NOTES ON:

a) French Revolution
b) World War I
c) World War II
d) Socio-religious movements in 19th century

Pradeep Sabar, Assistant Professor of Political Science, V.D University, Jeypore(Koraput

 FRENCH REVOLUTION
Bourgeoisie Revolution or Revolution of the Middle Class
Time: 5th May 1789 to 9th Nov 1799 (10Year, 6Month and 4 Days
Storming of the Bastille: 14th July 1789
Motto: “Liberty, Equality & Fraternity”

CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

SOCIAL INEQUALITY:

Society was divided into three estates:

1. First Estate (Clergy): Group of persons involved in church matters. They imposed tax
on common people. Which is known as “TITHS”. It was 1/10 of any agricultural
produce.
2. Second Estate(Nobility): Persons who have high rank in state administration. The
nobility had also imposed a direct land tax on the common people. Which is known as
“TAILLE”.
3. Third Estate (Comprising of peasants, labourer, working class peoples etc): They
were the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no
political and social rights.
Religious Tax: Tiths
Property Tax: Taille
Salt Tax: Gable

The first two class were exempted from paying taxes to the state. They enjoyed privileges
by birth. Nobility class also enjoyed feudal privileges.
INTELLECTUAL CAUSE:

Various intellectual people created influence among people in the 18th century Montesquieu’s
book Spirit of law criticized the Monarchy. So, it has become popular among the masses. Not
only did it criticize the Monarchy, but it also supported parliamentary democracy. Free, another
economic reformist, supported the reform by advocating trade, agricultural, and business
reforms.

But the French Revolution turned towards the clergy section of society after Voltaire, an
atheist, began questioning the Monarchy and religious corruption in the society. He spread the
thinking that there must be limited Monarchy and that the Burbo must be overthrown.

• And people were blown by his thoughts. His thoughts were celebrated and implemented
throughout.
• Another political philosopher, Rousseau, criticized the hypocrisy of the clergies and the
corruption among them.
• He also propounded the concept of liberty, people’s sovereignty, the right to pass the
law, social contract, creative change, etc.

Montesquieu: Spirit of Law, Separation of power, Persian Letters

Rousseau: Social Contract, General Will, Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains

Voltaire: Treaties on Tolerance, Letters on the English

John Locke: Two Treaties of Government

ECONOMIC CAUSE:

The state’s farming was not going well, and the government didn’t make any effort. Instead,
the farmers were exploited, making them go against the feudal. Along with this, the unsatisfied
merchants were fed up with the practice of paying uncertain taxes. Because of the burden of
taxes, the people were becoming bankrupt. It resulted in moral, societal, and economic
stagnation in society.

POLITICAL CAUSE:

Political causes of French Revolution were the major cause for igniting the fire of revolt in
France. The nation was under the rule of the Bourbon dynasty. It alienated all the sections of
society against the centralized power. Along with this, legal jeopardy, defective judiciary,
Imperial conquest, and economic burden boosted the aggressiveness that became the reason
for the revolt.

Also, in 1774, the nation was under the rule of Louis XVI, but under his rule, the financial
situation worsened. As a result, troops were sent to assist the Americans in the war against
Britain.

Louis XIV: “I AM THE STATE”.

Louis XV: “AFTER ME THE DILUGE”.
Louis XVI: “OH! WHAT A BURDEN OF MINE AND THEY HAVE TAUGHT ME
NOTHING”.
 TIMELINE

DATE EVENT

February 1787 Charles-Alexandre de Calonne convenes aristocrats and bourgeoisie to address France's financial deficit. Calonne proposes
taxing the affluent, but the measure is rejected.

May5, 1789 Estates-General, representing the First, Second, and Third Estates, convenes in Versailles.

June 17, 1789 Deputies of the Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly due to a disagreement over votes.

June 20, 1789 National Assembly takes over the king's tennis court, swearing to provide France with a new constitution (Tennis Court Oath).

July 9, 1789 National Constituent Assembly is formed, persuaded by King Louis XVI to join the other two estates.

JULY 14 1789 A crowd seizes the Bastille jail, a symbol of royal tyranny, during the Great Fear.

Aug 26–Oct 6, Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen presented by the National Constituent Assembly.
1789

April 20, 1792 Austria faces conflict with France, initiating the French Revolutionary Wars.

Aug 10, 1792 Insurgents assault the royal Paris home and detain Louis XVI.

Sept 20-21, The National Convention convenes, declaring a republic and abolishing the monarchy.
1792

Jan 21, 1793 Louis XVI is imprisoned for treason.

Aug 22, 1795 A new constitution establishes the bicameral legislature in France.

Nov 9, 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Directory, appointing himself France's first consul; later becomes emperor
 The meeting of the Estate Generals

The Estates-General of 1789 was a meeting of the three estates of pre-revolutionary

France: clergy, nobility, and commons. Summoned by King Louis XVI of France to deal
with financial and societal crises, it ended with the Third Estate breaking from royal
authority and forming a National Assembly.

• The Estates-General was an assembly that represented the French nobility clergy
and the middle class. They were called by Louis XVI to discuss the new tax
measures in May 1789.
• The third estate was already gathering support for their involvement in the
decision-making body and voting rights during this time.
• The middle class was in favour of the political and judicial reforms while the
nobles did not want to give up their privileges. The talks with the third estate also
failed.
• The Tennis court oath: The third estate and their support formed the National
Assembly and took an oath of office in June 1789 and vowed not to disperse until
reforms have been initiated.
• Seeing no other option Louis XVI had to absorb the three assemblies into the new
order.

1789-92: The revolution

• The national assembly continued in Versailles as the nation was gripped in fear
and uncertainty which led to the insurgency.
• This resulted in the taking of Bastille fortress on July 14, 1789. This event marked
the beginning of the French Revolution.
• The peasants revolted, attacked the houses of nobles and tax collectors, and the
upper class was forced to flee for their lives. This period is called the period of
Great Fear.

T
 The Declaration of Rights of the Man

Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789.

• The National Assembly adopted the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August
4, 1789. The charter was based on democratic principles, drawing from
philosophical as well as political ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Jena-
Jacques Rosseau.
• The French constitution was adopted on September 3, 1791. It was moderate in
its stance by limiting the powers of the king, but it was not enough for the more
radical members of the assembly, Robespierre who wanted Louis XVI to stand
trial.
1793-95: The Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror, also called the Terror, was a period of state-
sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution.

• A group of insurgents attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested Louis
XVI on August 10, 1792
• The following month many who were accused of being the ‘enemies of the
revolution’ were massacred in Paris. The Legislative Assembly was replaced by
the National Convention which proclaimed the establishment of the Republic of
France and the abolition of the Monarchy.
• King Louis XVI was condemned to death on January 21, 1793, and executed for
treason. His wife, Marie Antoinette was also executed nine months later.
• The execution of the king marked the beginning of the most violent and turbulent
phase of the French Revolution – the Reign of Terror.
• The National Convention was under the control of an extremist faction led by
Robespierre. Under him, thousands were executed for suspected treason and
counter-revolutionary activities.
• The Reign of Terror ended after Robespierre’s execution on July 28, 1794.

1795: The end of the French Revolution

• On August 22, 1795, the National Convention composed of moderates approved

the creation of a new constitution that created France’s bicameral legislature.
• A Directory, a five-member group was formed by the parliament, and an army
was groomed under General Napoleon Bonaparte.
• The Directory became corrupt and the army had more powers with them. A coup
d’état was staged by Napoleon himself, toppling them from power.
• Napoleon appointed himself “first consul”. The French Revolution was over and
the Napoleonic era was about the begin.

Role of women in the French Revolution:

Women in the Third Estate worked for a living and didn’t have access to education or training.
Only daughters of the noblewomen and richer sections of society had access to any education.
The wages for women were lower than those of men. Women were also mostly homemakers,
hence they had to do all the housework, care for children.

But during the Revolution, women played an active role in revolutionary activities. They
started their own clubs and newspapers. One of the most famous political clubs was the Society
of Revolutionary and Republican Women and they were disappointed by the Constitution of
1791 which designated them, passive citizens. This Society demanded equal political rights as
men. They wanted to vote and stand in elections for political office.

After the end of the revolution, the early revolutionary governments introduced many laws that
improved the lives and status of women in society. Schools were created, and education was
made compulsory for all girls. Marriage without consent was made illegal and divorce was
made legal. Women were also allowed to be artisans and run small businesses.

IMPACT OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

The French Revolution changed modern history forever and many nations took inspiration
from the ideologies it gave birth to. The suppressive monarchies were being challenged
everywhere by the people.

The ideas of liberty and equality spread all around the world over the years through the French
armies. The French became the dominant force to be reckoned with as it radicalized the political
and social system of the 18th century.

The French Revolution ended feudalism and made a path for future advances in individual
freedoms, democratic principles, and equality of life.

MCQs on the French Revolution:

1. Which of the following was the main cause of the French Revolution?
A) Financial crisis and burdensome taxes
B) The Enlightenment and its emphasis on reason and individual rights
C) The American Revolution and its ideas of liberty and democracy
D) The French monarchy's absolute power and extravagance
Answer: A) Financial crisis and burdensome taxes
2. Who was the king of France at the start of the Revolution in 1789?
A) Louis XIV
B) Louis XVI
C) Marie Antoinette
D) Maximilien Robespierre
Answer: B) Louis XVI
3. What was the name of the radical political group that dominated the Committee of Public Safety?
A) Jacobins
B) Girondins
C) Royalists
D) sans-culottes
Answer: A) Jacobins
4. Which of the following was a major event of the Reign of Terror (1793-1794)?
A) Execution of King Louis XVI
B) Storming of the Bastille
C) Establishment of the Committee of Public Safety
D) Mass executions of aristocrats and commoners accused of treason
Answer: D) Mass executions of aristocrats and commoners accused of treason
5. Who was the French military general who seized power in a coup d'état in 1799?
A) Napoleon Bonaparte
B) Paul Barras
C) Louis-Nicolas Davout
D) Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Answer: A) Napoleon Bonaparte
6. What was the name of the document adopted by the National Assembly in 1789 that established the
principles of the Revolution?
A) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
B) Declaration of the Rights of Women
C) Declaration of the Rights of the Child
D) Declaration of the Rights of the Monarch
Answer: A) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
7. Which of the following groups made up the majority of the Third Estate?
A) Nobility and clergy
B) Middle-class merchants and artisans
C) Peasants and commoners
D) Slaves and indentured servants
Answer: C) Peasants and commoners
8. Who was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?
A) Maximilien Robespierre
B) Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
C) Georges Danton
D) Paul Barras
Answer: A) Maximilien Robespierre
9. What was the name of the radical faction that opposed the Jacobins?
A) Girondins
B) Royalists
C) sans-culottes
D) Hébertists
Answer: A) Girondins
10. Which of the following events marked the end of the French Revolution?
A) Napoleon's coup d'état in 1799
B) The execution of King Louis XVI in 1793
C) The Storming of the Bastille in 1789
D) The establishment of the Directory in 1795
Answer: A) Napoleon's coup d'état in 1799
11. What was the name of the queen of France who was executed in 1793?
A) Marie Antoinette
B) Marie Louise
C) Madame du Barry
D) Princess de Lamballe
Answer: A) Marie Antoinette
12. Which of the following was a result of the French Revolution?
A) The establishment of a constitutional monarchy
B) The execution of all members of the royal family
C) The establishment of the First French Republic
D) The restoration of the Ancien Régime
Answer: C) The establishment of the First French Republic
13. Who was the leader of the French army that defeated the European coalition at the Battle of Valmy
in 1792?
A) Napoleon Bonaparte
B) Charles Dumouriez
C) François Kellermann
D) Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
Answer: C) François Kellermann
14. What was the name of the period of violence and political repression during which thousands of
people were executed for perceived counter-revolutionary activities?
A) The Reign of Terror
B) The Great Fear
C) The September Massacres
D) The White Terror
Answer: A) The Reign of Terror
15. Which of the following was a major influence on the French Revolution?
A) The American Revolution
B) The Enlightenment
C) The Renaissance
D) The Protestant Reformation
Answer: B) The Enlightenment
16. Who was the French revolutionary who wrote "The Social Contract"?
A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B) Maximilien Robespierre
C) Georges Danton
D) Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
Answer: A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
17. What was the name of the event in which a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille prison and released
its political prisoners?
A) Storming of the Bastille
B) Fall of the Bastille
C) Battle of the Bastille
D) Liberation of the Bastille
Answer: A) Storming of the Bastille
18. Which of the following was a consequence of the French Revolution?
A) The establishment of a new monarchy
B) The end of feudalism in France
C) The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
D) The restoration of the Ancien Régime
Answer: B) The end of feudalism in France
 WORLD WAR-I
Start: 28th July 1914
End: 11th Nov 1918
World War I was fought between central powers and allied powers

THE CENTRAL POWERS (Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy)

ALLIANCE:
1. Dual Alliance: on 7th Oct 1879 (Germany +Austria-Hungary) benevolent
neutrality. both were worried about Russia for different reason.

2. Tripple Alliance: 20th may 1882 (Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy)

THE ALLIES (France + Russia + England)
ENTENT:
1. Dual Entente: 1894 (France + Russia)
2. Tripple Entente: On 31st Aug 1907 (France + Russia + England)

CAUSES OF WORLD WAR-1

The Ottoman Empire came into World War I as one of the Central Powers. The Ottoman Empire
entered the war by carrying out a small surprise attack on the Black Sea coast of Russia on 29
October 1914, with Russia responding by declaring war on 2 November 1914 followed by their
allies (Britain and France) declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on November 5, 1914.
1) Germany’s New Worldwide Expansionist Strategy

Wilhelm II, the new monarch of Germany, started a foreign strategy in 1890 with the goal of
making his nation a global power. The other powers viewed Germany as a threat, which
caused the international situation to become unstable.

2)Mutual Defence Alliances

THE CENTRAL POWERS (Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy)
ALLIANCE:
❖ Dual Alliance: on 7th Oct 1879 (Germany +Austria-Hungary) benevolent
neutrality. both were worried about Russia for different reason.
❖ Tripple Alliance: 20th may 1882 (Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy)
THE ALLIES (France + Russia + England)
ENTENT:
❖ Dual Entente: 1894 (France + Russia)
❖ Tripple Entente: On 31st Aug 1907 (France + Russia + England)

3)Imperialism

The policy of extending one’s own territorial boundary using power is known as imperialism.
Africa and Asia were a point of conflict and attracted many European Countries. The desire
for power and increased competition was a major force in imitation of World War I

4)Militarism

By the beginning of the 20th century, countries were in a sort of arms race and there was a
great display of military powers. Germany was winning the race followed by Russia and
France. The increase in military powers was also one of the causes that pushed the world into
this disastrous war.

5)Nationalism

This can be considered one of the most important causes of triggering war. The people
of Bosnia and Herzegovina no longer wanted to be part of Austria-Hungary but to be
associated with Serbia. Each country in Europe contributed to extending the war by proving
their nationalism and trying to dominate others.

6)Immediate Cause: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was murdered in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914

CONSEQUENCES
Treaty of Versailles: World War I came to an end on June 28, 1919. The Treaty of Versailles
was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it
ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
 IMPORTANT DATES OF WORLD WAR -I
• June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand is assassinated.
• July 28, 1914- Austria declares war on Serbia along with Russia
• 1 Aug 1914- Germany declares war on Russia
• 3 Aug 1914- Germany declares war on France
• 4 Aug 1914- Germany invades neutral Belgium so as to attack France. Britain
declares war on Germany. The United States declares neutrality
• 6 Aug 1914- Austria declares war on Russia
• 12 Aug 1914- France and Britain declares war on Austria
• 6 Apr 1917- United States declares war on Germany
• 11th Nov 1918-German surrender and the signing of a ceasefire
• 28 June 1919- Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed
• 10 January 1920- League of Nations was founded by the Paris Peace Conference
that ended the First World War.

MCQs on World War I:

1. Which of the following events triggered the outbreak of World War I?
A) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
B) Battle of the Somme
C) Treaty of Versailles
D) Russian Revolution
Answer: A) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
2. Which alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy?
A) Triple Entente
B) Triple Alliance
C) Central Powers
D) Allied Powers
Answer: B) Triple Alliance
3. Which treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany and led to widespread resentment among
the German people?
A) Treaty of Versailles
B) Treaty of Berlin
C) Treaty of Paris
D) Treaty of London
Answer: A) Treaty of Versailles
4. Which of the following was a major consequence of World War I?
A) The rise of communism in Russia
B) The establishment of the United States as a global superpower
C) The unification of Germany and Austria-Hungary
D) The return of colonial territories to their original owners
Answer: A) The rise of communism in Russia
5. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917?
A) Vladimir Lenin
B) Leon Trotsky
C) Joseph Stalin
D) Nicholas II
Answer: A) Vladimir Lenin
6. Which of the following was the name of the alliance formed by Britain, France, and Russia
in 1907?
A) Triple Entente
B) Triple Alliance
C) Central Powers
D) Allied Powers
Answer: A) Triple Entente
7. What was the name of the treaty that established the League of Nations?
A) Treaty of Versailles
B) Treaty of Berlin
C) Treaty of Paris
D) Treaty of London
Answer: A) Treaty of Versailles
8. Who was the Prime Minister of Britain during World War I?
A) David Lloyd George
B) Herbert Henry Asquith
C) Winston Churchill
D) George Curzon
Answer: A) David Lloyd George
9. Which of the following was a consequence of World War I?
A) The rise of fascism in Europe
B) The establishment of the Soviet Union
C) The redrawing of national borders
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
10. Which of the following was a result of World War I?
A) The decline of imperialism
B) The rise of nationalism
C) The spread of communism
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
 WORLD WAR-II
(1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945)
A global conflict between two major alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers (Central Power).

CAUSES OF WORLD WAR-II

1) Treaty of Versailles (28th June 1919)
Under this treaty, Germany had to accept guilt for the war and to pay reparations. Germany
lost territory and was prohibited from having a large military. The humiliation faced by
Germany under this treaty, paved the way for the spread of Ultra-Nationalism in Germany.
2) Failure of the League of Nations (10 January 1920)
League of Nation Ceased operations on 18 April 1946
The League had no army to prevent military aggression such as Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in
Africa or Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in China.

3)Great Depression of 1929

The Great Depression played a significant role in the onset of World War II by exacerbating
the economic struggles and political instability in Germany following the Treaty of Versailles.
This economic hardship led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis, as well as Japan's expansionist
policies.

4)Rise of Fascism
Benito Mussolini established the first Fascist party in Italy in 9 November 1921. Symbol-
“Axe tied with rope with a bundle of rods”. Mussolini occupied Ethiopia in Africa.
Mussolini- “What war is to man, maternity is to woman”.

5)Rise of Nazism
Adolf Hitler established ‘Nazi Party’ in 1920. Symbol “Symbol of Swostik”. In 1933 Hitler
became the German Chancellor, and established himself as dictator.
Book- “Mein Kamp” (My Struggle).

He occupied the Rhine land and Austria.

6)Policy of Appeasement (Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through

negotiation in order to prevent war)

An example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement of September 1938. In the

Agreement, Britain and France allowed Germany to annex areas in Czechoslovakia where
German-speakers lived.
Germany agreed not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia or any other country. However,
in March 1939, Germany broke its promise and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia.
Even then, neither Britain nor France was prepared to take military action.

7)Japanese Imperialism

In 1931, Japan invaded China’s Manchuria region.

In September 1931 the Japanese seized Manchuria in 1931 and occupied much of the coast and
North China Plain by 1941.

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air
Service upon the United States against the American naval base at Pearl Harbor on December
7th, 1941.

President Franklin Roosevelt signing a declaration of war against Japan on December 8th,
1941.

As Japan had an alliance with Germany and Italy, both nations declared war on the United
States on December 11th, 1941, four days after the Pearl Harbor attack.

8)Spanish Civil War (1936)

The Spanish Civil War caused the deaths of more than a half-million people and gave rise to a
fascist government, led by General Franco. Because of its ideological nature and the
involvement of Germany and Italy, the Spanish Civil War is sometimes considered a ‘dress
rehearsal’ for World War II.
9)Formation of Military Alliances
There were two major alliances during World War II: the Axis powers and the Allied powers.
The three principal partners in what was eventually referred to as the Axis alliance were
Germany, Italy, and Japan. These countries were led by German dictator Adolf Hitler, Italian
dictator Benito Mussolini, and Japanese Emperor Hirohito.
Rome-Berlin Axis, Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany.
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis was formed in 1937 between Italy, Germany and Japan.
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan, that they
would work together to stop the spread of Communism around the globe. Germany and Italy
had worked well during the Spanish Civil War and had brought about a fascist victory over
communism. In 1936, Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern pact, followed by the
addition of Italy in 1937. The agreement would become known as the Axis Alliance or Axis
Powers.

10)immediate cause of world war-II

Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 was the immediate cause of world war-
II.

IMPORTANT
• On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over
the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• Russia attacked Germany on 23 April 1945 and on April 24,1945 occupied berlin.
• On May 7, 1945, Germany signed an unconditional surrender.
• Japan formally surrendered on September 2, 1945.
• Italy formally surrendered On September 8, 1943.

CONSEQUENCES

• End of colonialism and imperialism.

• End of dictatorship in Germany and Italy.
• Germany was divided into West Germany and East Germany. West
Germany was controlled by Britain, France and the USA. East Germany by
USSR. (Read more about the reunion of Germany in 1989 when you check our
post about the fall of the Berlin wall).
• Strengthening of nationalist movements in Africa and Asia. (From Britain –
India, Myanmar, Egypt, Sri Lanka; From America – Philippines; From
France – Indo-China; From Dutch – Indonesia)
• 5 crore deaths (2.2 crore soldiers and 2.8 crore civilians)
• Economics problems – Unemployment, low growth, etc.
• The emergence of two power blocks – the USA and the USSR. This resulted in
the Cold War.
• Emergence of Third World Countries.
• UNO was set up in 24th October 1945.

1.Which of the following dates is correct for the day when Germany invaded Poland, leading
to the start of World War II?
A) September 1, 1938
B) September 1, 1939
C) August 31, 1939
D) July 28, 1939
Correct answer: B) September 1, 1939
2.Which of the following leaders was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during
World War II?
A) Neville Chamberlain
B) Winston Churchill
C) Clement Attlee
D) David Lloyd George
Correct answer: B) Winston Churchill
 Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century
The reform movements could broadly be classified into two categories:
1)Reformist movements like the Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj, the Aligarh Movement.
2)Revivalist movements like Arya Samaj and the Deoband movement.
1) Brahmo Samaj Movement-Raja Rammohan Roy
➢ Atmiya Sabha in 1814
➢ Brahmo Sabha in 1828
➢ Brahma Samaj in 1830
➢ Prarthana Samaj
2) Prarthana Samaj
Prarthana Samaj was established in Bombay by Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang in 1876. The two
great members of this Samaj were R.C. Bhandarkar and Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade.
Mahavdev Govind Ranade was the founder of the Widow Remarriage Association (1861) and
the Deccan Education Society.
3) Satyashodhak Samaj
Jyotiba Phule organized a powerful movement against upper caste domination and brahminical
supremacy. He founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873.
4) Arya Samaj
The first Arya Samaj unit was formally set up by Dayananda Saraswati at Bombay in 1875 and
later the headquarters of the Samaj were established at Lahore.
Go Back to Vedas and India for the Indians
5)Young Bengal Movement
Young Bengal Movement was a radical intellectual movement launched by Henry Louis Vivian
Derozio in the late 1820s and early 1830s.
6) Ramakrishna Mission
Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission in 1987, named after his Guru Swami
Ramakrishna Paramhansa. He also represented India in the first Parliament of Religion held in
Chicago (U.S.) in 1893.

7) Aligarh Movement
Sayyid Ahmed Khan founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875. Later,
it became Aligarh Muslim University. It offered modern education to Muslims.

8) Deoband Movement

It was a revivalist movement. In 1866, Muhammad Qasim Wanotavi and Rashid Ahamad
Gangohi founded a school in Deoband (Uttar Pradesh, Saharanpur District). Deoband
movement focused on uplifting the Muslim community through religious education.
9)The Theosophical Movement
Founded by Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott in New York (later shifted to Madras) in
1875.The theosophical Society of India was established by Annie Beasant.
10) Dharma Sabha
Dharma Sabha was formed in 1830 in Calcutta by Radhakanta Deb.
11) Veda Samaj
The Samaj was established in Madras in the year 1864 mainly with the efforts of Sridharalu
Naidu and Keshab Chandra Sen.
12) Paramhansa Mandali
Paramahansa Mandali was founded by Durgaram Mehtaji, Dadoba Pandurang and a group of
his friends in 1849, in Bombay.
13) Swami Narayan Sampradaya
Founded by Swami Sahajananda
14) Kuka Movement (Namdhari)
The Namdhari movement was founded by Balak Singh and baba ram singh in North- West
frontier province, ludhiana in 1841.
15) Deccan Education Society
Founded by MG Ranade, VG Chibdonkar, GG Agarkar in Pune 1884.
16) Seva Sadan
Founded by Behramji M Malabari in Bombay in 1885.
17) Indian National Social Conference
Founded by MG Ranade and Raghunath Rao in Bombay in 1887.
18) Madras Hindu Association
Founded by Viresalingam Pantalu in Madras in 1892.
19) Bharat Dharma Mahamandala
Founded by pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya And Pandit Din Dayal Sharma in vanarasi in
1929.
20) The Servant of Indian Society
Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Bombay in 1905.
21) Poona Seva Sadan
Founded by GK Devadhar and Ramabai pande in 1909.
22) Niskam Karma Math
Founded by Dhono Keshav Karve in 1910.
23) the Bharata Stri Mandal
Founded by Saralabala Devi Chaudharani in Calcutta in 1910.
24) Seva Samiti
Founded by Pandit Hridayanath Kunzru in 1914.
25) The Indian Women’s Association
Founded by Annie Beasant in Madras in 1917.

26) Rahanumai Mazdayasan Sabha

Founded by SS Bengali, Naroji Furdonji and JB Nacha in 1831.
27) Khudai Khidmatgar Movement
Started by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan in 1929.
28) Deva Samaj
Started by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri in 1887.
29) Harijan Sevak Sangh
By Mahatma Gandhi in 1932
30) Bahujan Samaj
By Mukundrao Patil in 1910.
31) Fairazi Movement
By Haji Shariatullah and Dudhi Miya in 1804.
32) Deoband Movement
Started by Mohammad Qasim Nanutavi and Rashid Ahmed Ganghoi in 1867.
33) Ahmadiyya Movement
Started By Mirza Ghulam Ahmed of Qadiya in 1889-90.
34) Ahrar Movement
Started by Riza Khan and Ali Brother against Aligarh Movement.
1.Which of the following socio-religious movements in India aimed to reform Hinduism and
was led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
A) Brahmo Samaj
B) Arya Samaj
C) Ramakrishna Mission
D) Sikh Reformation
Correct answer: A) Brahmo Samaj
2.Which of the following socio-religious movements in India emphasized the importance of
bhakti (devotional love) and the unity of all religions, and was led by saints like Kabir and
Mirabai?
A) Bhakti Movement
B) Sufi Movement
C) Sikh Movement
D) Tantra Movement
Correct answer: A) Bhakti Movement

3.Which of the following socio-religious movements in India was founded by Swami

Dayanand Saraswati in 1875, emphasizing Vedic authority and social reform?
A) Brahmo Samaj
B) Arya Samaj
C) Ramakrishna Mission
D) Theosophical Society
Correct answer: B) Arya Samaj