REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Naldo, M. A. et al. (2021), native chickens are incredibly important to the
agricultural landscape of the Philippines. They provide essential protein through meat and eggs,
which supports food security and offers extra income for rural farmers. Their resilience and low
maintenance needs make them perfect for subsistence farming, and their unique flavor is highly
valued in local cuisine. Similarly, Ranasinghe, M. K. et al. (2024) found that indigenous chicken meat
is preferred for its superior taste, texture, lower fat content, higher protein levels, and better
nutritional value compared to broiler meat.

Godinez et al. (2020) highlighted the importance of native chickens in Eastern and Western
Samar, Philippines, for biodiversity, food security, and cultural traditions. Despite their value, native
chickens often face neglect compared to commercial breeds.

Musa S. A. (2022) focused on the physical traits of male and female native chickens,
particularly body weight and size. The average body weight for mature chickens was 1.33 ± 0.009 kg,
with significant variations across different regions and between sexes. Mature cocks averaged 1.49 ±
0.01 kg, while hens averaged 1.17 ± 0.01 kg. Body size was measured using linear measurements like
shank length, body length, and chest circumference, analyzed with a general linear model.

Machete, J. (2023) characterized indigenous Tswana chickens in Botswana and provided

methodologies that can be applied to studying native chickens in the Philippines. Body weight in
Tswana chickens was measured using a Spring-Dial Hoist weighing scale, showing that males are
generally heavier than females, with variations across strains. Body size was evaluated using linear
measurements like shank length and wingspan with flexible tape. These methods can be adopted for
Philippine native chickens, ensuring separate documentation of male and female traits to account
for sexual dimorphism.

Naldo, A. et al. (2021) studied native chickens in Ayungon, Negros Oriental, Philippines,
examining their phenotypic and morphometric traits using 80 samples (18 males and 62 females).
Results showed that males had significantly higher average body weight (1.55 ± 0.45 kg) than
females (1.25 ± 0.29 kg, P<0.01). However, differences in body length, chest circumference,
wingspan, and shank length were not statistically significant.

Haunshi, S. et al. (2022) stated that the Kadaknath breed from India has distinct carcass
characteristics compared to commercial broilers. Male Kadaknath chickens are typically slaughtered
at 27 weeks of age, with an average live weight of 1707 grams and a carcass weight of 1203 grams,
resulting in a dressing percentage of 70.5%. In contrast, commercial broilers are slaughtered at 5-6
weeks, with a live weight of 1762 grams, a carcass weight of 1277 grams, and a higher dressing
percentage of 72.4%. The slower growth rate and different body composition of Kadaknath chickens
contribute to these differences.

Ranasinghe, M. K. et al. (2024) found that carcass characteristics of male and female native
chickens, including age at slaughter, live weight at slaughter, carcass weight, and dressing
percentage, vary among different breeds and studies. For example, Aseel chickens are slaughtered at
140 and 280 days, while Hansli Crosses are slaughtered at 56 days. Live weights also differ, with
Aseel males weighing between 1713.9 g at 140 days and up to 2730.0 g at 280 days, whereas Hansli
Crosses males weigh 1052.3 g at 56 days. Carcass weights are generally lower in native chickens
compared to commercial broilers. Dressing percentages also vary, with Aseel chickens having 66.50%
at 140 days and 65.54% at 280 days, while Hansli Crosses range from 68.53% to 72.03% at 56 days.
Overall, male native chickens tend to have higher live weights and dressing percentages compared
to females, but these characteristics vary significantly across different breeds and ages at slaughter.

Oyewale, O. A. et al. (2021) evaluated morphometric traits and carcass characteristics of

native chickens, highlighting significant variations among six breeds. Traits such as body height, body
length, and shank length were measured, along with carcass weight, dressing percentage, and
muscle-to-bone ratio. Notably, Kuroiler and Noiler exhibited superior carcass attributes in Nigerian
native chickens.

Sam, I. M. (2019) emphasized the importance of identifying key morphometric traits that
show strong positive correlations with carcass traits. This approach enhances meat production and
market value. Additionally, predictive breeding models based on these correlations can streamline
the breeding process, improving efficiency.

Maninay A. et al. (2021) stressed the need to assess specific traits that indicate growth
performance and marketability. Carcass characteristics such as carcass weight, dressing percentage,
meat quality, and fat thickness provide insights into meat yield and quality. Superior morphometric
traits often correlate with better carcass characteristics, reflecting efficient production and desirable
meat quality.

Citation:

• Cyrill, John, P, Godinez., Masahide, Nishibori., Dinah, M., Espina. (2020). Qualitative Traits and
Genetic Characterization of Native Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Selected Areas of Eastern
and Western Samar, Philippines. 52-70. doi: 10.32945/ATR4225.2020

• Haunshi, S., Devatkal, S., Prince, L. L. L., Ullengala, R., Ramasamy, K., & Chatterjee, R. (2022).
Carcass characteristics, meat quality and nutritional composition of Kadaknath, a native chicken
breed of India. Foods, 11(22), 3603.

• Machete, J. (2023). Phenotypic and genetic characterization of different strains of indigenous

Tswana chickens in Kweneng and southern districts of Botswana (Doctoral dissertation, Botswana
University of Agriculture & Natural Resources).
• Manilay, A. A., Phen, B., Cabriole, M. A., Thy, O., Gonsalves, J. F., Monville-Oro, E., & Barbon, W. J.
(2021). A financial analysis of homestead native chicken raising: A climate-smart agriculture option
adopted in the province of Koh Kong, Cambodia. CCAFS Working Paper.

• Musa, S. A. (2022). Phenotypic characterization and production systems of indigenous chickens in

urban, peri urban and rural area of the west Harerghe zone.

• Naldo, M. A., Agbisit Jr, E. M., Salces, A. J., Arboleda, M. D. M., & Magpantay, V. A. (2021). Small-
scale native chicken production systems in mountain barangays of Ayungon, Negros Oriental,
Philippines. Philippine Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 47(1).

• Naldo, M. A., Agbisit Jr, E. M., Salces, A. J., Arboleda, M. D. M., & Magpantay, V. A. (2021).
Morphometric and qualitative traits of native chickens in Ayungon, Negros Oriental, Philippines.
Philippine Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 47(2).

• Oyewale, O. A., Bamidele, O., Oyedele, J. G., & Sonaiya, E. B. (2021). Morphometrics and carcass
characteristics of males of six dual purpose chicken breeds under intensive management. Nigerian
Journal of Animal Production, 48(3), 1-7.

• Ranasinghe, M. K., Sethukali, A. K., Wickramasuriya, S. S., Jo, C., & Jayasena, D. D. (2024). An
overview of carcass and meat quality traits of indigenous chickens from South and East Asia. World’s
Poultry Science Journal, 1-23.

• Sam, I. M., Essien, C. A., Ukpanah, U. A., & Ekpo, J. S. (2019). Influence of sex on relationship
between morphometric trait measurement and carcass traits in broiler chicken raised in humid
tropic. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 18(11), 309-314.