PROPERTIES OF

SOLUTIONS
(Part II)
By: Mrs. Maria Niña C. Cabrera
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES (WEEK 4)
• Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in
solution.

• Describe the effect of concentration on the

colligative properties of solutions.

• Differentiate the colligative properties of

nonelecrolyte solutions and of electrolyte solutions.
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES (WEEK 4)
• Calculate boiling point elevations and freezing point
depression from the concentration of as solute in a
solution.
• Calculate molar mass from colligative property data.
• Describe laboratory procedures in determining
concentration of solutions.
STOICHIOMETRY
IN SOLUTION
REACTIONS
By: Mrs. Maria Niña C. Cabrera
 BALANCING EQUATION
Sample Problem:

Ammonia, a colorless, pungent gas is widely used in

pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. It is also used as
an ingredient in commercial cleaning products. Ammonia
(NH 3 ) gas is industrially produced from hydrogen (H 2 ) gas
and nitrogen (N 2 ) gas through the Haber process.
 HABER PROCESS
An industrial process for producing
ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen,
using an iron catalyst at high
temperature and pressure.
 Solution:

a. Considering the gaseous states of all reactants and product, the

reaction is represented by

H 2(g) + N 2(g) → NH 3(g)

b. Based on the unbalanced equation, count the number of atoms

in both the reactant and the product sides of the equation.
 H 2(g) + N 2(g) → NH 3(g)

REACTANT PRODUCT
SIDE SIDE
H atoms 2 3
N atoms 2 1
H 2(g) + N 2(g) → 2NH 3(g)
3H 2(g) + N 2(g) → 2NH 3(g)
 TITRATION

• It is also known as titrimetry.

• It is carried out to obtain the
unknown concentration of a
solution.
 TITRATION
A solution whose concentration is known,
called standard solution, is added to the
solution of an unknown concentration until
the chemical reaction between the standard
and unknown solution is complete.
TITRATION
If the volumes of the solutions are
known, then the concentration of
the unknown solution can be
calculated.
 TITRATION
A reagent, called the titrant or titrator is
prepared as a standard solution. A known
concentration and volume of titrant reacts
with a solution of analyte or titrand to
determine concentration. The volume of
titrant reacted is called titration volume.
 ACID-BASE TITRATION
In an acid-base titration, the
standard solution can be a strong
base, or a strong acid, depending on
the nature of the unknown solution.
ACID-BASE TITRATION
A pH indicator is used to signal the
completion of the acid-base reaction.
The pH indicator changes color to
indicate completion of the reaction,
which is the end point of the titration.
 Synthetic Indicators
• Litmus Paper • Methyl Red
• Methyl Orange
• Bromothymol
• Phenolphthalein
blue
• Thymol Blue
• Phenol Red
 Natural Indicators

• Turmeric • Onion
• Red Cabbage • Beetroot
• Grape juice
• Cherries
 ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION
REACTION
In an acid-base neutralization reaction, it is
important to note the relationship between
the number of moles of the acid and the
base at the completion of the reaction. This
is called the equivalent point.
Remember: A permanent color change
indicates the end of the reaction.
 MONOPROTIC ACID
• This is an acid that donates only one proton or
hydrogen atom per molecule to an aqueous
solution.
• Examples: nitric acid (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric acid
(HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), acetic acid
(CH 3COOH)
 MONOBASIC BASE
• A base that will accept just one hydrogen
ion per formula unit
• Examples: sodium hydroxide (NaOH),
potassium hydroxide (KOH), ammonia
(NH 3)
MONOPROTIC ACID vs MONOBASIC BASE

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

At the equivalence point, that is, when the

reaction is complete,

nacid = nbase
We can express the number of moles, n, of the
standard solution as the product of its concentration
(expressed in terms of molarity, M), and the volume, V,
used in titration. Choosing the base standard solution
for this example,

nacid = M std sol V std sol

We can also express the number of moles of the unknown
solution as the product of its concentration and volume
Munknown Vunknown = Mstd sol Vstd sol

Then rearranging the equation, we get

Munknown = Mstd sol Vstd sol
Vunknown
 Sample Problem 1:

In titration, you found that 50.00

mL HCl solution requires 25.00 mL
of 1.00 M NaOH. What is the
concentration of the hydrochloric
acid solution?
Solution:

 The balanced equation for the acid-base

neutralization reaction is:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

 Based on the balanced equation, you can see

that the stoichiometric ratio between HCl and
NaOH is 1:1.
Solution:

Hence, the molar ratio indicated that at the

equivalence point,
moles HCl = moles NaOH

MHCl VHCl = MNaOH VNaOH

Solution:

MHCl = MNaOH VNaOH

VHCl
= 25.00 mL x 1.00 M
50.00 mL
MHCl = 0.50 M
 Sample Problem 2:

A volume of 20 mL of 0.250 M Al(OH) 3

neutralizes a 75 mL sample of H 2SO 4
solution.
What is the concentration of H 2SO 4?
Solution:

MH2SO4 = (2)(0.250 M)(0.020 L)

(3)(0.075 L)
= 0.044 M
 DILUTION

It is the process of reducing the

concentration of a solute in solution,
usually simply by mixing with more
solvent.
 DILUTION
• Dilute - A solution containing a relatively
small quantity of solute as compared with
the amount of solvent.
• Diluents - are liquids that dilute the
concentrations of other liquids.
 DILUTION
In dilution process, we take a measured volume
of a solution of known high concentration and
mix it with a measured volume of the solvent to
yield another solution of lower concentration
that we refer to as a dilute solution.
 DILUTION
moles of solute in concentrated solution = moles of solute in the dilute solution

Mconc Vconc = Mdilute Vdilute

Vdilute = Mconc Vconc

Mdilute
 Sample Problem 3:

You are asked to titrate 60 ml of 0.5 M KOH

using 1 M HCl. However, only 12 M of HCl is
available, so you prepared 100 mL of 1 M HCl
first. How much 12 M HCl do you need for the
titration? Is the prepared amount of standard
solution enough?
Solution:

Note: When diluting solutions, the number of

moles of solute does not change. Hence,
nconc = ndilute

Mconc Vconc = Mdilute Vdilute

Solution:

Vconc = Mdilute Vdilute

Mconc
= 1M x 0.1L
12M
Vconc = 0.00833 L or 8.33 mL
Solution:

Vstd sol = MunknownVunknown

Mstd sol

= 0.5 M KOH x 60 mL
1 M HCl
Vstd sol = 30 mL

Answer: The amount of standard solution is enough.

 Sample Problem 4:

To what volume should you dilute 133

mL of a 7.90 M
CuCl 2 solution so that 51.5 mL of the
diluted solution contains 4.49 g CuCl 2?
Solution:

1) Find moles:
(4.49g CuCl2) x 1 mole CuCl2
134.45 grams
= 0.033395 moles CuCl2
Solution:

2) Find the molarity of the 51.5 mL of

the diluted solution that contains 4.49g
CuCl2:
M =(0.033395 moles CuCl2)
(0.0515 liters)
= 0.648 M
Solution:

3) Use the dilution formula:

McVc = MdVd
(7.90 M) (133 mL) = (0.648 M) (Vd)
Vd = 1620 mL

You should dilute the 133 mL of a 7.90 M

CuCl2 solution to 1,620 mL.
 COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION
AND NON-ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTION
By: Mrs. Maria Niña C. Cabrera
 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY

It is a property of solution that does not

depend on the kind of matter (like
intensive property) but more specifically
on the amount of solute present in a
solution.
 ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION

It is a solution that contains ions, atoms,

or molecules that lost or gained
electrons, thus is electrically conductive,
for this reason, this type of solution is
often called ionic solution.
 NON-ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION

It is a solution that does not

conduct electricity due to the
absence of ions or charged particles.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

• Boiling Point Elevation

• Freezing Point Depression
• Osmotic Pressure
• Vapor Pressure Lowering
1. BOILING POINT ELEVATION

It is the increase in the boiling of the

solvent due to the addition of solute
to form solution, mathematically it
can be expressed as:
∆Tb = mKb
 ∆Tb = mKb
Where m is the molal concentration of the solution.
Kb is the boiling point elevation constant of the
solvent
Tb is the change in boiling point = Tbsolution - Tbsolvent
 BOILING POINT

It is the temperature at which the

vapor pressure is equal to the
atmospheric pressure.
2. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

It is the decrease in the freezing

point of the solvent due to the
addition of solute to form solution,
mathematically it ca n be written as:

∆Tf = mKf
 ∆Tf = mKf
Where m is the molal concentration of the solution.
Kf is the freezing point depression constant of the
solvent
Tf is the change in freezing point = Tfsolution - Tfsolvent
FREEZING POINT

It is the temperature at
which the liquid starts to
become solid.
3. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
It is the pressure that has to be applied
to pure solvent to prevent the solvent
from passing into a given solution by
the process of osmosis.
Mathematically, it can be expressed
as:
𝝅 = MRT
 𝝅 = MRT
Where 𝝅 is the osmotic pressure in atmosphere
M is the concentration of solution in molarity
R is the universal gas constant = 0.082 atm-L
mole-K
T is the temperature in Kelvin scale
 OSMOSIS
It is process by which solvent tends to pass
through a semipermeable membrane from a
less concentrated solution into a more
concentrated one, to attain equilibrium on
each side of the membrane.
4. VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
It is the pressure of a vapor in contact with
its liquid or solid. Between 1887 and 1888, a
French c hemist, Francois-Marie Raoult,
showed that the vapor pressure of a
solution is equal to the mole of the solvent
multiplied by the vapor pressure of the
pure liquid knows as Raoult’s law.
P’ =XsolventP0
 P’ =XsolventP0
Where P’ is the vapor pressure of
solution
Xsolvent is the mole fraction of solvent
P0 is the vapor pressure of pure
solvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Which solution has a higher

boiling point? Why?
10.0 g of CH3OH in 100 g of H2O or
20.0 g of CH3CH2OH in 200g of
H2O
Solution

m solute =10.0 g solute

Molar mass of CH3OH =12+4+16= 32 g/mol
m solvent= 100 g (1kg/1000 mg) =0.10 kg solvent

m=10.0g/32g/mole =3.124 molal

0.10 kg solvent
ΔTb =mKb =3.124 molal (0.5120C/molal) =1.60C
ΔTb =Tbsoln - Tbsolvent
Therefore BPt of soln =100 +1.6 =101.60C
Since the boiling point of solvent
(water) is 1000C,
m solute =20.g solute
m solvent= 200 g (1kg/1000 g)=0.20 kg solvent
m =20.0g/46g/mole =2.17 molal
0.20 kg solvent
ΔTb =mKb =2.17 molal (0.5120C/molal) =1.110C
Therefore, BPt of soln =100 +1.11 =101.110C
Therefore, 10.0 g of CH 3OH in 100 g of H2O will have a
higher BPt than 20.0 g of CH 3CH2OH in 200g of H2O since it
has higher molal c oncentration.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Calculate the boiling and

freezing point of a solution
prepared by dissolving 68 g of
glucose, C 6H12O 6, in 800 g of
water.
Solution

Given:
Molar mass C6H12O6 =180 g/mol
msolvent =800 g (1kg/1000g) =0.80 kg solvent
msolute =68.0 g solute
m =68g/180g/mole =0.47 molal
0.80 kg solvent
ΔTb =mKb =0.47m(0.5120C/molal) =0.240C
Bpt of soln =100 +0.24 =100.240C
ΔTf =mKf =0.47 (1.860C/molal) =0.870C
FPt of soln =0 - 0.87 =- 0.870C
Remember:

H2O c onstant (BP) =0.5120C/molal

H2O constant (FP) =1.860C/molal
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Freezing and Boiling of Electrolyte or

Ionic Compound
Determine the freezing and boiling
point of a solution containing 41.10 g
of c alcium c hloride,CaCl 2, into 500 g
of water.
Solution:

Given: Required:
mass of C aC l2 =41.10 g Tf soln=?
mass of water =500 g Tb soln=?
Kf of H2O =1.860C /molal
Kb of H2O =0.5120C /molal

Since CaCl 2 is an ionic compound, it forms ions in soln,

i =2+1 =3 particles
Molar mass of C aCl2 =40 +35.45(2) =110.90 g/mol
ΔTf =imKf
ΔTf = 3 (41.10g/110.90g/mol)(1.860C/molal) =4.140C
0.5 kg solvent
Therefore, Tfsoln =00C - 4.14 0C =- 4.14 0C
For boiling point,

ΔTb =imKb
ΔTb = 3 (41.10g/110.90g/mol)(0.5120C/molal) =1.140C
0.5 kg solvent
Therefore, Tbsoln =1000C +1.14 0C = 101.14 0C
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4

Determine the osmotic

pressure of a 5.00 g salt
present in 400 mL
solution at 27 C?
0
Solution:

Given: Required: 𝝅=?

msalt =5.00 g Molar mass of NaCl
V soln =0.40 L =23+35.45
T=270C +273 =300 K =58.45g/mol
𝝅 =MRT, M =mole NaCL/Vol soln in L

𝝅 =5.00g/58.45g/mol (0.082 atm-L x 300 K ) = 5.26 atm

0.40 L soln mol-K
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

When 2.00 g of an unknown

nonelectrolyte is dissolved in
40.0 g of water, the resulting
solution freezes at -0.4650C.
What is the molecular weight of
the substance?
 Solution:

Given:
Required: Molar mass =?
msolute =2.00 g
msolvent =40 g (1kg/1000g) =0.04 kg FPt of soln =- 0.4650C
ΔTf = 0.465 0 C
Molal = mole solute/kg solvent
ΔTf=mKf
ΔTfsoln = Tfsolvent - Tfsoln
0 - (-0.465 0 C)
- 0.4650C = 2.00 g / x (1.860C/n solute/kg solvent)
0.04 kg solvent

x= 1.86 (2.00) =200 g/mol

0.465 (0.04)
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6

What is the vapor pressure of

solution containing 4.00 g
sodium hydroxide, NaOH, in
500 mL of water at 250C?
 Solution:

Given: Required:
msolute =4.00 g Vapor pressure of soln, P’
Vwater =mwater =500 g Molar mass of NaOH
=23+16+1
T=250C
=40g/mol
 P0 =23.80 torr (water vapor exerts a pressure of 23.80 torr at 250C)
P’ =Xsolvent P0
Xsolvent = nsolvent
n solute +n solvent
P’ = 500 g/18g/mole
4.0g/40g/mole +500g/18g/mole (23.80 torr)
P’ =23.71 torr vapor pressure of solution at 250C