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Introduction to JavaScript Programming with XML and PHP 1st Edition Drake Solutions Manual PDF Download Full Book with All Chapters

The document provides links to download various test banks and solution manuals, including for 'Introduction to JavaScript Programming with XML and PHP' and other subjects. It also includes checkpoints and code examples related to JavaScript programming concepts. Additionally, it discusses different species of rhinoceroses, their habitats, characteristics, and behaviors.

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46 views

Introduction to JavaScript Programming with XML and PHP 1st Edition Drake Solutions Manual PDF Download Full Book with All Chapters

The document provides links to download various test banks and solution manuals, including for 'Introduction to JavaScript Programming with XML and PHP' and other subjects. It also includes checkpoints and code examples related to JavaScript programming concepts. Additionally, it discusses different species of rhinoceroses, their habitats, characteristics, and behaviors.

Uploaded by

tobinhoethw0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Checkpoint Solutions

Checkpoint for Section 6.1

6.1 Yes, but not nested


6.2 submit and reset
6.3 <input type="reset" value="let me start over">
6.4 <input type="submit" value ="send it off!">
6.5 <html>
<head>
<title>Checkpoint 6.5</title>
</head>
<body>
<form name = "problems" method = "post" action =
"mailto:[email protected]" enctype = "text/plain">
</form>
</body>
</html>

6.6 A CGI script is a program that tells the computer what to do with form data that is sent to it. It is
stored on a web server, in a cgi-bin folder.

Checkpoint for Section 6.2

6.7 All the names are different. For a radio button group to work, each button must have the same name as
the others.
6.8 function checkIt()
{ document.getElementById("agree").checked = true }

6.9 Textboxes can only have widths configured; textarea boxes can be set to however many rows
and columns are desired.
6.10
<html><head><title>Checkpoint 6.10</title>
<script>
function firstName(name)
{
var fname = document.getElementById(name).value;
document.getElementById('f_name').innerHTML = fname;
}
function lastName(name)
{
var lname = document.getElementById(name).value;
document.getElementById('l_name').innerHTML = lname;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Enter your first name:<br />
<input type="text" name="firstname" size = "30" maxlength = "28"
id="firstname">
<input type ="button" onclick="firstName('firstname')" value =
"ok"></button></p>
<p>Enter your last name:<br />
<input type="text" name="lastname" size = "30" maxlength = "29"
id="lastname">
<input type ="button" onclick="lastName('lastname')" value = 
"ok"></button></p>
<h3>Your first name: <span id = "f_name">&nbsp;</span> </h3>
<h3>Your last name: <span id = "l_name">&nbsp;</span> </h3>
</body></html>

6.11
<form name="myform" method="post" enctype="text/plain" action = 
"mailto:[email protected]?Here is the requested 
information&[email protected]">

6.12 Each control in the email is identified by its name. The user's selection is listed by the form
control's value.
Checkpoint for Section 6.3
6.13 answers will vary
6.14 add to web page <body>:
<input type ="hidden" name ="sides" id ="sides" value = "add lemon wedge
with salmon, ketchup with fries, dressing with salad " />

6.15 middle = username.substr(4,2);


6.16 var nameLength = username.length;
endChar = username.substr((nameLength – 1), 1);

6.17
<script>
function showWord(pword)
{
var username = document.getElementById(pword).value;
var nameLength = username.length;
var charOne = username.substr(0,1);
var charEnd = username.substr((nameLength - 1),1);
var middleLength = nameLength - 2;
var middle = "";
for (i = 0; i <= middleLength; i++)
middle = middle + "*";
var word = charOne + middle + charEnd;
alert(word);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3> Enter a password in the box below. </h3>
<p><input type="password" name="user_pwrd" id="passwrd" size =
""/>
<input type ="button" onclick="showWord('passwrd')" value =
"ok"></button></p>
</body>

6.18
<script>
function checkAmp(pword)
{
var checkSpecial = false;
var pword = document.getElementById(pword).value;
var nameLength = pword.length;
for (i = 1; i <= (nameLength - 1); i++)
{
if (pword.charCodeAt(i) == 38)
checkSpecial = true;
}
if (checkSpecial == false)
alert("You don't have an ampersand (&) in your password.");
else
alert("Ampersand (&) found!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3> Enter a password in the box below. </h3>
<p><input type="password" name="user_pwrd" id="passwrd" size = ""/>
<input type ="button" onclick="checkAmp('passwrd')" value =
"ok"></button></p>
</body>

Checkpoint for Section 6.4


6.19 size
6.20 multiple
6.21 size = "1"
6.22 answers will vary
6.23 answers will vary
6.24
<select multiple = "multiple" name="cars" size = "2" id="cars">
<option>Ford</option>
<option>Chevrolet</option>
<option>Kia</option>
<option>Lexus</option>
<option>Mercedes Benz</option>
<option>Honda</option>
</select>
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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Of the three Asiatic species, two, the Indian and the Javan, are one-
horned, and have a single pair of broad incisor teeth in the upper
jaw, and a pair of sharp-edged and pointed tusks in the lower, the
nasal bones being long and narrow, and terminating in a point. In
both these species the skin is hairless (except for tufts or fringes at
the extremity of the tail and on the edges of the ears), and is
arranged in shield-like folds over the body. The arrangement of
these folds, however, differs somewhat in the two species, and the
large round tubercles with which the skin of the great Indian
rhinoceros is profusely studded are wanting in the Javan species.

The Indian Rhinoceros inhabits the Terai at the foot of the Himalaya
from Bhutan to Nepal, and is said to be very abundant in Assam and
the Bhutan Dooars. It frequents swampy ground, and lives amongst
jungles and dense growths of reeds and grass, which attain a height
sometimes of 20 feet, and cover vast areas of ground in the valley of
the Brahmaputra and other rivers.

Owing to the nature of the country in which it lives, the Indian


rhinoceros cannot often be hunted with much prospect of success,
except with the aid of elephants, which sagacious animals are not
only employed to carry the hunters, but are also used to beat the
great grass jungles in which the rhinoceroses lie hidden, and drive
them towards the guns.

Despite its great size and strength, the Indian rhinoceros seems to
be regarded as, in general, a timid and inoffensive animal, and even
when wounded it seldom charges home. Elephants, however, appear
to be as a rule nervous when in the near proximity of rhinoceroses,
perhaps objecting to the smell of those animals. When the Indian
rhinoceros does make good its charge against either man or
elephant, it cuts and rips its enemy with its teeth, and makes little
use of its horn as an offensive weapon.
The Indian rhinoceros is said to live principally, if not entirely, on
grass and reeds. As a rule it is a solitary animal, but sometimes
several are found living in a comparatively small extent of grass-
covered plain.

Large males of this species will stand from 5 feet 9 inches to 6 feet
at the shoulder, and they are enormously bulky. Both sexes carry
well-developed horns, which, however, do not usually attain a length
of upwards of 12 inches. There is a specimen in the British Museum
measuring 19 inches, and it is believed that in very exceptional
instances a length of 2 feet has been attained.

The Javan Rhinoceros, though it has been called the Lesser Indian
Rhinoceros, is said by a late authority—Mr. C. E. M. Russell—to stand
about the same height at the shoulder as the Indian species. It is
found in the Sunderbunds of Eastern Bengal, and has been met with
in the Sikhim Terai and in Assam, ranging eastwards through Burma
and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

Photo by W. P. Dando]
HAIRY-EARED [Regent's Park.
SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS.
This species is found in Eastern
Bengal and in the Malay Peninsula
and adjacent large islands.
Photo by J. W. McLellan]
GREAT INDIAN [Highbury.
RHINOCEROS.
The largest land mammal of the East
after the elephant.

But little appears to be known of the habits of this species of


rhinoceros. Although it is found in the swampy grass-covered plains
of the Sunderbunds, its more usual habitat seems to be hilly forest-
covered country, and both in Burma and Java it ascends to a height
of several thousand feet above sea-level. It feeds principally upon
leaves and the young shoots of trees and bushes. In disposition it is
timid and inoffensive. Only the male carries a horn, which, being
very short, is a very poor trophy for a sportsman.

The third Asiatic species of rhinoceros, known as the Sumatran, is the


smallest of all living rhinoceroses. This species carries two horns,
and its skin, which is very rough, is usually thinly covered with hair
of a dark brown colour and of considerable length. The folds in the
skin of the Sumatran rhinoceros are not nearly so well developed as
in its single-horned relatives, and the one behind the shoulders is
alone continued over the back. Although furnished with tusks in the
lower jaw, the small pair of incisor teeth, which in the other two
Asiatic rhinoceroses are always present in front of these tusks, are
wanting in the Sumatran species.

Photo by York & Son]


[Notting Hill.
GREAT INDIAN
RHINOCEROS.
This species inhabits the grass
jungles of North-eastern India.

The Sumatran rhinoceros is rare in Assam, but is found in Burma


and the Malay Peninsula, as well as in Siam, Sumatra, and Borneo.
The two horns of this species are placed at some distance apart.
Although they are as a rule very short, the front horn occasionally
grows to a considerable length, sweeping backwards in a graceful
curve.

In height adult males of the Sumatran species stand on the average


from 4 feet to 4½ feet at the shoulder, and females sometimes not
more than 3 feet 8 inches.

Like the Javan rhinoceros, the Sumatran species is by preference an


inhabitant of hilly, forest-covered country, and browses on the leaves
and shoots of trees and bushes. It is a timid and inoffensive animal,
soon becoming tame in captivity. Its flesh is said to be much
appreciated by the Dyaks of Borneo; and as its horns are of value for
export to China, where they are used for medicinal purposes, it has
of late years very much decreased in numbers in the province of
Sarawak, but is more plentiful in Central and North Borneo. Living as
it does in dense jungle, it is an animal which is seldom seen by
European sportsmen, and its habits in a wild state have never been
yet very closely studied.

Turning to the two species of rhinoceros which inhabit the continent


of Africa, both are double-horned, and neither furnished with incisor
teeth, the nasal bones being thick, rounded, and truncated in front.
Both, too, are smooth-skinned and entirely hairless, except on the
edge of the ears and extremity of the tail, which are fringed or
tufted.

Of the two African species, the White or Square-mouthed Rhinoceros is


the larger and the rarer. Until quite recently the range of this huge
ungainly-looking animal, the biggest of all terrestrial mammals after
the elephant, was supposed to be entirely confined to the southern
portions of the African Continent; for although from time to time
horns had found their way to Zanzibar which seemed referable to
the square-mouthed rhinoceros, the fact of the existence of the
white rhinoceros in any part of Africa north of the Zambesi remained
in doubt until a female was shot in the year 1900, in the
neighbourhood of Lado, on the Upper Nile, by Captain A. St. H.
Gibbons, who brought its skin, skull, and horns to England. The fact,
however, that the white rhinoceros has never been encountered by
any other traveller in Central Africa seems to show that the animal is
either very rare in those districts, or that it has an exceedingly
limited range.

Photo by C. B. Hausburg, Esq.


BLACK AFRICAN RHINOCEROSES.
A splendid snapshot of two black African
rhinoceroses taken on the open veldt. They
were afterwards shot by the party.

Photo by C. B. Hausburg, Esq.


ONE OF THE SAME RHINOCEROSES
DEAD.
This picture gives some idea of the
size of the commonest surviving
species.

In the early years of the nineteenth century the square-mouthed or


white rhinoceros was found in large numbers over the whole of
South Africa from the Orange River to the Zambesi, except in the
waterless portions of the Kalahari Desert, or those parts of the
country which are covered with rugged stony hills or dense jungle.

Speaking of his journey in 1837 through the western part of what is


now the Transvaal Colony, Captain (afterwards Sir) Cornwallis Harris
wrote: "On our way from the waggons to a hill not half a mile
distant, we counted no less than twenty-two of the white species of
rhinoceros, and were compelled in self-defence to slaughter four. On
one occasion I was besieged in a bush by three at once, and had no
little difficulty in beating off the assailants." Even so lately as thirty
years ago the white rhinoceros was still to be met with in fair
numbers in Ovampoland and other districts of Western South Africa,
whilst it was quite plentiful in all the uninhabited parts of Eastern
South Africa from Zululand to the Zambesi. In 1872 and 1873, whilst
elephant-hunting in the uninhabited parts of Matabililand, I
encountered white rhinoceroses almost daily, and often saw several
in one day. At the present time, however, unless it should prove to
be numerous in some as yet unexplored districts of North Central
Africa, this strange and interesting animal must be counted one of
the rarest of existing mammals, and in Southern Africa I fear it must
soon become extinct. A few still exist amongst the wild loquat groves
of Northern Mashonaland, and there are also a few surviving in
Zululand; but I fear that even with the most rigid protection they are
too few in number to restock the country. They have a better
chance, I think, of increasing in numbers in Zululand than in
Mashonaland, in which latter country it is at present impossible to
afford them any protection either from natives or Europeans.

Photo by J. W. McLellan] [Highbury.


RHINOCEROS BATHING.
All the Asiatic species of rhinoceros are
fond of bathing and wallowing in mud.

A full-grown bull white rhinoceros stands from 6 feet 6 inches to 6


feet 9 inches at the shoulder, and is very massively built, with short,
stout legs. The head is very much elongated, and the mouth square,
like that of an ox. When white rhinoceroses were still plentiful, very
considerable differences were observable in the length and shape of
their horns. The anterior horns of full-grown bulls might measure
from 18 inches to 40 inches in length; those of cows from 24 inches
to 60 inches. The longest horn known—that of a cow—which was
brought from South Africa by the well-known hunter the late
Roualeyn Gordon Cumming, measures 62½ inches over the curve.
As a rule, the front horn of the white rhinoceros curved slightly
backwards, but was often straight or bent slightly forwards, and
sometimes curved strongly backwards. The posterior horn varied
from a few inches to 2 feet in length.

The white rhinoceros lived in families, usually a bull, cow, and calf
being found together; but there might be two or even three calves
of different ages, and of which the youngest alone would be
suckling, living with the father and mother. In the early South African
spring (September and October), when the young green herbage
was just sprouting after the first rains, two or three families of white
rhinoceroses might be seen feeding in close proximity, presenting
the appearance of a herd; but I fancy the several families of these
animals had only been brought together for the sake of the young
green grass. In Southern Africa the white rhinoceros lived entirely on
grass, and I have never seen any evidence of their having eaten
anything else. When either walking, trotting, or galloping, the white
rhinoceros always carried its nose close to the ground. A calf always
preceded its mother, and she appeared to guide it by holding the
point of her horn on the little creature's rump; and in all changes of
pace, no matter how sudden, this position was always maintained.
The white rhinoceros was easily killed by a shot through the heart or
through both lungs, but would travel very long distances, and
probably, as a rule, ultimately recover from wounds in other parts of
the body. They could travel at a great rate and for a considerable
distance with a broken fore leg or shoulder, but if a hind leg were
broken they were rendered almost immediately helpless. In
disposition they were sluggish and inoffensive animals, lying asleep
in the shade of trees or bushes during the heat of the day, and
coming to the water to drink at night or often before sundown in
parts of the country where they had not been much molested. When
disturbed, white rhinoceroses would go off at a swift trot, but if
chased on horseback would break into a gallop, which they were
capable of maintaining for a considerable distance, and at a
wonderful pace for so large and heavy an animal. The meat of the
white rhinoceros was most excellent, the part in greatest favour
amongst hunters being the hump on the back of the neck in front of
the shoulder, which was cut off whole and roasted in the skin in a
hole dug in the ground.

The colour of the so-called white rhinoceros is dark grey. The second
species of African rhinoceros, which is also dark grey in colour, is
known as the Black or Prehensile-lipped Rhinoceros.

Less than a hundred years ago the range of this fast-disappearing


species extended from the north-western districts of the Cape
Colony to Abyssinia, and at that time it must have been plentiful
over almost the whole of the intervening country. It never seems to
have penetrated into the equatorial forest regions of West Central
Africa, where the climate is probably too damp to suit its
requirements; for both species of African rhinoceros appear to like a
dry climate, and not to object to very arid surroundings. At the same
time they never wander many miles from a river or pool, and drink
regularly every night, and in hot weather probably very often a
second time in the early morning.

In Southern Africa the black rhinoceros appears to attain to a larger


size than in the countries farther north. To the south of the Zambesi
large bulls of this species will stand 5 feet 8 inches at the shoulder;
whilst the height of an adult bull, as taken by Mr. F. Jackson at
Naivasha, in East Africa, was 5 feet 5 inches; and Mr. A. H. Neumann
gives the standing height of another adult bull shot by himself still
farther north, near Lake Rudolph, as only 4 feet 9 inches.
Photo by Norman B. Smith, Esq.
BLACK AFRICAN RHINOCEROS.
This photograph, taken by a sportsman in
Africa, shows a charging rhinoceros just before
it was shot.

It is now generally recognised that there is but one species of


prehensile-lipped rhinoceros in Africa, though the horns, and
especially the hinder one, differ in length and shape to such an
extent that it was long thought that there were at least two distinct
species, those with both horns of equal or nearly equal length
having been distinguished from the more common form, with a
comparatively short second horn, as the Keitloa, this being the name
in the Sechuana dialect for a prehensile-lipped rhinoceros with horns
of equal length. Speaking on this subject, Mr. A. H. Neumann, who
has had great experience with the black rhinoceros in East Africa,
writes: "Length of horn is a purely fortuitous individual trait; and the
extremely long horns (mostly of females) which have occasionally
been obtained from traders on the east coast, and brought home,
are merely exceptionally fine specimens, selected from among large
numbers brought to the coast (the bulk of which, I am told, go to
China to be ground up into medicine), and do not belong to any
distinct species, nor come from any particular region. In proof of this
contention I may mention that I have a 40-inch horn, the owner of
which I myself shot at the northern base of the Jambeni Range
(near Kenia), in a neighbourhood where I hunted a great deal and
saw great numbers of rhinos, and shot a good many. The vast
majority have quite short horns—under a foot—and anything over 18
inches is uncommon, while a length of 30 inches or upwards is
extremely rare." The black rhinoceros, I believe, never eats grass,
but browses on the young shoots of trees and bushes, which are
often quite leafless and seem excessively dry. In this way it chews
up and swallows great quantities of dry-looking twigs, much of
which passes through its stomach undigested.

Photo by York & Son]


[Notting Hill.
SUMATRAN
RHINOCEROS.
This species of rhinoceros is the
smallest of the three Oriental forms.
It has two horns.

There has been a good deal of controversy as to the character and


disposition of the black rhinoceros, some hunters and travellers
regarding it as most dangerous and aggressive, whilst others are
inclined to take an almost opposite view. That some black
rhinoceroses are certainly aggressive and therefore dangerous
animals, the experiences of C. J. Anderson and W. Cotton Oswell in
South Africa many years ago, and of many travellers and hunters in
East Africa during the last few years, certainly prove beyond a
doubt; and as one never knows that any particular rhinoceros, when
encountered, may not prove to be a vicious brute, a certain amount
of caution should be employed in approaching one of these animals.
In my own experience I always found that black rhinoceroses ran off
at once on getting the wind of a human being; whilst, on the other
hand, if they only heard one approaching, they would come towards
the noise, and I have often known them to trot up to within twenty
yards of where I was standing, snorting and puffing loudly; but as
these animals always turned round and went off eventually without
charging, I came to the conclusion that they were inquisitive and
very short-sighted rather than vicious. When fired into, a black
rhinoceros goes off at a gallop—his usual pace, when alarmed, being
a very fast trot—puffing and snorting loudly. He can gallop at a very
great pace, considering his size and weight; but a South African
shooting-pony can easily come up with him, or get away from him if
pursued. In death a black rhinoceros will often sink down on its
knees, and remain in that position, looking as if it were simply
resting. When dying, it often gives vent to a pitiful squeal, the sound
seeming very small and thin for so large a beast. The meat of the
black rhinoceros is not ill-flavoured, and, if fat, very palatable; but as
a rule these animals are very lean, and their flesh tough and coarse.
The tongue, however, if well cooked, is always good; and the liver, if
first roasted under the ashes, and then, after being beaten up in a
native wooden mortar, cooked with rice and fat, makes a dish which
is good enough for a hungry man.

During the making of the Uganda Railway the engineers came upon
something like a preserve of this species of rhinoceros, especially in
the thick and waterless thorn jungle near the coast. The rhinoceros
was almost the only animal, except the lion, which was able to
penetrate the bush. As many as five of these animals were seen in
one day when the line was being made; they did no injury to the
coolies, other than by frightening them, and appeared to be stupid
and by no means vigilant animals, perhaps because no other
creature attacked them. The lion never meddles with a grown-up
rhinoceros, though it might and probably does kill a calf occasionally,
when the latter is no larger than a full-grown pig. The horns of some
of these East African black rhinoceroses were of unusual length and
thinness.
CHAPTER XII.
THE HORSE TRIBE.

ZEBRAS AND WILD ASSES.

BY F. C. SELOUS.

Zebras.

The Zebras have many points in common with the asses, from which
latter group of animals they are principally distinguished by their
beautifully striped skins. Both asses and zebras carry short, erect
manes, and in both the upper portion of the tail is free from long
hair. In both groups there are naked callosities on the fore legs only,
whilst the head is larger in proportion to the size of the animal, and
the ears longer than in the horse. In Burchell's and Grevy's Zebras the
hoof is intermediate between that of the horse and the ass; for
although narrower than the hoof of the horse, it is broader and more
rounded than that of the ass. In the True Zebra, however, the hoof is
thoroughly asinine in character, and the ears very long.
Photo by G. W. Wilson & Co., Ltd.]
[Aberdeen.
MOUNTAIN-ZEBRA.
The true or mountain zebra is now
becoming scarcer than formerly. At
one time it was to be seen in great
numbers on the mountains of Cape
Colony.

The True or Mountain Zebra appears never to have had a very


extended range. It was once an inhabitant of all the mountainous
regions of the Cape Colony as well as of the great Drakensberg
Range, and fifty years ago was also found amongst the rugged hills
of Great Namaqualand. The mountain-zebra is the smallest of the
group, standing only from 12 to 12½ hands at the shoulder. It is a
most beautiful animal, the whole of the head, body, and limbs, with
the exception of the under-parts and the insides of the thighs, being
striped. The ground-colour of the body is white, the stripes being
black and the muzzle bright brown. Both hind and fore legs are
banded down to the hoofs. The stripes on the neck and body are
narrower and more numerous than in Burchell's zebra, and on the
hindquarters the median stripe, which runs down the centre of the
back from the mane to the tail, is connected with the uppermost of
the oblique longitudinal stripes by a series of short horizontal bars.
The ears in this species are much larger than in Burchell's zebra.
Photo by W. P. Dando] [Regent's Park.
GREVY'S ZEBRA.
This species of zebra comes from the Galla
country, and has narrower and more
numerous stripes than the mountain-
zebra.

The true zebra seems never to have been an inhabitant of the


plains, like all its congeners, but to have confined its range entirely
to mountainous districts. Speaking on this point, Captain (afterwards
Sir) Cornwallis Harris wrote upwards of sixty years ago: "This
beautiful and wary animal never of its own free will descends into
the plain, as erroneously asserted by all naturalists, and it therefore
never herds with either of its congeners, the quagga and Burchell's
zebra, whose habitat is equally limited to the open and level
lowlands. Seeking the wildest and most sequestered spots, the
haughty troops are exceedingly difficult of approach, as well on
account of their watchful habits and extreme agility and fleetness of
foot, as from the abrupt and inaccessible nature of their highland
abode."

An allied species, of which examples have been obtained by Mr. G.


W. Penrice, occurs in Benguela, Portuguese West Africa.

I once saw the carcase of a zebra stallion which had been sent by
rail to the Cape Town Museum by a farmer living in the
neighbourhood of the village of Worcester. This animal had come
down from the mountains, and joined a troop of donkeys running on
the farm. Its intrusion was, however, resented by a male donkey,
which fought with and overpowered it, and, having seized it with its
teeth by the back of the neck, held it fast until it was secured by the
farmer and his men. The captured animal, however, refused food,
and soon died, when its carcase was sent to the Cape Museum for
preservation.

Grevy's Zebra is the largest and perhaps the handsomest of all the
zebras. This fine animal is an inhabitant of Eastern Africa, its range
extending from the central portion of Somaliland southwards to the
Tana River. It appears to be plentiful in the country between Mount
Kenia and Lake Rudolph, but has not, I believe, been met with to the
west of that lake. Full-grown specimens of Grevy's zebra will stand
from 14½ to 15 hands at the shoulder, with a girth of body
immediately behind the shoulders of nearly 5 feet. The arrangement
of the stripes in this species differs considerably both from that of
the mountain-zebra of the Cape Colony and also from Burchell's
zebra. The body-stripes are very narrow, numerous, and deep black
in colour, and are separated by equally narrow white bands. The
longitudinal stripes on the haunches are also shorter and finer than
in any other species of zebra, and on the top of the quarters there is
a white unstriped space on each side of the median line which runs
down the centre of the back from the neck to the tail. The belly and
insides of the thighs are white, and the legs banded right down to
the hoofs as in the mountain-zebra, and the ears are as large as in
that species.
Photo by Percy Ashenden.
BURCHELL'S ZEBRA AT HOME.
This excellent photograph was taken
in South Africa, and shows these
animals in their native state.

Grevy's zebra is, as a rule, an inhabitant of open or thinly wooded


country, and it appears to avoid anything in the nature of thick cover.
In Central Somaliland Major Swayne met with it on low plateaux
some 2,500 feet above sea-level, the sides of which fell in broken
ravines to the river-valleys. This country is described as broken and
hilly, and here Grevy's zebras were met with in small droves of about
half a dozen. In the country between Mount Kenia and Lake
Rudolph, Mr. A. H. Neumann frequently met with herds of Grevy's
and Burchell's zebras consorting together. The contrast between the
two species when thus seen side by side was very marked, the
former animals looking like horses among a flock of ponies. Mr.
Neumann never observed stallions of the two species fighting
together, but on the other hand he states that the stallions of the
larger species fight viciously amongst themselves for possession of
the mares. Grevy's zebras seem never to collect in large herds, more
than twenty, or at the outside thirty, being very seldom seen
together.
Photo by J. T. Newman] [Berkhamsted.
THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD'S TEAM OF
ZEBRAS.
Mr. Rothschild was practically the first
Englishman to break in zebras to harness. At
one time these animals were thought to be
quite untamable.

Although this species is an inhabitant of arid plains and bare stony


hills where the herbage is short, it requires to drink daily, and is
never therefore found at any great distance from water.

The cry of Grevy's zebra is stated to be quite different from that of


Burchell's. Mr. Neumann describes it as a very hoarse kind of grunt,
varied by something approaching to a whistle, the grunts being long
drawn out, and divided by the shrill whistling sound, as if the latter
were made by drawing in the breath which had been expelled during
the sustained grunt.

Like all other species of the genus to which they belong, Grevy's
zebras, especially the mares when in foal, become very fat at certain
seasons of the year, and their flesh is much appreciated both by
natives and lions, the latter preying on them and their smaller
congeners, Burchell's zebras, in preference to any other animal, now
that the rinderpest has almost exterminated the great herds of
buffalo which once roamed in countless numbers all over East
Central Africa.
Burchell's Zebra once inhabited the whole of South-western, South-
eastern, Central, and Eastern Africa from the Orange River to Lake
Rudolph; and though it has long ceased to exist in the more
southerly portions of its range, it is still the most numerous and the
best known of all the species of zebra.

Photo by Charles Reid, Wishaw, N.B.


HIGHLAND CATTLE.
These magnificent cattle are bred in large numbers in
the Scottish Highlands, whence they are brought to
the richer pastures of England to fatten for the
market.

The typical form of this species was first met with early last century
by Dr. Burchell in Southern Bechuanaland. In this form the legs are
white below the knees and hocks, and the body-stripes do not join
the median stripe of the belly. In examples met with farther north
the legs are striped down to the hoofs and the body-stripes join the
belly-stripe. South of the Zambesi all forms of Burchell's zebra seem
to have faint markings, known as shadow-stripes, on the pale yellow
ground-colour of the spaces between the broad black stripes. North
of the Zambesi varieties are met with in which these shadow-stripes
are wanting. As, however, the differences between all the various
sub-species of Burchell's zebra are superficial and not structural, and
as, moreover, the habits of these animals seem to be the same in
every part of their widely extended range, I shall henceforth speak
of them as one species.
Burchell's zebra is without the small horizontal bars on the
hindquarters, which in the mountain-zebra connect the dorsal stripe
with the uppermost of the broad longitudinal bands running across
the flanks. Its ears, too, are smaller than in the latter species, and
its mane fuller. In size Burchell's zebra is intermediate between the
mountain-zebra and Grevy's zebra, standing from thirteen to thirteen
and a half hands at the shoulder.

By permission of Mr. William Cross]


[Liverpool.
BURCHELL'S ZEBRA, CHAPMAN'S
VARIETY.
This zebra is one of several trained in Mr. Cross's
well-known establishment at Liverpool. Mr. Cross
has been very successful in breaking in zebras,
and is frequently to be seen driving a pair about
Liverpool.

Where they have not been shot down, Burchell's zebras often live in
large herds of from fifty to over a hundred together. I have met with
them almost at the level of the sea, as in the Pungwe district of
South-east Africa, and all over the high plateaux of the interior up to
a height of 5,000 feet above sea-level. They are partial to sparsely
forested country intersected by open glades, but also frequent open
plains entirely devoid of trees or bush, having been once numerous
on the open downs of the Western Transvaal and Orange River
Colony. They never live in dense jungle, but I have met with them
frequently amongst broken rugged hills. Burchell's zebras are both
fleet and enduring, but I have often galloped right amongst a herd
of them when mounted on a fast horse, and in good ground. In
broken, hilly, and stony ground, however, no horse can live with a
Burchell's zebra. The hoofs of this species seem made for running in
rocky ground, being deeply hollowed and as hard as iron.

I have always found the presence of Burchell's zebras a sure


indication that water was not far distant, and it is my experience that
these animals require to drink daily, and never wander more than a
few miles away from the pool or river they frequent.

Photo by York & Son] [Notting Hill.


MARE AND FOAL OF BURCHELL'S ZEBRA.
These animals breed regularly in captivity.

This species of zebra may often be seen in Southern Africa in


company with other animals, such as buffaloes, blue wildebeests,
elands, gemsbucks, roan and sassaby antelopes, and ostriches, and
I have upon several occasions seen them come up to domestic cattle
and horses. They are naturally not very wary, and in parts of the
country where they have not been much molested are often very
inquisitive, and will come trotting quite close up to a caravan,
provided they do not get the scent of human beings. Foals of this
species are easily caught, and become at once very tame and
confiding; nor do I believe that adult Burchell's zebras are such
vicious animals as is generally supposed, since I have seen several
which were very quiet and well broken, whilst even the half-broken
animals, which were at one time used on one of the coach-lines in
the Transvaal, did not appear very vicious.
As with Grevy's zebra, the flesh of the species under consideration is
much appreciated both by natives and lions. I have often seen the
fat on the quarters of the mares quite an inch thick. It is of a dark
yellow colour, and too rich to suit the stomach of a European. The
meat is rather sweet in taste, but if fried with bacon not at all
unpalatable.

Photo by Norman B. Smith,


Esq.

BURCHELL'S ZEBRA.
This species is occasionally
domesticated and driven in
South Africa, as it is not injured
by the tsetse fly.

Professor Ewart has lately carried out a very interesting series of


experiments on the hybridising of zebras and horses. The results
were very satisfactory. The zebra cross proved to be very hardy
creatures, capable of wintering in the open on the hills of Scotland.
The scientific data obtained were of singular value, as showing the
effect of crossbreeding on subsequent generations of foals of the
same mother. It has long been believed that the influence of the first
sire was seen in foals of which other animals were subsequently the
fathers. Thus, if a white mare threw a foal to a black stallion, it was
considered that her subsequent progeny would occasionally be
black, and instances were freely quoted to support this theory. The
scientific name of "telegony" was given to this supposed influence of
previous sires on future offspring. Professor Ewart's experiments, in
which pony mares were first mated with a zebra and afterwards with
horses, show that this theory of telegony is erroneous. The foals
sired afterwards by ponies and horses showed no trace whatever of
zebra stripes, but were normal pony foals, and not altered either in
shape or disposition.

The Quagga, which became extinct about thirty years ago, never had
a very extended range, but in the early part of the last century it
existed in great numbers on all the upland plains of the Cape Colony
to the west of the Kei River, and in the open treeless country lying
between the Orange and Vaal Rivers. North of the Vaal it appears to
have been unknown.

Photo by Percy Ashenden.


ZEBRAS ON TABLE MOUNTAIN.
Another South African photograph. Notice
Cape Town in the far distance.
Photo by York & Son] [Notting Hill.
QUAGGA.
This is, we believe, the only known
photograph from life of this very rare
animal. There will probably never be
another, for the quagga is generally
supposed to be extinct.

The quagga seems to have been nearly allied to Burchell's zebra—


especially to the most southerly form of that species—but was much
darker in general colour, being of a dark rufous brown on the neck
and upper-parts of the body, becoming lighter on the sides, and
fading off to white beneath and behind. Instead of being striped,
too, over the whole body, it was only strongly banded on the head
and neck, the dark brown stripes becoming fainter on the shoulders
and dying away in spots and blotches. On the other hand, in size
and build, in the appearance of its mane, ears, and tail, and in
general habits, it seems to have nearly resembled its handsomer
relative. The barking neigh "quā-hā-hā, quā-hā-hā" seems, too, to
have been the same in both species. The word "quagga" is
pronounced in South Africa "quā-hā," and is of Hottentot origin,
being an imitation of the animal's neighing call. To-day Burchell's
zebras are invariably called Quā-hās by both Boers and British
colonists.

Wild Asses.
The true asses are without stripes on the head, neck, and body, with
the exception of a dark streak down the back from the mane to the
tail, which is present in all members of the group, and in some cases
a dark band across the shoulders and irregular markings on the legs.

In Africa the wild ass is only found in the desert regions of the
north-eastern portion of that continent, being an inhabitant of
Abyssinia, Somaliland, Gallaland, the Soudan, and the arid districts
bordering the Red Sea. The form of wild ass found in Somaliland
differs in some respects from its near relative of the Nubian Desert,
in that it is of a paler colour, has the dorsal stripe but faintly marked,
and is without a cross stripe over the shoulders, whilst on the other
hand it has numerous markings both on the front and hind legs.
Naturalists are, however, agreed that, although there may be certain
small differences in the colour and markings of the wild asses found
in different localities of Northern Africa, such variations are of no
specific value, and only one species is recognised.

The African Wild Ass is a fine animal, standing between 13 and 14


hands at the shoulder. It lives in small herds or families of four or
five individuals, and is not found in mountainous districts, but
frequents low stony hills and arid desert-wastes. It is as a general
rule an alert animal and difficult to approach, and so fleet and
enduring that, excepting in the case of foals and mares heavy in
young, it cannot be overtaken even by a well-mounted horseman.
Notwithstanding the scanty nature of the herbage in the districts
they frequent, these desert-bred asses are always in good condition.
They travel long distances to water at night, but appear to require to
drink regularly. Their flesh is eaten by the natives of the Soudan.
The bray of the African wild ass is said to be indistinguishable from
that of the domesticated animal, which latter is undoubtedly
descended from the wild African breed.
In Asia three varieties of the wild ass are found, which were formerly
believed to represent three distinct species; but since the points of
difference between these varying forms do not appear to be of
specific value, all the local races of the Asiatic wild ass are now
considered to belong to one species.

These wild asses have a wide range, and are met with in the deserts
of Asia from Syria to Persia and Western India, and northwards
throughout the more arid portions of Central Asia.

In Tibet and Mongolia the wild ass inhabits the high mountain-
plateaux, and lives at elevations of 14,000 feet and upwards above
the sea. This local race, known as the Kiang, approaches in size to
the African wild ass, standing 13 hands at the shoulder. It is dark
reddish brown in colour, with a very narrow dorsal stripe. The Onager
of Western India and Baluchistan is a smaller and lighter-coloured
animal, with a broader stripe down the back. In parts of its range it
is found at sea-level. In Persia and Syria a third local race of wild ass
is found, which, however, differs from the two forms already
enumerated in no essential particular.

Like their African congeners, the wild asses of Asia are inhabitants of
the waste places of the earth, frequenting desert plains and wind-
swept steppes. They are said to be so fleet and enduring that,
except in the case of a mare heavy with foal, they cannot be
overtaken by a single horseman.

Photo by J. W. McLellan] [Highbury.


BALUCHI WILD ASS.
This is one of the three leading varieties of
the Asiatic wild ass. It is found in Western
India and Baluchistan.

The wild asses of the desert plains of India and Persia are said to be
very wary and difficult to approach, but the kiang of Tibet is always
spoken of as a much more confiding animal, its curiosity being so
great that it will frequently approach to within a short distance of
any unfamiliar object, such as a sportsman engaged in stalking other
game.

Asiatic wild asses usually live in small families of four or five, but
sometimes congregate in herds. Their food consists of various
grasses in the low-lying portions of their range, but of woody plants
on the high mountain-plateaux, where little else is to be obtained. Of
wild asses in general the late Sir Samuel Baker once said: "Those
who have seen donkeys only in their civilised state can have no
conception of the wild or original animal; it is the perfection of
activity and courage."

Photo by the Duchess of Bedford]


[Woburn Abbey.
MALE KIANG.
The kiang comes from the Tibetan highlands. It
is the largest and most horse-like of the wild
asses of Asia.

DOMESTICATED HORSE, ASSES, AND MULES.


BY W. P. PYCRAFT, A.L.S., F.Z.S.

The Domesticated Horse.

Like the wild camels, genuine wild horses are very generally believed
to be extinct. The vast herds which occur to-day in a wild state in
Europe, America, and Australia are to be regarded, say those who
believe in the extinction theory, as descended from domesticated
animals which have run wild. So far as the American and Australian
horses are concerned, this is no doubt true; but of the European
stocks it is by no means so certain. For Dr. Nehring—and he speaks
with authority—assures us that the wild horses known as Tarpans,
which occur on the steppes north of the Sea of Azoff, between the
river Dnieper and the Caspian, are veritable wild horses, the last
remaining members of enormous herds which occurred in Europe
before the dawn of civilisation. These horses formed no small part of
the food of the savage races of men then inhabiting this continent.
This we know because of the quantities of their remains found in the
caves of the south of France, for instance, associated with the
remains of the men who hunted them. Further evidence of this we
have in the shape of crude engravings on pieces of bone and deer
horns, carved by the more artistic spirits amongst these early
hunters. From these drawings we gather that the horse they hunted
was small in size and heavy in build, with a large head and rough,
shaggy mane and tail—a horse, in fact, almost identical with the
above-mentioned tarpan. But long before historic records begin
these horses must have been domesticated; man discovered that
they could be even more useful alive than dead, and from that time
forth the horse became his inseparable companion. "Cæsar found
the Ancient Britons and Germans using war-chariots drawn by
horses."
But the stock of domestic horses drawn from this tarpan breed
appears to have died out almost entirely, the majority of horses now
existing being probably descendants of the native wild horses of
Asia, the product of a still earlier domestication. In Egypt the horse,
as a domestic animal, seems to have been preceded by the ass; but
about 1900 B.C. it begins to appear in the rôle of a war-horse, to
draw chariots. Its use, indeed, until the Middle Ages was almost
universally as a war-horse.

From the time of its domestication till to-day the history of the horse
has been one of progress. The care and forethought of the breeder
have produced many varieties, resulting in such extremes as the
London Dray-horse, the Racer, and the Shetland Pony.

Photo by T. Fall] [Baker Street.


YEARLING ARAB COLTS.
Note the colts examining the photographer's
bag. They are very inquisitive creatures, but
easily frightened.

The coloration of our various breeds of horses is generally without


any definite marking, piebald and dappled being the nearest
approach to a pattern. Occasionally, however, horses are found with
a dark stripe along the back, and sometimes with dark stripes on the
shoulders and legs. Darwin, discovering a number of horses so
marked belonging to different breeds, came to the conclusion that
probably all existing races of horses were descended from a "single
dun-coloured, more or less striped primitive stock, to which [stock]
our horses occasionally revert."
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