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Generations of Computer

The document outlines the characteristics and architecture of computers, highlighting their speed, accuracy, and storage capabilities. It details the evolution of computers through five generations, from vacuum tubes in the first generation to ultra-large-scale integration and artificial intelligence in the fifth generation. Additionally, it describes the main components of a computer, including the input unit, CPU, memory unit, and output unit.

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kamakshi.rani
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4 views24 pages

Generations of Computer

The document outlines the characteristics and architecture of computers, highlighting their speed, accuracy, and storage capabilities. It details the evolution of computers through five generations, from vacuum tubes in the first generation to ultra-large-scale integration and artificial intelligence in the fifth generation. Additionally, it describes the main components of a computer, including the input unit, CPU, memory unit, and output unit.

Uploaded by

kamakshi.rani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer
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1. Speed: As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that
we take hours to complete.
2. Accuracy: Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.
3. Diligence: A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for
hours without creating any error.
4. Power of Remembering: Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data.
Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years.
5. No IQ: Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the
user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what
you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can.
6. No Feeling: It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does
not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users.
7. Storage: The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You
can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your
computer and can be carried to other computers.
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Architecture of Computer
Modern-day computers follow the Von Neumann architecture, which was first published
by John von Neumann in 1915. The basic architecture of a computer is as follows
1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit - Control Unit & Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
3. Memory Unit
4. Output Unit
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1. Input Unit: They are the secondary storage devices that can be used to insert/read data
or program into the main memory of the computer. Example: Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball,
Joystick, Scanners, Microphone, Webcam, Barcode readers, Touch Screen, Optical mark
reader (OMR), Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR), etc.

2. Central Processing Unit: It is the main processor that controls all data processing
activities of a computer. It is known as the "Brain of the Computer." It stores data,
intermediate results, and instructions(program). The CPU consists of two units

▪ Control Unit: controls the data transfer and instructions among other units of a
computer without involving in the data processing activities. It communicates with
the input, output and memory units by fetching codes for instruction.
▪ ALU: Part of CPU that handles both arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, etc and the logical operations such as comparison and selection of data.
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3. Memory Unit: It stores and supplies all the needed data, instructions, intermediate
results, and programs on a priority basis for the proper functioning of a computer.

4. Output Unit: These devices are used to output the final result processed by the
computer to the user. Example: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Plotter, Head Phone, Projector
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Computers are considered to be the greatest invention of all time. Charles Benjamin
Babbage is known as "The Father of Computer".

Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical computer. The invention of the
mechanical computer is one of the great inventions.

The phase in which computers are designed and developed is called "Generations of
Computers".
First Generation Computers (1946-1959) JRFAdda
The main features of first generation are:
➢ Vacuum tube technology
➢ Unreliable
➢ Supported machine language only
➢ Very costly
➢ Generated lot of heat
➢ Slow input and output devices
➢ Huge size
➢ Need of A.C.
➢ Non-portable
➢ Consumed lot of electricity.
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Main electronic component Vacuum tube.


Programming language Machine language.
Magnetic tapes and
Main memory
magnetic drums.
Paper tape and
Input/output devices
punched cards.
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Second Generation of Computers (1959-1965)
The main features of second generation are:
➢ Use of transistors
➢ Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
➢ Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
➢ Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
➢ Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
➢ Faster than first generation computers
➢ Still very costly
➢ A.C. needed
➢ Supported machine and assembly languages
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Main electronic
Transistor.
component
Machine language and
Programming language
assembly language.
Magnetic core and
Memory
magnetic tape/disk.
Magnetic tape and
Input/output devices
punched cards.
Third Generation of Computers (1965-1971) JRFAdda
The main features of third generation are:
➢ IC used
➢ More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
➢ Smaller size
➢ Generated less heat
➢ Faster
➢ Lesser maintenance
➢ Still costly
➢ A.C needed
➢ Consumed lesser electricity
➢ Supported high-level language
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Main electronic Integrated circuits


component (ICs)
Programming language High-level language
Large magnetic core,
Memory
magnetic tape/disk
Magnetic tape,
Input / output devices monitor, keyboard,
printer, etc.
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Fourth Generation of Computers (1971-1980)
The main features of fourth generation are:
➢ VLSI technology used
➢ Very cheap
➢ Portable and reliable
➢ Use of PC’s
➢ Very small size
➢ Pipeline processing
➢ A.C. needed
➢ Concept of internet was introduced
➢ Great developments in the fields of networks
➢ Computers became easily available
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Very large-scale integration (VLSI)


Main electronic and the microprocessor (VLSI has
component thousands of transistors on a single
microchip).
semiconductor memory (such as
Memory
RAM, ROM, etc.)
pointing devices, optical scanning,
Input/output devices
keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.
Examples of fourth IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II,
generation Apple Macintosh, Alter 8800, etc.
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Fifth Generation of Computers (1980-till date)
The main features of fifth generation are:
➢ ULSI technology
➢ Development of true artificial intelligence
➢ Development of Natural language processing
➢ Advancement in Parallel Processing
➢ Advancement in Superconductor technology
➢ More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
➢ Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
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Based on artificial intelligence, uses the


Main electronic Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI)
component: technology and parallel processing
method
Understand natural language (human
Language:
language).
Size: Portable and small in size.
Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen,
Input / output pen, speech input (recognize
device: voice/speech), light scanner, printer,
keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc.
Example of fifth Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones,
generation: etc.
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