ft
 Sheet 1: Problem 1:
Solution
a

90
F
120
F

9
in
 Sheet 1: Problem 1:
Solution
90
b F
120
F

9
in

c
 Sheet1: Problem 2

❑
A 2-inch steel pipe ( Ao=0.622 ft2/ft ) carrying condensed
steam at 300of is surrounded concentrically by a 1 ft Zn
duct the inner surface of which is at 75oF .
ε for oxidized steal at 300oF= 0.79
ε for zinc at 75oF = 0.276
Consider the two surfaces as gray bodies
- Calculate the net radiation per linear foot
from the pipe to the duct .
75
o o
• Tpipe= 300 F = 760 R F

• Tduct= 75 oF = 535 oR 1 2
• dpipe= 2 in = 2/12 ft ft 300
F
in
• σ = 1.71E-9 BTU/(hr.ft2.R4)
 Sheet1: Problem 2: Solution
qB qr qr qB
i i j j
1-εi 1 1-εj
ε iA (AF)ij ε jA
i j
Ai=0.622 ft2/ft
Aj=4×1×1=4 ft2/ft
εi=0.79
εJ=0.276 75
F

1 2
ft 300
in
F
Midterm
2007-2008
 Surrounding (TS=80oF)

Air (Tair=100oF) Radiation

Convection

(2) to

(1) T1

3.5 in 2 in
 Surrounding (TS=80oF)

Air (Tair=100oF) Q2↔S(rad)

Q2↔air(conv)
(2) to

Q1↔2(rad)
(1) T1
 Mid-term exam 2004/2005

o A long pipe is backed with insulation and is in view only of

relatively very large gray surroundings at 30oC. Based on
an assumed radiation coefficient of 5.57 watt/m2.oC, trial
and error calculations lead to an outside insulation
surface temperature of 63.3oC. The surface in question
may be considered gray, and its emittance at the above
temperature may be taken as 0.75 .

o Verify the assumed value of the radiation coefficient.

 Sheet1: Problem 3
Three large gray thin plane metallic sheets of equal area (A) are
placed parallel to and directly opposite each other in a vacuum, very
small distance apart. The temperatures are T1,T2 and T3 respectively.
Steady state prevails and T1>T2>T3 , neglect convection between the
plates. For simplicity take ε1=ε2=ε3=ε.
i- Express in terms of T1 and T3 :
a- when the second plate is present.
b- when the second plate is absent.
Hence compare between obtained in parts “a” and “b”.
ii- What’s the ratio when there are “n” sheets placed in parallel.
iii- for part “a” express” T2” as a function of “T1” and “T3”.
iv- if the third plane of the above example is exposed to a large
room the walls of which as well as the air it contains are at “Ts”,
where T3>Ts, show that:
a) When the second plate is present
At Steady state

T T T
1 2 3

For two bodies of same emittance ε and same

area

1 2 3

A1=A2=A3=A
ε1=ε2=ε3=ε
T1>T2>T3
b) When the second plate is T T
absent At Steady state 1 3

1 3
Compare between obtained in parts “a” and
“b”. A1=A3=A
ε1=ε3=ε
T1>T3
 iii- In case of “n” plates
a- if plates all the “n” plates are
present

T T T Tn- T
1 2 3 1 n

b- if plates “1” and “n” only are

present

1 2 3 n- n
1
 T T
3
s

where

For
A3<<<As
So
3
And :
 Class Activity
• The outer surface of a spacecraft in space has
an emissivity of 0.8 and a solar absorptivity of
0.3. If solar radiation is incident on the
spacecraft at a rate of 950 W/m2 , determine
the surface temperature of the spacecraft
when the radiation emitted equals the solar
energy absorbed.
 Non gray body
Qi↔j
Review: εi q εj
qr qr q
αi B αj B
i i j j
1-αi 1 1- αj
αiAi (AF)ij α jAj

For body “i” convex or plane: Fii=0 so (AF)ij=AiFij=Ai

 Sheet1: Problem 4
What is the net rate of heat transfer per unit foot length
between a long non gray oxidized Ni cylinder 4 in outside
diameter, at temperature of 800of and a black or large
enclosure at 1800of?
Calculate also the radiation heat transfer coefficient for
the cylinder.
Given that ε for oxidized Ni at 800 of =0.43
and ε for oxidized Ni at 1800 of =0.58
1800
f

800
f

4
in
 Sheet1: cont. Problem 4

T1=Tcyl=800 of=1260 oR
T2=Ts=1800 of=2260 oR
A1=πDL= π ×4/12×1=1.05 ft2/ft

A black or large enclosure at 1800of : α2=1, A2 very large

A1/A2=0
 Sheet1: cont. Problem 4

ε1= ε 1 (at T1)=0.43

α1= ε1( at T2)=0.58

Q1↔2=1.71E-9×1.05(0.43×12604-0.58×22604)=-25221
BTU/hr.ft
Midterm 2009-2010
Midterm 2009-2010
 Midterm 2009-2010
T T T
Given: Basis A=1 1 2 3
ft2
ε1= 0.79
ε2a= 0.1 (polished brass)
ε2b= 0.22 (dull plate brass)
ε3= 0.57

1 2 3

A1=A2=A3=A
ε1≠ε2≠ε3
T1=450 oF
T3=400 oF
 Midterm 2009-2010

(i)

T1=450 oF=910 oR
T3=400 oF=860 oR
Let us
compare
 Midterm 2009-2010
(a) ε2a= 0.1 (polished brass)

(b) ε2b= 0.22 (dull plate brass)

The
n polished brass plate (A more effective
(ii) So use the
 Midterm 2009-2010
(ii) To get
T2
 Midterm 2009-2010

Chec
k
T1>T2>T
3