ORAL COMMUNICATION

BARRIERS SND STRATEGIES IN COMMUNICATION

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION WEEK 11
A.LAUNGUAGE BARRIERS: mis- interpretation arise or jargon, even, in native language.
b.Psychological Barriers: psychological state of mind can also be a hindrance to the
communication process.
c.Physiological Barriers: physiological barriers refer to the physical state of a person.
d.Physical Barriers: physical barriers can include geographical distance.
e.Systematic/Systemic Barriers: this barrier refers to hindrances in the structured and
organizations where there is inefficient or lacks of.
f.Attitudinal barriers: involve behavior or perceptions that prevent employees from
communicating effectively in the workplace.
STRATEGIES IN COMMUNICATION
1. Practice Active listening: is being fully engaged while another person is talking to
you.
2. Pay attention to non- verbal cues: like eye contact, gestures, such as emblems and
illustrator gestures, to better interpret meaning. hand gestures, and body movements
3.Keep your emotions at bay: Your emotions are the slaves to your thoughts, and you
are the slave to your emotions.”
4. to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns
you respect from others.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
FUNTIONS OF COMMUNICATION WEEK 12
Regulation/control: to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or
power and earns you respect from others.
Social interaction and Emotional Expression: to behave in a way that expresses your
confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others.
Positive motivation: to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or
power and earns you respect from others.
Communication anxiety: Communication apprehension (CA) is a broad term used to
describe the anxiety or fear related to real or anticipated communication with others.
Context comprehension: Communication apprehension (CA) is a broad term used to
describe the anxiety or fear related to real or anticipated communication with others
Information:is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to
inform.
WEEK 13:LEARNING ACTIVITY
TOOLS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS
TOOLS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS WEEK 14
Sounds of english: Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which
has the power to inform.
Organ of speech: The organs of speech are the parts of the human body involved in
producing sounds for speech.
Resonating parts: Once the air is pushed up the vocal chords/folds, air is the expelled
through
the mouth.
Articulatory parts: Articulatory parts are found inside the mouth.
Vowels: to be able to make the proper vowel sounds in English, one must be aware of
the five characteristics that will determine how the sound is formed.
Dipthongs: are the sounds produced when two vowels are combined which results to a
blended sound within a syllable.

Consonants:
a. Voicing vs Voiceless consonants
b. Nature of Obstruction or Manner of Articulation
These are sounds created by stopping the passage of the
breath with a build up of pressure before the release of
breath.
Fricatives/affricates/Nasalas/lateral/semi vowels.
c. Point of Articulation
i. Bilabial : when lower lip touches the upper lip to produce
the sound.

Rhythm of English
1.A.Most words with two syllables are stressed on the first
syllable:
B. Some words have more specific rules:
a. Compound nouns – stress on the first word.
lampshade armchair
doorknob playground
boyfriend
sunflower
sunrise
blackboard
2.b. Compound verbs – stress is placed on the second word
Ex.
undergo outdo
overdose overflow
interact
understand
3.c. Intensive-reflexive pronouns – receives stronger stress
on the second syllable.
yourself herself
themselves
Course Module

Intonation of English
These are the basic tones of English:
1 - low
2 - normal
3 - high
4 – extra high
1,2,3 are commonly used. Tone 4 is used when strong emotions are
expressed.
Rising-Falling Intonation
1. The slide or inflection
Ex. Good day Good afternoon Good night
Course Module
 2. The drop or shift
Ex. Good morning Good evening
Rising Intonation
Rising intonation happens when your pitch switches from one
pitch to a higher pitch.
Ex. Are you married? Am I right?
Can you see that? Is he alright?
2. Syllabic Consonants
These are consonants that occur only when a stressed syllable
ends in /t/, /d/, or /n/ and is followed by /I/ or /n/ in the
unstressed syllable.
3. Vowel Length
Vowel length refers to the length of time given to pronounce a
vowel sound. It is the duration or quantity of time rather than
the quality or difference in sound. Vowel length refers to the length of time given to
pronounce a
vowel sound. It is the duration or quantity of time rather than
the quality or difference in sound.
Vowel length may be altered by two things: 1) Stress, and 2)
Syllable structure.
Stress goes with the length of the vowel sound.
Ex. Can’t he swim? No, he can’t.

MASTERING SOUNDS IN ENGLISH

MASTERING SOUNDS OF ENGLISH WEEK 15

1.Vowel sounds:monopthongs,dipthongs,and their positions {e.g.,[i:],[ae],[u]}

2.Consonants sounds:voiced and unvoiced sounds with contrast like [f] vs. [p] and [s]
vs,[z]
3.Schwa sounds: the weak vowd [a] common in unstressed syllables
4.sounds drills: compare similar sounds {[i:] vs.[I],[ae] vs.[a]}.
5.phrase and sentence practice: Focus on fluencywith minimals pairs and challenging
phrases.
6.phonetic contrast: practice sound distinctions {[s] vs.[z],[f] vs,[v]}.

STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS SPEECH SITUATIONS

STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS SPEECH SITUATIONS WEEK 16

Intrapersonal Communication
a. The way we see ourselves will influence how we act,
and how we respond when interacting with others.
Our self-concept is affected by our beliefs, values,
and attitudes.
b. Perception focuses on looking outward. Our perception of the
world is deeply entwined in our self-concept. Perceptions are
rooted in our beliefs, attitudes, and values.
c. Expectations are “future-oriented messages dealing with roles we call life scripts”.
Our relationship with other people mold
our expectations.

INTERPERSONAL
a. Dyad – this kind of communication involves two
people in the process.
b. Small group – this involve three or more people.
Group communication is often done to solve
problems and strategize.
c. Public – this involves a large group of persons.
Usually a one-way monologue happens here. This
kind of communication has very little feedback.
Information sharing, broadcasting, and recitals are
some examples.

TYPE OF SPECH STYLE

1.Intimate: This kind of communication happens with our family and
closest friends. Using the correct grammar or clear
articulation doesn’t necessarily happen here.
2.Casual: This is also used between family and friends. This applies to
daily conversations where colloquial words are often used.
3.Consultative: This form of communication is used in group discussions,
conversations inside the school or work, trade speech
conventions, etc. This is the most operational type of speech.
4.Formal: Formal speech is given in formal events where topics are about
serious problems/issues. Formal speeches are very careful
with wordings, has low tempo speech, contains technical
vocabulary with complex and divergent grammatical structure.
5.Frozen: Frozen speech is the most formal style and is a standard in
ceremonies and respectful situations. Speech given in this
style is well articulated, symbolic, fixed and historical in
nature.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT

1. Locution (Utterance)
This is an act of performance of an utterance; it can also have words, phrases
and sentences. Sentence has grammatical structure and a literal meaning.
This kind of act deals with “what was said” rather than “what does it mean”.
2. Illocution (Intention)
Illocution is about the intention of the speaker. The meaning will depend on
the context (why, where, when, and how) and the utterance of the speaker.
3. Perlocution (Response)
This is when there is an effect of the utterance to the receiver from the
speaker. The response may be induced by inciting, comforting, scaring,
persuading or inspiring. This is act is used to change the feelings, actions, and
thoughts.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCY
1. Grammatical competence – proficiency in syntax and
morphology
2. Discourse competence – ability to use the proper words
(cohesion) and coherence, which is the appropriate
combination of communicative function.
3. Sociolinguistic competence – ability to use the appropriate
words in a particular social situation.
4. Strategic competence – proficiency to cope and adjust with
the imperfect knowledge and ability to sustain
communication through various methods.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

1. Nomination
This is the act of getting the attention of your listener and
“nominating” or to start talking about a topic that you propose.
This act allows other people to talk during the discussion. An
example can be talking to your classmate while waiting for
your ride or a lengthy conversation on the phone between a
mother and her child who is physically away from her.
2. Restriction
This is the opposite of nomination. Restrictive speaking is a
one-way process of communicating. The listeners are not
allowed to speak up or provide feedback to the speaker. An
example can be a homily or a commencement speaker during
graduation.
3. Turn-taking
Turn-taking is when the people involved in a conversation
decide who speaks next. The rules are dependent on norms,
culture, traditions, or mechanics. A parliamentary debate
provides this example. Speakers take turns in raising their
points or arguing against their opponents instead of everyone
speaking and raising points at the same time.
4. Topic control
Topic control is limiting the discussion only about the chosen
topic. In a debate, the affirmative side can only argue as to why
they are in favor of the given proposition, they cannot speak to
oppose this. The discourse in a debate is always a controlled
one. Another can also be class reporting, groups take turns in
reporting and the topic is predetermined or assigned before
the presentation.
5. Topic shifting
This strategy is used when a speaker needs to change the topic
being discussed. This requires the speaker to be polite,
prudent, and courteous when ending the topic and leading the
conversation to a new one. An example can be reporters, the
reporters are obligated to ask varied types of questions and he
or she must know how to shift from one topic to another.

6. Repair
Within the process of communicating, miscommunication or
misarticulation could occur which may result to stopping the
interaction. To repair is to correct, to ensure that interaction
does not stop, that the turn sequence does not fail and to avoid
the distortion of the subject. Repair can come from the
listener- other initiated, or from the speaker (self-initiated).
7. Termination
This strategy entails ending a conversation “artistically”. This
is to end the discussion indirectly or directly. Indirect
strategies can be gestures such as looking at your phone,
yawning, or looking somewhere else. Direct strategies, on the
other hand, is when you use verbal and non-verbal signals.
You can point at your watch or simply say “I have to go….” Or
“Sorry, I need to leave now. I think we’ve talked long enough”.

WEEK 17 LEARNING ACTIVITY

TYPE OF SPECHEES
TYPE OF SPECHESS WEEK 18
According to purpose: Expository/Informative Speech
This kind of speech is meant to inform and enlighten an audience about a
topic they do not know. The goal of the speaker is to impart knowledge and
help make the audience understand the topic.
An expository speech can be about an object, process, event, or concept.
Speeches about an object focus on the tangible instead of abstract. Topics can
be anything that our senses can experience. Examples are speeches about
beaches in Palawan, the new perfume from a celebrity, your favorite food,
etc.

Persuasive speech: is all about pushing people into action, whether to do or

not do something. It is created in such a way to arouse favor against or for a
policy, person, or plan. Persuasion is all about making people believe or do
something.

Entertainment speech: A speech for entertainment purpose is to make the listeners

enjoy, smile or
relax. Maintaining the attention and focus of the audience is important and
the speaker can do that by telling a joke, or dramatizing an anecdote or story,
or tell a scary story, etc

Methods of delivery: Reading from a manuscript – this is delivering a speech from a text
written word-for-word. This is a good for speaker who would want to
practice beforehand the speech they will be delivering. This is to ensure that
they will not forget their words. Congressional hearings, educational paper
presentation are places where this can be done.

Memorized Speech – this method entails a word-for-word delivery. Before

this speech is delivered, the speech is written by the speaker. During the
delivery of the speech no note cards or manuscripts are used.

Impromptu speech-This method is used when you speak at the spur of the moment.
Recitations or speaking during a meeting are some instances where you use this
method.

Extemporaneous speech-Extemporaneous speaking is when you only use an outline as

a guide when
delivering your speech. This is like a middle ground between memorized
delivery and impromptu delivery. This method still requires preparation
however it only uses an outline, keywords or phrases that you can put on
memory cards or power point presentations. The outline of this speech is
carefully crafted.
PRINCIPLE OF SPEECH WRITTING
Parts of the speech
As with any kind of speech, except of course the impromptu method,
Course Module
you will need to learn these basic parts
I. Introduction
A. Attention Getter
B. Significance
C. Credibility
D. Thesis Statement
E. Preview
F. Transition into your first main point
II. The Main Body
A. First main point
1. First sub-point and supporting material
2. Transition closing off main point one and
opening main point two
B. Second main point
1. First sub-point of this section and supporting
material
2. Second sub-point and supporting material
3. Transition closing off main point two and
opening main point three
C. Third main point
1. First sub-point of this section and supporting
material
2. Transition into closing
III. Conclusion
A. Review of main points
B. Final statement – should also link back to Intro.

Choosing the Topic

As with anything where results are expected, choosing a topic means
knowing what your goal is. What is the purpose of this speech? Choose
something that you are interested in or know about to make it less tedious on
your part.

Analyzing the Audience

Part of speech preparation is knowing who will be your listeners. You would
need to adapt to their age range, interests, needs, and expectations. You have
gauge their educational level, race, religion, geographic uniqueness, income,
gender, and language.

Sourcing the Information

Speech preparation must also include gathering information about the topic.
Select the materials according to its relevance, depth, a breadth to the topic
and your audience. You can use anecdotes, or humorous, unique or
interesting stories to make your speech richer and to illustrate points. Be
careful of the quality of your research. You will be sharing this to an
audience so be very careful when using resources as they will affect your
credibility

PRINCIPLE OF SPEECH DELIVERY

Voice
1. Rate or speed
The speed or rate varies and will depend on the mood or thought
that you would like to communicate. It is important to determine
which parts of your speech should you slow down or when to be
fast.
2. Pause
Pauses in speeches are important so that the listeners are given
some time to let the information or emotions sink in. A pause may
be used to elicit anticipation, kill boredom or emphasize a word.
3. Duration
The type of speech dictates the duration of the speech. Each
occasion will call for different lengths. Fast speakers can talk at 160
words a minute, on the other hand, a slower one uses 100 words
per minute.
4. Rhythm
Speech rhythm is how spoken words are arranged, alternating from the
stressed and unstressed elements. It is also the rising and falling of the voice
that adds cadence and regularity during speech delivery.
a. Pitch – refers to how high or low your tone is perceived. This
element usually conveys emotions when used in speaking.
b. Volume – this is the loudness or softness of a sound. This
element shows the energy behind the speaker. A good
speaker must always speak in a modulated voice, one that is
neither too loud nor too soft.
c. Enunciation
This is the correct articulation or pronunciation of words.
Pronunciation focuses on rhythm, stress, and intonation of
syllables. Articulation, on the other hand, is about the
individual sound created. To be able to create a more
meaningful, clearer and more accurate speech, the speaker
must always enunciate words properly.

d. Fluency
This if frequently observed when engaged in an impromptu
speech. This is the ability to express and speak smoothly
without difficulty in utilizing the appropriate words. Fluency
or good diction adds the value of smoothness of flow in
communication.

BODY
1. Shoulders
Movement and position of shoulders convey the behavior of the
speaker. Relaxed shoulders are always a must to communicate
integrity and maintain your influence. Hunched shoulders projects
doubt and uncertainty on the speaker’s part which results to your
listeners doubting you.
2. Arms and hands
The movement of the hands and arms signals purpose and grace. If
not used to express something, let them rest at the side. Be careful
with gestures. Too big gestures may look to theatrical and no hand
or arm movements tend to make you look stiff and awkward.
3. Eyes
Maintaining eye contact with your audience conveys confidence and
encourages connection with them. How you move your eyes also
affect the message you are sending. Rolling your eyes may convey
disregard while giving them the side eye may send a message that
you were offended in some way by a member of the audience.
4. Posture
Good posture, specially when speaking, signals control, courage,
authority and belief. Stand straight with your feet apart and
shoulders squared facing the audience. Do not lean or slouch as it
may convey anxiety or disinterest.
5. Walking
Movements attract attention when delivering a speech. Every once
in a while, a speaker must move away from the lectern to be visibly
available to the listeners. This movement provides a mental
connection where in you show that you want your audience to
connect and empathize with you. Too much movement; however,
may become too distracting and work against you.
6. Facial expressions
The face can give a lot of information to the receiver of the message.
The face unconsciously communicates fear, joy, sadness, or doubt. So
Oral Communication in Context
Types of Speeches 7
a speaker must always be mindful of his reactions. The brain is
programmed to make sense of even the slightest ticks or micro ticks
of the face. Practice in front of the mirror or record yourself
speaking so you can observe how your face moves when speaking.
7. Appearance
Like the old adage, first impressions last, it is important for a
speaker to also take extra care of her or his appearance. This means
you have to be aware of how you dress up. Each occasion entails
different dress codes, and as a speaker you must always dress
accordingly to convey integrity, confidence, and authority. Good
grooming is a basic element to always practice. Remember that you
must always be mindful of how you project yourself as to avoid
distracting your audience from your message.

WEEK 19 LEARNING ACTIVITY