Ch-9

Goals of AI:
The main goal of an intelligent system is to enable the system to think and behave
like humans do, in order to solve a problem. The purpose of Al is' to:
1. Implement human intelligence in machines by creating systems that can think,
act, learn and behave like humans.
2. Create expert systems that can behave intelligently, learn, explain, demonstrate
and give suggestions to its users.
3. Enable a system to understand and process natural language.
4. Empower a system to perform intellectual tasks that a human can perform.

Applications of AI:
Al is used in various fields such as:
• Intelligent robots: Robots are capable of performing all the tasks that a human
can do. In addition, they are programmed to learn from their mistakes and adapt to
changes.
• Expert systems: Applications which include machines and programs that provide
explanation and advice to humans.
• Gaming: Al plays an important role in gaming, where machines can think of a large
number of possible options based on the data acquired, such as chess, tic-tac-toe,
etc.
• Vision systems: Using AI, systems can understand and comprehend the visual input
on the computer.
• Natural language processing: AI has gained competency in natural languages spoken
by humans.
• Handwriting recognition: Al-enabled software can read handwritten text on paper
or screen. It can also convert it to editable text.
• Speech recognition: Al is also capable of handling speech-related data. It can
comprehend commands in different accents. It can also handle background noise and
voice modulation.

Domains of AI:
Al can be used for different purposes. There are three types of tasks that we use
Al to carry out:
1. Mundane tasks These are tasks that humans do on a routine basis without any
special training. Common sense, planning and reasoning are common characteristics
of this task.
2. Formal tasks: These are tasks that require formal training like verifications
and theorems. For example, games like chess requires logic based on theorems.
3. Expert tasks: These require educational qualifications such as engineering to
make functional expert systems needed for manufacturing planning,
medical diagnosis, etc.

AI tools:
The following tools are used to develop artificial intelligence in computers.
Logic
Different forms of logic are used in Al research. Logic is used for concept
representation and problem-solving. Logic programs are used by programmers to
verify their correctness. Proportional Logic involves truth functions such as 'or'
and 'not'.
First Order Logic can express facts about objects, their properties and their
relations with each other.
Search and optimisation
Problems in AI can be solved when we search through the best possible solutions.
Simple exhaustive search methods are used for solving Al problems. To find
solutions, many search techniques use rules of thumb to prioritise choices in
favour of those that are more likely to reach the goal in the minimum number of
steps, thus optimising the search techniques.
Classifiers and statistical learning methods
Classifiers are patterns or observations, where each observation belongs to a class
(i.e. decision to be made). All the classes together form a dataset. When a new
observation is received, it is based on previous observations in the dataset.
Classifiers can be organised or trained in many ways using various statistical
learning approaches.
Probabilistic methods for unrealistic reasoning
Problems in Al may involve working with assumed data and circumstances. Al
researchers have devised a number of powerful tools to solve these problems using
probability theory and economics. Precise mathematical tools have been developed
that analyse how an agent can make choices and plan using various
theories and techniqu

Problem Solving by AI
We are surrounded by problems, big or small. We may become so used to a problem
that it becomes a part of our life. Identifying such a problem and finding a way to
solve it, is what problem-solving is about.
Problem-solving in games like Sudoku can be done by building an artificial
intelligent system to solve the problem. To do so, we need to define the problem
first and then generate the solution, keeping in mind the conditions.
The process of problem-solving consists of five steps:
1. Defining the problem: The problem must be defined explicitly and precisely. It
should contain a number of possible situations to achieve an acceptable solution.
2. Analysing the problem: Problem analysis and its requirements must be done to
have an impact on the resulting solution.
3. Identification of solutions: This step generates a number of solutions to the
given problem falling in a particular range.
4. Choosing a solution: The best solution is chosen from the identified solutions
to achieve the target.
5. Implementing: After choosing the best solution, you need to implement the chosen
solution to solve the problem.

Limitations of AI
Limitations of Al
Despite its advantages, every technology also has some limitations as well. The
following limitations can be found when creating AI systems:
1. Developing Al enabled systems is very expensive.
2. Programming or training these systems can be very difficult.
3. There is a lack of feelings, emotions and creativity in these systems.
4. Dependency on machines increases as Al develops.

CH – 10
Computer Viruses
What a computer virus can’t do
How does computer virus spread
Types of computer virus
Other Harmful programs
Protection against computer virus