DICTIONARY

Agenda

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 Agenda
• How to create Dictionary
• Functions and operators on Dictionary

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 Create Dictionary
• Dictionary is used to map or link the data you need
to store (value) and the key (key) you need to
retrieve that data.
• Dictionary in Python is defined as having two
components: key and value.
– A key is a unique object.
– The saved value can be a 1D List or 2D List, a string, a number, any
object in python...

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 Create Dictionary
• Create an empty dictionary: dict() or { }
d = dict() d = { }
print(d) # prints {} print(d) # prints {}

• Create a dictionary from a list of (key, value) pairs

pairs = [("cow", 5), ("dog", 98), ("cat", 1)]
d = dict(pairs)

print(d)

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 Create Dictionary
• Create a dictionary using static allocation
d = { "cow":5, "dog":98, "cat":1 }

print(d)

• Other examples:
d1 = {1: python.com',2: ‘ICT'}
d2 = {‘subject': ‘Python', 1: [2, 3, 5]}
d3 = dict({1:'apple', 2:'ball'})
d4 = dict([(1,’Rectangle'), (2,’Square')])

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 Features of the dictionary:
Things to note when using keys in dictionaries:
• A key cannot appear twice (keys cannot be duplicates).
• The value stored in the dictionary can be of any type while
the key must be an immutable type such as number, tuple
or string.
• Keys used in the dictionary are case sensitive - The same
key name but upper and lower case key names will be
considered different keys.

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 Features of the dictionary:
A dictionary maps a key to a value

ages = dict()
key = "tom"
value = 38
ages[key] = value # “tom" is the key, 38 is the value
print(ages)
print(ages[key])

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 Create Dictionary
• Keywords are represented as a set
– There is no order
d = dict()
d[2] = 100
d[4] = 200
d[8] = 300
print(d) # unpredictable order

– Unique
d = dict()
d[2] = 100
d[2] = 200
d[2] = 400
print(d) # { 2:400 }

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 Create Dictionary
• Keywords are represented as a set
– Keywords cannot be changed
d = dict()
a = [1] # lists are mutable, so...
d[a] = 42 # Error: unhashable type: 'list'

– Values are subject to change

d = dict(); a = [1,2]
d["fred"] = a ; print(d); print(d["fred"])
a += [3]
print(d["fred"])
# but keys may not be mutable
d[a] = 42 # TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

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 Functions and operators in Dictionary

• Dictionary operations
– Find length: len()
d = { 1:[1,2,3,4,5], 2:"abcd" }
print(len(d)) # 2
– Make a copy: copy()
d1 = { 1:"a" }
d2 = d1.copy()
d1[2] = "b"
print(d1)
print(d2)
– Delete all elements in the dictionary: clear()
d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }
d.clear()
print(d, len(d))

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 Functions and operators in Dictionary

• Dictionary operations
– Loop over dictionary: len()
d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }
for key in d:
print(key, d[key])

– The in and not in operators:

d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" } d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }

print(0 in d) # False print(0 not in d) # True
print(1 in d) # True print(1 not in d) # False
print("a" in d) # surprised? False print("a" not in d) # True

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 Functions and operators in Dictionary

• Dictionary operations
– Operator [key] : returns the value corresponding to the
key
d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }
print(d[1]) # a
print(d[3]) # crash!

– Assignment operator = : assigns value to the

corresponding keyword
d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }
print(d[1]) # a
d[1] = 42
print(d[1]) # 42

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 Functions and operators in Dictionary

• Dictionary operations
– function get(): get(key,default) returns the value
corresponding to the key or if it does not exist, returns
default ( None if default is not used)

d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }
print(d.get(1)) # tuong duong d[1]
print(d.get(1, 42)) # default không được dùng
print(d.get(0)) # doesn't crash! Không bị lỗi
print(d.get(0, 42)) # default được dùng

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 Functions and operators in Dictionary

• Dictionary operations
– Function del(): removes a keyword from the dictionary
d = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }
print(1 in d) # True
del d[1]
print(1 in d) # False
del d[1] # crash! ERROR

– Change the value and add elements to the dictionary

d2 = {1: sbs.com’,’web’: ‘programming'}
d2[‘web'] = ‘django'
print(d2) #output: {1: ‘sbs.com’, ‘web': ‘django'}
d2[2] = 'Python‘
print(d2) #output: {1: ‘sbs.com’, ‘web': ‘django', 2: 'Python'}

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 Functions and operators in Dictionary

• Returns a list of objects using items() or keywords using keys()

• Sort keywords in dictionary

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 Functions and operators in Dictionary

 Update dictionary using: update()

d1 = { 1:"a", 2:"b" }
d2 = { 2:"c", 3:"d" }
d1.update(d2)
d2[4] = "e"
print(d1); print(d2)
 Dictionary comprehension
cube_number = {x: x*x*x for x in range(6)}
print(cube_number) # Output: {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 8, 3: 27, 4: 64, 5: 125}

even_ cube_number = {x: x*x*x for x in range (10) if x%2==0}

print(even_ cube_number) # Output: {0: 0, 2: 8, 4: 64, 6: 216, 8: 512}

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Convert between Data Types

print(float(11)) # 11.0
print(int(18.6)) # 18
print(set([2,4,6])) # set({2, 4, 6})
print(tuple({3,5,7})) # (3 , 5, 7)
print(list('hello’)) # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
print(dict([[2,4],[1,3]])) # {1: 3, 2: 4}
print(dict([(3,9),(4,16)])) # {3: 9, 4: 16}

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 Practice with Dictionary
• IC1. Enter the variable s as your full name. Output the
dictionary variable d with the key being the character and
value being the number of occurrences.
s=“hello everyone” => d = {‘h’: 1, ‘e’: 4, ‘l’: 2, ‘o’: 2, ‘v’: 1, ‘r’: 1, ‘y’: 1, ‘n’: 1}
s=“khiet luong” => d = {‘k’: 1, ‘h’: 1, ‘i’: 1, ‘e’: 1, ‘t’: 1, ‘l’: 1, ‘u’: 1, ‘o’: 1,
‘n’: 1, ‘g’: 1}

• IC2. Given the following two dictionary variables:

price={“banana”: 4, “apple”: 2, “orange”: 1.5, “pear”: 3}
quantity={“banana”: 6, “orange”: 32, “pear”: 15}
Print out the order of fruits in a descending list of each type's
value (with value = quantity * price)

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 Homework
• Write a Python program to create a dictionary grouping a
sequence of key-value pairs into a dictionary of lists
• Original list:
('yellow', 1), ('blue', 2), ('yellow', 3), ('blue', 4), ('red', 1)]
• Grouping a sequence of key-value pairs into a dictionary of
lists:
{'yellow': [1, 3], 'blue': [2, 4], 'red': [1]}

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