CONTINUE……

Database
Refer a collection of data that is organized, which is also called structured
data.
➢ It can be accessed or stored in a computer system.
➢ It can be managed through a Database Management
System (DBMS),
➢ DBMS a software used to manage data.
➢ Database refers to related data in a structured form.

In a database, data is organized into tables consisting of rows and columns

and it is indexed so data can be updated, expanded, and deleted easily.
Computer databases typically contain file records data like:
➢ Transactions money in one bank account to another bank account,
➢ Sales and customer details,
➢ Fee details of students, and product details.

There are different kinds of databases that includes:-

➢ The relational database
➢ Distributed database
➢ Cloud database
➢ Nosql databases.
Relational Database: A relational database is made up of a set of tables with data that fits
into a predefined category.
Distributed Database: A distributed database is a database in which portions of the
database are stored in multiple physical locations, and in which processing is dispersed or
replicated among different points in a network.

Cloud Database: A cloud database is a database that typically runs on a

cloud computing platform. Database service provides access to the
database. Database services make the underlying software stack
transparent to the user.
These interactions are examples of a traditional database where data is of
one type-that is textual.
In advancement of technology has led to new applications of database
systems. New media technology has made it possible to store images,
video clips.
These essential features are making multimedia databases.
Nowadays, people are becoming smart – before taking any decisions they
analyze facts and figures related to it, which come from these databases.
As the databases have made it easier to manage information, we are able
to catch criminals and do deep research.
Types of Databases
BY: KATO DAVID LECTURER AT UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY
There are many types of databases.
1. Relational Databases: A relational database’s contents are
arranged as a collection of tables with rows and columns. Accessing
structured data is made most flexible and efficient by relational
database technology.
2. Object-Oriented Databases: Similar to object-oriented
programming, data in an object-oriented database is represented as
objects.
3. Distributed Databases: A distributed database is made up of two
or more files that are spread across multiple locations. The
database could be dispersed across many networks, housed in one
physical place, or kept on several computers.

4. Data Warehouses: A data warehouse is a sort of database created

especially for quick query and analysis. It is a central repository for
data.

BY: KATO DAVID LECTURER AT UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY

 5.NoSQL Databases: Unlike relational databases, which specify how
all data input must be formatted, NoSQL, or nonrelational
databases, permit the storing and manipulation of unstructured and
semistructured data.
NoSQL databases, means "Not Only SQL" or "Non-Relational," are
designed to handle a wide variety of data models,
Examples:
➢ Document
➢ Key-value
➢ Wide-column
➢ Graph formats.

6. Graph Databases: Data is stored in a graph database using entities

and their relationships.
Database that uses graph structures for storing data. It uses nodes, edges, and
properties instead of tables or documents to represent and store data.

BY: KATO DAVID LECTURER AT UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY

 7. OLTP Database: Refer to a quick, analytical database made to
handle lots of transactions from several users at once.

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a type of database system optimized for:

➢ Storing and processing high volumes of simple online transactions in real
time1.
➢ Handling day-to-day queries that involve inserting, updating, and deleting
data2.
➢ Executing a number of transactions occurring concurrently, such as online
banking, shopping, and order entry3.
➢ Dealing with large numbers of transactions by a large number of users 4.
➢ Enabling real-time execution of large numbers of database transactions over
the internet5.

8. Open source databases: A database system that is open source

can have either a SQL or NoSQL database as its source code.
9. Cloud databases: A collection of organized or unorganized data
that is housed on a private, public, or hybrid cloud computing
platform is known as a cloud database. Cloud database models
come in two ways: traditional and database as a service (DBaaS).
With DBaaS, a service provider handles maintenance and
administrative duties.
Traditional databases are sets of data that are collected, analysed, segregated and stored
manually within a static storage system1

DBMS?

BY: KATO DAVID LECTURER AT UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY

Collection of interrelated data and set of programs to access data example
– MySql, Oracle.
• An interface for operations like creation, deletion, modification,
etc is provided by DBMS.
• DBMS allows the user to create their databases as per their
requirement.
• DBMS accepts the request from the application and provides
specific data through the operating system.
• DBMS contains a group of programs that acts according to the
user’s instruction.
• It provides security to the database.
Database Challenges
Below are some challenges of Database.
❖ Absorbing substantial increases in the amount of data. Database
administrators are constantly juggling the deluge of data pouring in
from sensors, connected devices, and dozens of other sources in an
attempt to effectively manage and organize the data of their
organizations.
❖ Ensuring the safety of data. These days, data breaches are
commonplace, and hackers are becoming more resourceful. Making
sure that data is both easily available to users and secure is more
crucial than ever meeting the demands.
❖ Companies require real-time access to their data in today’s fast-
paced business climate in order to support prompt decision-making
and seize new opportunities.
❖ Taking care of and managing the infrastructure and database.
Database administrators are responsible for doing preventive
maintenance, applying software patches and upgrades, and
continuously monitoring the database for issues.
❖ Removing scalability restrictions. If a business is to thrive, it must
expand, and as a result, so too must its data management.
However, database administrators find it extremely challenging to
forecast the amount of capacity that a business will require,
especially when dealing with on-premises databases.
❖ Ensuring latency needs, data sovereignty, or residence. Certain
businesses have use cases that are more appropriate for on-
premises deployment. Under such circumstances, pre-optimized
and pre-configured engineered systems are perfect for executing
the database.

Conclusion
Databases play a critical role in managing and organizing data efficiently in
today’s data-driven world. From small businesses to large enterprises,
databases offer a reliable way to store, retrieve, and manipulate data,
BY: KATO DAVID LECTURER AT UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY
enabling users to make informed decisions and drive growth.
Understanding the types, structures, and purposes of databases is
essential for anyone working with data, whether in tech, business, or any
other field. As technology continues to evolve, so too will the capabilities
and importance of databases, making them a foundational element in the
digital age.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE

➢ The three main characteristics of a database are structured

organization of data, data independence, and data integrity.
➢ Structured organization ensures efficient storage and retrieval,
➢ Data independence allows for changes without affecting applications,
➢ Data integrity ensures accuracy and reliability.

The characteristics for a good DBMS are:

• Good storage.
• High level facility for retrieval.
• Ease of updates.
• Normalized tables.
• Reduction of redundancy.
• Enforcement of integrity and security.
• Availability.
• Reliability.
EXAMPLE OF DATA IN A TABLE

BY: KATO DAVID LECTURER AT UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY

Assignment
what solution can be put forward for database challenges
Define normalization in database and explain four examples with different types

BY: KATO DAVID LECTURER AT UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY