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Science Reviewer (3rd Quarter)

Earth science studies the solid Earth, its composition, and processes, including the formation and types of volcanoes. Volcanoes can be classified as active, dormant, or extinct, and they have both beneficial effects, such as fertile soils and geothermal energy, and potential hazards during eruptions. Additionally, geothermal energy is a clean, renewable energy source derived from the Earth's heat, with various methods for generation and specific advantages and disadvantages.

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8 views4 pages

Science Reviewer (3rd Quarter)

Earth science studies the solid Earth, its composition, and processes, including the formation and types of volcanoes. Volcanoes can be classified as active, dormant, or extinct, and they have both beneficial effects, such as fertile soils and geothermal energy, and potential hazards during eruptions. Additionally, geothermal energy is a clean, renewable energy source derived from the Earth's heat, with various methods for generation and specific advantages and disadvantages.

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wistxria.v
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EARTH SCIENCE

STUDY OF THE EARTH

● Definition: The science focusing on the solid Earth, its composition, and
processes.

- VOLCANOES
● Definition: A mountain that connects to a reservoir of molten rock (magma)
beneath the Earth's surface, with vents allowing magma to escape during
eruptions.
● Parts of a Volcano:
○ Ash Cloud: Tiny rock fragments, dust, and gases released during
eruptions.
○ Crater: Bowl-shaped depression at the summit.
○ Magma Chamber: Reservoir storing magma beneath the volcano.
○ Vent: Opening through which magma and gases escape.
○ Cone: Steep, conical hill or mountain formed by volcanic material.
○ Lava: Molten rock flowing during an eruption.
○ Sill: Flat rock formation from cooled magma in a fissure.

- TYPES
1. Fissure Volcano:
○ Long, narrow cracks or openings.
○ Formed by crust tension; basaltic lava predominates.
2. Shield Volcano:
○ Broad with sloping sides.
○ Composed of runny lava flowing from a central vent.
3. Composite/Strato Volcano:
○ Cone-shaped, formed by layers of lava, ash, pumice, and tephra.
○ Produces tall peaks due to viscous lava.
4. Caldera Volcano:
○ Collapse features forming after large eruptions when magma
chambers are partially emptied.

5. Cinder Cone Volcano:


○ Steep, conical hills with a prominent crater; most common type.

- CLASSIFICATIONS
● Active: Erupting or likely to erupt.
● Dormant: Inactive but could become active again.
● Extinct: No expected future eruptions.

- WHAT HAPPENS DURING VOLCANIC ACTIVITY?


● Eruption signs include rumbling, ash plumes, and magma flow.
● Watch for mudflows and other hazards during eruptions.

- BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF ERUPTIONS


● Volcanic materials break down to form fertile soils, aiding agriculture and
civilization development.
● Heat from volcanic systems powers geothermal energy production.
● Metallic minerals (e.g., copper, gold, silver) often originate in magma
deposits.

- ENERGY
● Definition: The ability to do work, present in various forms.
● Types of Energy:
○ Electrical Energy
○ Chemical Energy
○ Mechanical Energy
○ Thermal Energy
○ Nuclear Energy
● Focus: Thermal Energy, specifically Geothermal Energy.

- GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
● Definition: Clean, renewable energy from the Earth's heat, contained in
rocks and fluids beneath the Earth's crust.
● Sources:
○ Found near plate borders.
○ Areas with active volcanoes, hot springs, or geysers.

- HOW IT’S GENERATED


● Two Main Methods:
1. Geothermal Power Plants:
■ Heat from the Earth converts water into steam.
■ Steam drives turbines to generate electricity.
■ Locations: Near geysers, hot springs, or volcanic activity.
■ Renewable Aspect: Steam and hot water are returned
underground after use.
2. Geothermal Heat Pumps:
■ Use the Earth's stable underground temperature to heat and
cool buildings.

- GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS


● Types:
○ Three main types generating power differently.
● Philippine Examples:
○ Makban Geothermal Complex (Batangas): 458 MW
○ Tiwi Geothermal Complex (Albay): 289 MW
○ Malitbog Geothermal Power Station (Leyte): 232.5 MW

- ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGES
● Advantages:
○ Environmentally friendly
○ Renewable and sustainable
○ Almost no noise pollution
● Disadvantages:
○ Suitable only for specific areas
○ Potential environmental side effects
○ Risk of earthquakes
○ High initial cost

- WEATHER/CLIMATE
● Weather:
○ Describes atmospheric conditions over a short period.
○ Includes temperature, humidity, cloudiness, brightness, visibility, wind, and
pressure.
● Climate:
○ Describes long-term atmospheric behavior.
○ Typically measured over 30 years.
○ Represents average weather patterns for a region.

- FACTORS
1. Latitude: Distance from the equator.
2. Prevailing Winds: Direction and strength.
3. Altitude: Height above sea level.
4. Proximity to the Sea: Distance from large water bodies.

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