PASSIVE

FILTER CIRCUIT

TRAINER

USER’S MANUAL

PAGE NO. 1/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 OBJECTIVE : RC Passive Filter circuits has been designed to study the characteristics of
Passive Filters.

The instrument comprises of the following built in parts:

1. Circuit diagram for all the filters are printed on the front panel and components are
mounted behind the front panel.

2. Different types of resistances & capacitors are provided on the front panel.

3. Sockets are mounted on the front panel to connect the Function Generator across
input signal & CRO across output.

THEORY

A filter is an electrical network that can transmit signals within a specified frequency
range. This frequency range is called pass band and other frequency band where the signals
are suppressed is called attenuation band or stop band.The frequency that seprates the
pass and attenuation bands is known as cut-off frequency.There may also be two cut off
frequencies in the entire zone of operation of the filter.The cut off frequency is usually symbolised
as fc in case its value is unique or by f1 and f2 in case the cut off frequencies are more than one
(f1 indicates lower cut off while the f2 indicates higher cut off frequency).

An ideal filter would transmit signals under the pass band frequencies without attenuation
and completely suppress the signal with attenuation band of frequencies with a sharp cut off
profile.Practical filters do not ideally transmit the pass band signal unattenuated due to
absorption,reflection or due to other loss.This results in loss of signal power.Also,the filters
do not completely suppress the signal in attenuation bands.In passive filters,the circuit
components -capacitor and inductor -are arranged in different circuit configurations to make
the passive filter.

PROPERTIES OF FILTER :

The chief properties of a passive filter section are generally characterised by the following
properties :-

a. Characteristic impedance. The characteristic impedance (Zo) of a filter matches

with the circuit to which it is connected throughout the pass band.This prevents reflection
loss in the combination. Special attention must be taken for choosing a filter,so that it
can be inserted into a given line or between two pieces of equipment.
PAGE NO. 2/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 b. Pass band characteristic. The filter should have minimum attenuation in its pass
band range and high attenuation in the stop band range.The degree of attenuation is
generally expressed by the attenuation constant , its unit being Neper or decibel.

c. Cut off frequency characteristic. The filter should possess frequency distinguishing
property in the pass band or stop band.It should be capable of identifying lower as
well as higher cut off frequency for transmitting signals through it. The transition
frequency region between the pass and stop band must be very small. In real life,ideal
filters are difficult to be implemented.However,attempts are being made to fabricate
filters having characteristics in close proximity of ideal filters.

USE OF FILTERS

Filters are frequently used in numerous fields of electrical and electronic

engineering.The filter being a frequency selecting device,it can be utilised for selecting a
particular band or frequency from a wide range of frequency spectrum. In voice frequency
telegraphy,multichannel communication is possible by utilising a number of band pass filters
with different pass bands. In telephony or radio and TV broadcasting, several numbers of
informations are transmitted by modulating different carrier frequencies which can be received
by utilising filter circuits. In radio receivers,intermediate carrier frequency selection is also
possible by using filters in the communication network. In AM detection,high pass filters (HPF)
are generally used in order to separate carrier frequency signal from the audio frequency.
Many filters are used in various stages in TV receivers,where they can be used for producing
intermediate combined sound and picture carrier frequency and then can separate sound
carrier from the composite video signal. It also selects horizontal and vertical synchronising
pulses from the composite video signal in addition to separating colour signals. In audio
amplifiers,filters are used to reduce harmonic distortion and voice rejection. In regulated power
supply units,filters are used to provide smooth d.c. output from a.c. input. In many electronic
measuring equipments,filters are used to study particular band of frequencies. Different
instruments/equipments may be protected using filter circuits.In electrical engineering, LPF
and HPF ( low pass filter and high pass filter) are utilised in order to eliminate the undesired
frequency components resulting from thyristor controlled circuits.

Filters may be classified as :

A. Low Pass Filters (LPF)
B. High Pass Filters (HPF)
C. Band Pass Filters (BPF)
D. Band Stop Filter (BSF) or Band Elimination Filter (BEF).

PAGE NO. 3/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 A. Low Pass Filter (LPF) :
It is the simplest type of filter which allows all frequencies,upto
the specified cut off frequency, to pass through it and attenuates all the other frequencies
above the cut off frequency. Cut off frequency demarcates the pass band and the stop band.

B. High Pass Filter (HPF) :

Simply speaking, a high pass filter is the reverse of a low pass
filter. This filter attenuates all frequency below the cut off frequency and allows to pass other
frequencies above the cut off frequency.

C. Band Pass Filter (BPF) :

A band pass filter allows transmission of a limited band of
frequencies (f2 - f1) and rejects all other frequencies below or above frequency band. A band
pass filter has series tuned circuit in series arm and parallel tuned circuit in the shunt arm.

D. Band Stop Filter (BSF) :

A band elimination or band stop filter rejects transmission of a
limited band of frequencies but it allows transmission of all other frequencies.

PROCEDURE

Procedure for Low Pass Filter (cut off frequency fc = 15.9 KHz):

1. Study the circuit configuration for Low Pass Filter printed on the front panel carefully.

2. Connect R2 =10K & C2 =0.001F in the circuit through patchcords.

3. Connect the output of Audio Frequency Function

Generator across signal input of Low Pass Filter.
R2

4. Set the output of Audio Frequency Function

SIGNAL SIGNAL
Generator at Sine Wave signal of 2V peak to INPUT
C2
OUTPUT
peak amplitude, 100Hz frequency.

5. Connect CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)

across signal output sockets of the filter. LOW PASS FILTER

6. Switch ON both the instruments i.e, Function Generator & CRO.

PAGE NO. 4/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 7. Increase the Sr. Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage Gain=20log10 VOUT/VIN
frequency of No. VIN VOUT

F u n c t i o n 1
2
Generator
3
t o w a r d s 4
100kHz range 5
in small steps 6.
and note down -
OBSERVATION TABLE NO. 1
output voltage
on CRO everytime. Note down all the observation in Table No. (1). Calculate the gain
by using formula
gain = 20log10 Vout / Vin

8. Plot the graph between output gain vs frequency by taking frequency along X axis &
gain along Y axis.

9. Calculate the cut off frequency by using formula

fc= 1 / 2 RC

Procedure for High Pass Filter (cut off frequency fc =15.9KHz) :

1. Study the circuit configuration for High Pass Filter

printed on the front panel carefully. C1

2. Connect R1 =10K & C1 =0.001F in the circuit SIGNAL R1 SIGNAL

INPUT OUTPUT
through patchcords.Pass Filter.

3. Set the output of Audio Frequency Function

Generator at Sine Wave signal of 2V peak to HIGH PASS FILTER

peak amplitude, 1kHz frequency.

4. Connect CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) across signal output sockets of the filter.

5. Switch ON both the instruments i.e, Function Generator & CRO.

6. Increase the frequency of Function Generator towards 100kHz range in small steps
and note down output voltage on CRO everytime.Note down all the observation in
Table No. (2). Calculate the gain by using formula
gain = 20log10 Vout / Vin

PAGE NO. 5/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 7. Plot the graph Sr. Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage Gain=20log10 VOUT/VIN
between output No. VIN VOUT
1
gain vs
2
frequency by
3
t a k i n g 4
frequency along 5
X axis & gain 6.
-
along Y axis.
OBSERVATION TABLE NO. 2

8. Calculate the cut off frequency by using formula

fc= 1 / 2 RC

Procedure for Band Pass Filter ( cut off frequency fc1= 159Hz & fc2 = 15.9KHz):

1. Study the circuit configuration for Band Pass Filter printed on the front panel carefully
i.e. band pass filter is made by using the combination of high pass filter & low pass
filter. for that connect the output of high pass filter to the input of low pass filter through
patch cords.

2. Connect R1 =100K , C1 =0.01F , R2 = 10K C2= 0.001F in the circuit through

patchcords.

3. Connect the output of Audio FrequencyFunction Generator across signal input of

band Pass Filter.

4. Set the output of Audio Frequency Function Generator at Sine Wave signal of 2V
peak to peak amplitude, 50Hz frequency.

5. Connect CRO
(Cathode Ray
R2
Oscilloscope) C1

across signal
output sockets SIGNAL R1 SIGNAL SIGNAL C2 SIGNAL
INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT
of the filter.

6. Switch ON
HIGH PASS FILTER LOW PASS FILTER
both the
instruments i.e, HIGH PASS FILTER + LOW PASS FILTER = BAND PASS FILTER

Function Generator & CRO.

PAGE NO. 6/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 7. Increase the Sr. Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage Gain=20log10 VOUT/VIN
frequency of No. VIN VOUT

F u n c t i o n 1
2
Generator
3
towards 50kHz 4
range in small 5
steps and note 6.
down output -
OBSERVATION TABLE NO. 3
voltage on CRO
everytime. Note down all the observation in Table No. (3). Calculate the gain by using
formula
gain = 20log10 Vout / Vin

8. Plot the graph between output gain vs frequency by taking frequency along X axis &
gain along Y axis.

Procedure for Band Stop Filter (cut off frequency fc = 1KHz) :

1. Study the circuit configuration for Band Stop Filter printed on the front panel carefully.

2. Connect R =2.34K , C =0.068F, R/2= 1.17K ,& 2C= 0.14F in the circuit through
patchcords.

3. Connect the output of Audio Frequency Function Generator across signal input of
Band Stop Filter.

4. Set the output of

R R
Audio Frequency
Function Generator
C C
at Sine Wave SIGNAL SIGNAL
signal of 2V peak INPUT OUTPUT

2C
to peak amplitude,
R/2
100Hz frequency.

5. Connect CRO BAND STOP FILTER

(Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope) across signal output sockets of the filter.

6. Switch ON both the instruments i.e, Function Generator & CRO.

PAGE NO. 7/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 7. Increase the Sr. Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage Gain=20log10 VOUT/VIN
frequency of No. VIN VOUT

F u n c t i o n 1
2
Generator
3
towards 10kHz 4
range in small 5
steps and note 6.
down output -
OBSERVATION TABLE NO. 4
voltage on CRO
everytime.Note
down all the observation in Table No. (4). Calculate the gain by using formula
gain = 20log 10 Vout / Vin

8. Plot the graph between output gain vs frequency by taking frequency along X axis &
gain along Y axis.

9. Calculate the cut off frequency by using formula

fc= 1 / 2 RC

STANDARD ACCESSORIES

1. Singlepoint Patchcords for Interconnections. : 14 Nos.

2. Instruction Manual : 1 No.

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES

1. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO). : 1 No.

PAGE NO. 8/ 8

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)