ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-
made thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to pre program a machine to do some work,
despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per Greek myth,
there were Mechanical men in early days which can work and behave like humans.

Why Artificial Intelligence

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of
AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic
issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence can be categorized in several ways, primarily based on two main
criteria: capabilities and functionality.

AI Type 1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI: Narrow AI, also known as Weak AI, is like a specialist in
the world of Artificial Intelligence. Imagine it as a virtual expert dedicated to
performing one specific task with intelligence. For example, think of Apple's Siri. It's
pretty smart when it comes to voice commands and answering questions, but it doesn't
understand or do much beyond that. Narrow AI operates within strict limits, and if
you ask it to step outside its comfort zone, it might not perform as expected. This type
of AI is everywhere in today's world, from self-driving cars to image recognition on
your smartphone.BM's Watson is another example of Narrow AI. It's a supercomputer
that combines Expert Systems, Machine Learning, and Natural Language Processing,
but it's still a specialist. It's excellent at crunching data and providing insights but
doesn't venture far beyond its defined tasks.
2. General AI: General AI, often referred to as Strong AI, is like the holy grail of
artificial intelligence. Picture it as a system that could do any intellectual task with the
efficiency of a human. General AI aims to create machines that think and learn like
humans, but here's the catch: there's no such system in existence yet. Researchers
worldwide are working diligently to make it a reality, but it's a complex journey that
will require significant time and effort.
3. Super AI: Super AI takes AI to another level entirely. It's the pinnacle of machine
intelligence, where machines surpass human capabilities in every cognitive aspect.
These machines can think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate independently. However, it's important to note that Super AI is
currently a hypothetical concept. Achieving such a level of artificial intelligence
would be nothing short of revolutionary, and it's a challenge that's still on the horizon.

AI Type 2: Based on Functionality

1. Reactive Machines: Reactive Machines represent the most basic form of Artificial
Intelligence. These machines live in the present moment and don't have memories or
past experiences to guide their actions. They focus solely on the current scenario and
respond with the best possible action based on their programming. An example of a
reactive machine is IBM's Deep Blue, the chess-playing computer, and Google's
AlphaGo, which excels at the ancient game of Go.
2. Limited Memory: Limited Memory machines can remember some past experiences
or data but only for a short period. They use this stored information to make decisions
and navigate situations. A great example of this type of AI is seen in self-driving cars.
These vehicles store recent data like the speed of nearby cars, distances, and speed
limits to safely navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI is still in the realm of research and
development. These AI systems aim to understand human emotions and beliefs and
engage in social interactions much like humans. While this type of AI hasn't fully
materialized yet, researchers are making significant strides toward creating machines
that can understand and interact with humans on a deeper, more emotional level.
 4. Self-Awareness: Self-Awareness AI is the future frontier of Artificial Intelligence.
These machines will be extraordinarily intelligent, possessing their own
consciousness, emotions, and self-awareness. They'll be smarter than the human mind
itself. However, it's crucial to note that Self-Awareness AI remains a hypothetical
concept and does not yet exist in reality. Achieving this level of AI would be a
monumental leap in technology and understanding.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because
of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such
as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.
o Enhanced Security: AI can be very helpful in enhancing security, as It can detect
and respond to cyber threats in real time, helping companies protect their data and
systems.
o Aid in Research: AI is very helpful in the research field as it assists researchers by
processing and analyzing large datasets, accelerating discoveries in fields such as
astronomy, genomics, and materials science.

DEEP LEARNING
The definition of Deep learning is that it is the branch of machine learning that is based on
artificial neural network architecture. An artificial neural network or ANN uses layers of
interconnected nodes called neurons that work together to process and learn from the input
data.
In a fully connected Deep neural network, there is an input layer and one or more hidden
layers connected one after the other. Each neuron receives input from the previous layer
neurons or the input layer. The output of one neuron becomes the input to other neurons in
the next layer of the network, and this process continues until the final layer produces the
output of the network. The layers of the neural network transform the input data through a
series of nonlinear transformations, allowing the network to learn complex representations
of the input data.
Artificial neural networks
Artificial neural networks are built on the principles of the structure and operation of
human neurons. It is also known as neural networks or neural nets. An artificial neural
network’s input layer, which is the first layer, receives input from external sources and
passes it on to the hidden layer, which is the second layer. Each neuron in the hidden layer
gets information from the neurons in the previous layer, computes the weighted total, and
then transfers it to the neurons in the next layer. These connections are weighted, which
means that the impacts of the inputs from the preceding layer are more or less optimized
by giving each input a distinct weight. These weights are then adjusted during the training
process to enhance the performance of the model.

In a fully connected artificial neural network, there is an input layer and one or more
hidden layers connected one after the other. Each neuron receives input from the previous
layer neurons or the input layer. The output of one neuron becomes the input to other
neurons in the next layer of the network, and this process continues until the final layer
produces the output of the network. Then, after passing through one or more hidden layers,
this data is transformed into valuable data for the output layer. Finally, the output layer
provides an output in the form of an artificial neural network’s response to the data that
comes in.

Difference between Machine Learning and Deep

Learning :
machine learning and deep learning AI both are subsets of artificial
intelligence but there are many similarities and differences between them.
 Machine Learning Deep Learning

Apply statistical algorithms to learn the Uses artificial neural network

hidden patterns and relationships in the architecture to learn the hidden patterns
dataset. and relationships in the dataset.

Requires the larger volume of dataset

Can work on the smaller amount of dataset
compared to machine learning

Better for complex task like image

Better for the low-label task. processing, natural language processing,
etc.

Takes less time to train the model. Takes more time to train the model.

A model is created by relevant features Relevant features are automatically

which are manually extracted from images extracted from images. It is an end-to-
to detect an object in the image. end learning process.

More complex, it works like the black

Less complex and easy to interpret the
box interpretations of the result are not
result.
easy.

It can work on the CPU or requires less

It requires a high-performance computer
computing power as compared to deep
with GPU.
learning.

Advantages of Deep Learning:

1. High accuracy: Deep Learning algorithms can achieve state-of-the-art performance in
various tasks, such as image recognition and natural language processing.
2. Automated feature engineering: Deep Learning algorithms can automatically
discover and learn relevant features from data without the need for manual feature
engineering.
3. Scalability: Deep Learning models can scale to handle large and complex datasets,
and can learn from massive amounts of data.
4. Flexibility: Deep Learning models can be applied to a wide range of tasks and can
handle various types of data, such as images, text, and speech.
5. Continual improvement: Deep Learning models can continually improve their
performance as more data becomes available.

Disadvantages of Deep Learning:

1. High computational requirements: Deep Learning AI models require large amounts
of data and computational resources to train and optimize.
2. Requires large amounts of labeled data: Deep Learning models often require a large
amount of labeled data for training, which can be expensive and time- consuming to
acquire.
3. Interpretability: Deep Learning models can be challenging to interpret, making it
difficult to understand how they make decisions.
4. Over fitting: Deep Learning models can sometimes overfit to the training data,
resulting in poor performance on new and unseen data.
5. Black-box nature: Deep Learning models are often treated as black boxes, making it
difficult to understand how they work and how they arrived at their predictions.