1

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (ANALYSIS)

Analysis is the determination of the design strength (capacity) of the member with given dimensions,
material strengths, and steel reinforcements.

Nomenclature

Notation to be used in the discussion complies with NSCP 2015

𝐴𝑔 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠 )

𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝜀𝑐 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘
𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑐 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (ℎ − 𝑑′ )
𝑑′ = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝐴𝑠
𝜌 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 [ ]
𝑏𝑑
ℎ = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

Ultimate Strength Design

Required Strength – Combination of factored forces or moments. See Load combinations in NSCP 2015.

Combination of Loads using Dead Load

Forces and Moments
and Live Load only
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑀𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑢 = 1.2𝑉𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑉𝐿𝐿
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝑃𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑃𝐿𝐿
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑜𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Design Strength – Nominal strength multiplied by strength reduction factor, ∅. See reduction factors in NSCP
2015.

Relationship between Required Strength and Design Strength

Design Strength Required Strength

∅𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
∅𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
∅𝑃𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢

JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN, CE, MP, SO2 | PRC

 2

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Basic Assumptions

1. Design Assumptions for concrete

a. Concrete cracks at a maximum strain of concrete, 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003
b. Depth of uniform stress block, 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐. See value of beta 1 in NSCP

Values of 𝛽1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑓𝑐′ (𝑀𝑃𝑎) 𝛽1
17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 0.85
0.05 ′
28 < 𝑓𝑐′ < 55 0.85 − (𝑓𝑐 − 28)
7
′
𝑓𝑐 ≥ 55 0.65

c. Strain diagram is assumed to be linear

Stress-Strain Behavior

1. Concrete and steel properties,

2. Strain compatibility.

Singly Reinforced Beam

General Equations in Ultimate Strength Design

Compression on Concrete, C 𝑪 = 𝝈𝒄 𝑨𝒄 = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 )(𝒂𝒃)

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑(𝒅 − 𝒄)
Steel tensile strain at 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 𝜺𝒔 =
𝒄
𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝒅 − 𝒄)
Steel tensile stress at 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 𝒇𝒔 = < 𝒇𝒚
𝒄
Steel does not yield (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 ) 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔
Steel Yields (𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 ) 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
Moment 𝑴 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 × 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Nominal Moment Strength 𝑴𝒏 = (𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝑻) × 𝒛
Design Moment Strength ∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅(𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝑻) × 𝒛

Reduction Factor as per NSCP 2015

Net tensile strain, 𝜀𝑡 Classification Strength Reduction Factor, ∅

Compression
𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑦 0.65
Controlled
Transition 𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑦
𝜀𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
Region 0.005 − 𝜀𝑦
Tension
𝜀𝑦 ≥ 0.005 0.90
Controlled

JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN, CE, MP, SO2 | PRC

 3

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Basic Equations

Static Equilibrium 𝑪=𝑻

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏

Design Moment Capacity ∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅𝑪 × 𝒛 = ∅0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 2 )

𝑎
𝑜𝑟
𝑎
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅𝑻 × 𝒛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2 )

Neutral Axis & Section Classification

1. Balanced Condition – When the maximum strain of concrete (0.003) and the yield strain of steel is
reached simultaneously.

By ratio and proportion: 𝑓𝑦

0.003 𝐸𝑠 𝑓𝑦
= =
𝑐𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏 )

600(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏 ) = 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑏
600𝑑 − 600𝑐𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑏
600𝑑 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑏 + 600𝑐𝑏
600𝑑 = 𝑐𝑏 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )

𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅
𝒄𝒃 = (𝑙𝑜𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑁. 𝐴. 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚

Balance Steel Ratio 𝜌𝑏 : 𝐶=𝑇

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏
𝐴𝑠𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑏 = =
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑𝑓𝑦

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 (𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃 ) 𝒇′𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝝆𝒃 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 [ ]
𝒅𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚

2. Tension-Controlled Design – Tensile strain of steel 𝜀𝑡 > 0.005, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ = 0.90

JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN, CE, MP, SO2 | PRC

 4

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforcement Limitations

√𝒇′𝒄 𝟏. 𝟒𝒃𝒅
Minimum Steel Reinforcement Area, 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃𝒅 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏
𝟒𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
3
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑
7

𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑏
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
Maximum Steel Reinforcement Area, 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
3
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 (7 𝑑) 𝑏
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑓𝑦

𝒇′𝒄 𝟑
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 [ 𝒃𝒅]
𝒇𝒚 𝟕

ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

Step-by-step calculations for Analyzing a singly reinforced beam [Rectangular].

Given: 𝑏, ℎ, 𝑑, 𝑑 ′ , 𝐴𝑠 , 𝑓𝑐′ , 𝑓𝑦

Required: ∅𝑀𝑛

Step 1:
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 )
Calculate 𝒂 using static 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
equilibrium. 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝒂 = [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦]
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒃
Step 2:
𝒂
𝒄=
Calculate 𝒄 𝜷𝟏

Step 3:
𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝒇𝒔 = ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐)
Check Assumption for 𝒄
steel yielding
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 (𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑇 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑠
Step 4: 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝒖𝒔𝒆 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎

Calculate ∅ 𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒚
𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 ( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒇𝒚

𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ = 0.65

Step 5:
𝑎
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅𝑪 × 𝒛 = ∅0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 2 ) 𝑜𝑟
Calculate Moment 𝑎
Capacity ∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅𝑻 × 𝒛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN, CE, MP, SO2 | PRC

 5

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Example problem: Rectangular Beam

The beam has the following properties: 𝑏 = 280 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 520, 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐴𝑠 = 5 − 28𝑚𝑚∅
Calculate the moment capacity of the beam, ∅𝑀𝑛 .

Step 1: 𝐶=𝑇

Calculate 𝒂 using static 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 )

equilibrium.
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (5 ∙ 4 ∙ 282 ) (275)
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝑎= = = 169.40 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85(21)(280)

Step 2:
𝑎
𝑐= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 17 < 𝑓𝑐′ < 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Calculate 𝒄 𝛽1

169.40
𝑐= = 199.29𝑚𝑚
0.85

Step 3: 600(𝑑 − 𝑐) 600(520 − 199.29)

𝑓𝑠 = = = 965.53 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 199.29
Check Assumption for
steel yielding
Correct assumption (steel yields), correct value of a and c

Step 4: 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
Calculate ∅

965.53 − 275
∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( ) = 0.8881134637
1000 − 965.53

Step 5: 169.40
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.888 [0.85(21)(169.40)(280) (520 − )]
2
Calculate Moment
Capacity ∅𝑀𝑛 = 327,315,039.6 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 327.32 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Alternative solution

𝜋 169.40
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.888 [(5 ∙ ∙ 282 ) (275) (520 − )]
4 2

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟑𝟐𝟕, 𝟑𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟑𝟗. 𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 [ans]

JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN, CE, MP, SO2 | PRC

 6

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Step-by-step calculations for Analyzing a singly reinforced non-rectangular beam [Any shape].

Step 1:
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 )
Calculate 𝒂 using static 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
equilibrium. 𝑨𝒄 = (𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝒂 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦)
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
Step 2:
𝒂
𝒄=
Calculate 𝒄 𝜷𝟏

Step 3:
𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝒇𝒔 = ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐)
Check Assumption for 𝒄
steel yielding
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 (𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑇 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑠
Step 4: 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒚
𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 ( )
Calculate ∅ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒇𝒚
𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
Step 5:
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅𝑪 × 𝒛 = ∅0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 (𝑧) 𝑜𝑟
Calculate Moment
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅𝑻 × 𝒛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑧) ; where z is the distance between C and T
Capacity

PROBLEM SETS: Solve the following problems in your logbook. Put your final answers in a box with correct
units and number of decimal places only. Round off to 2 decimal places. Solve accurately.

1. A rectangular beam with b = 400mm, an effective depth of 550mm, and Tension Steel Area (As) = 12 – 28
mm ∅. Compressive strength of concrete f’c = 21 MPa and the yield strength of steel fy = 345 MPa.
Calculate the Design strength of the beam that will resist bending.
2. A beam is shown in figure MYFAVSUBJ. Assume f’c = 28 MPa and
fy = 345 MPa. Determine the following:
a. Balanced steel area of the beam.
b. Balanced moment capacity of the beam.
c. Maximum steel area of the beam.
d. Maximum moment capacity of the beam.
3. For the triangular beam, use: f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 275 MPa, b =
300mm, d = 400 mm, steel cover = 50 mm. Determine the
following: (a) Balanced steel area (𝐴𝑠𝑏 ), and (b) balanced moment
capacity of the beam (∅𝑀𝑛𝑏 ).

4. Calculate the Ultimate Moment Capacity of the beam shown in

figure.

JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN, CE, MP, SO2 | PRC