Chapter3:

Short Answers

Q1: What is Objective Resolution?

Ans: Preface

The Objective Resolution is one of the most significant documents in the

constitutional history of Pakistan. It was presented and adopted by the
Constituent Assembly on March 12, 1949, under the leadership of Liaquat
Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Key\Salient Features of the Objective Resolution:

1. Sovereignty of Allah:

Ultimate power belongs to Allah, and the government will act as a

trust given by Him.

2. Islamic Principles:

Pakistan will follow Islamic teachings, ensuring justice, equality, and

fairness for everyone.

3. Democracy:

The government will be run by representatives chosen by the people.

4. Minority Rights:

People of all religions will be free to practice their faith and follow their
traditions.

5. Fundamental Rights:

Citizens will have basic rights like freedom of speech, belief, and
worship.

6. Social Justice:

The state will work to remove unfair practices and provide equal
opportunities to all.
 7. Independent Judiciary:

Courts will remain free and fair to ensure justice.

8. Pakistan’s Identity:

Pakistan will be an Islamic state while protecting the rights of all its
people.

Conclusion:

The Objective Resolution was eventually made a preamble to the

Constitution of Pakistan (1956, 1962, and 1973). Later, in 1985, it
was included as a substantive part of the 1973 Constitution through
an amendment, giving it greater legal significance.

Q2: What is the importance of Objective Resolution?

Ans: Importance of Objective Resolution:

The Objective Resolution is an important part of Pakistan's history

and its laws. Passed on March 12, 1949, it became the base for the
interim constitution of 1950 and later shaped all of Pakistan’s
constitutions. It says that Allah is the ultimate authority, promotes
democracy, justice, and equality, and protects the rights of minorities.
It gave Pakistan its identity as an Islamic state that respects all
citizens. Added to the 1973 Constitution, it still guides the country by
combining Islamic values with democratic principles.

Q3:Write meaning and definition of Constitution.

Ans: Meaning of Constitution

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles, rules, and laws that outline

how a country is governed. It explains the structure of the government,
defines the powers and duties of different institutions, and protects the
rights and responsibilities of citizens. A constitution serves as the highest
legal authority in a country.
 Definition of Constitution

"A constitution is the basic law of the land that provides the framework for
the organization of the government, the distribution of powers, and the
rights of citizens."

Or

"A constitution is a system of fundamental principles according to which a

nation is governed."

Q4: Why constitution is necessary for a country?

Ans: A constitution is essential for the smooth functioning of a country

because it provides a clear framework for governance and ensures
stability. It defines the powers and responsibilities of the government,
ensuring no one misuses authority. The constitution protects the rights and
freedoms of citizens, promoting justice and equality. It resolves disputes by
acting as the highest legal authority and prevents chaos by setting rules for
everyone to follow. Additionally, it establishes the country's identity, reflects
its values, and unites its people under a common legal and political system.
Without a constitution, a country may face confusion, injustice, and
instability.
 Long Answers
Q1:Describe the salient features of 1956 constitution.

Ans: Introd

Introduction

The Constitution of 1956 was Pakistan's first official constitution, adopted

on March 23, 1956. It replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 and
set the rules for how the country would be governed. It made Pakistan a
republic and introduced important laws about how the government works,
the rights of citizens, and how power is shared between the center and
provinces.

Salient Features of the 1956 Constitution

1. Islamic Republic: Pakistan became the Islamic Republic of

Pakistan, meaning it would be a country that follows Islamic
principles.
2. Parliamentary System: Pakistan adopted a parliamentary system,
where the Prime Minister was the head of the government, and the
President was a ceremonial leader.
3. Federal System: The country was divided into a federal system,
where power was shared between the central government and the
provinces.
4. Fundamental Rights: Citizens were given fundamental rights, such
as the freedom to speak, practice their religion, and be treated
equally under the law.
5. Islamic Laws: The constitution made sure that no laws would go
against Islamic teachings and would allow Muslims to live according
to their religion.
6. Two Houses in Parliament: The National Assembly and Senate
were created, forming a bicameral legislature to make laws.
7. Urdu and Bengali as National Languages: Urdu and Bengali were
both made official languages to keep unity between the East and
West parts of Pakistan.
8. Independent Courts: The constitution made sure that the courts
would be independent and fair to give justice to everyone.
9. Guidelines for Government: It provided guidelines for the
government to ensure fairness, economic growth, and the spread of
Islamic values.
10. Equal Representation: Both East and West Pakistan had
equal representation in the National Assembly to maintain balance.
Conclusion

The 1956 Constitution was important because it was Pakistan's first full
set of laws. It made Pakistan a republic, protected citizens' rights, and
followed Islamic values. However, it didn't last long because of political
problems, and in 1958, it was replaced by martial law. Despite its short life,
it played an important role in shaping the country's legal system.

Q2:Describe the salient features of 1962 constitution.

Introduction

The 1962 Constitution was the second constitution of Pakistan, introduced

on March 1, 1962, under the rule of Ayub Khan, the first military ruler of
Pakistan. It replaced the 1956 Constitution and made big changes to the
country’s political system. The most important change was moving from a
parliamentary system to a presidential system, giving more power to the
President.

Salient Features of the 1962 Constitution

1. Presidential System: The President became the most powerful

leader in the country, acting as both the head of state and the head of
government. The President was elected indirectly by an electoral
college.
2. Strong Central Government: The Constitution gave more power to
the central government, reducing the power of the provinces
compared to the 1956 Constitution.
3. Centralization of Power: The President had the authority to dissolve
the National Assembly, appoint the Prime Minister, and make
important decisions on his own.
4. Basic Democracy System: The Basic Democracy system was
introduced, where people at the local level (villages, towns, and
districts) would elect members for the National and Provincial
Assemblies.
5. Two Houses in Parliament: Pakistan continued to have a bicameral
legislature, meaning two houses: the National Assembly and the
Senate. However, the President's powers were much stronger than
those of the National Assembly.
6. Islamic Laws: The Constitution made sure that Pakistan would follow
Islamic teachings in its laws and governance.
 7. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution gave citizens basic rights,
like freedom of speech, religion, and property. But the President
could limit these rights during emergencies.
8. No Political Parties: Political parties were banned for a time, so only
individual candidates could run for elections. This reduced political
competition.
9. Martial Law: The Constitution allowed the President to declare
martial law if there was a serious crisis, which meant he could
suspend normal laws and take full control.
10. Economic and Social Justice: The Constitution aimed to
create a fair society with economic and social justice for everyone.

Conclusion

The 1962 Constitution introduced a strong presidential system, where

the President had much more power than in the past. It also focused on
Islamic values and fairness but limited political freedoms. This constitution
lasted until 1971 when it was replaced due to political changes.

Q3:Describe the salient features of 1973 constitution.

Ans: Introduction

The Constitution of 1973 is the fundamental law of Pakistan, passed on

April 10, 1973, and enacted on August 14, 1973. It was drafted by the
members of the National Assembly under the leadership of Prime Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Salient Features of the Constitution of 1973

1. Federal System
The Constitution established Pakistan as a federal state with power divided
between the central government and provinces.
2. Parliamentary Form of Government
Pakistan adopted a parliamentary system where the Prime Minister is the
head of the government and the President is the ceremonial head of the
state.
3. Islamic Provisions
The Constitution declares Pakistan as an Islamic Republic, with Islam as
the state religion. It ensures that no laws against the teachings of Islam will
be made.
4. Fundamental Rights
It guarantees fundamental rights like freedom of speech, equality before
the law, and protection of life and property to all citizens.
5. Bicameral Legislature
The Parliament consists of two houses: the National Assembly and the
Senate, representing both the people and the provinces.
6. Independence of Judiciary
The judiciary is independent and ensures justice and the rule of law in the
country.
7. Joint Electorate System
All citizens, regardless of religion, caste, or ethnicity, can vote and
participate in elections under a joint electorate system.
8. Urdu as National Language
Urdu is declared the national language, while English is allowed for official
purposes.
9. Equal Rights for Minorities
The Constitution safeguards the rights of minorities, ensuring their freedom
of religion and culture.
10. Amendment Process
The Constitution can be amended, but only with a two-thirds majority in the
Parliament, ensuring a balance between rigidity and flexibility.
Conclusion
The Constitution of 1973 is a symbol of unity and democracy in Pakistan. It
provides a framework for governance and ensures the protection of the
rights of all citizens. By upholding its principles, Pakistan can continue its
journey toward progress and stability.

Q4: What are the Islamic provisions of 1973 Constitution?

Ans: Introduction

The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan declares the country as an Islamic Republic. It includes
several provisions to ensure that the laws, policies, and governance of Pakistan align with the
teachings of Islam. These provisions aim to make Pakistan a state where Islamic principles guide
social, economic, and legal systems while ensuring justice and equality for all.

Islamic Provisions in the 1973 Constitution

1. Islam as the State Religion
The Constitution declares Islam as the official religion of Pakistan.
2. Sovereignty Belongs to Allah
The sovereignty of the entire universe belongs to Allah, and the
government will exercise authority within the limits prescribed by Him.
3. Definition of a Muslim
The Constitution defines a Muslim as a person who believes in the oneness
of Allah and the finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH).
4. Qadianis/Ahmadis Declared Non-Muslims
In the 1974 amendment to the Constitution, Qadianis (Ahmadis) were
declared non-Muslims because they do not believe in the finality of the
Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH). This was a historic step reflecting the
consensus of the nation and the Islamic scholars.
5. Laws in Accordance with Islam
No law can be made that is against the teachings of Islam and the Quran.
Existing laws must also be brought in line with Islamic principles.
6. Promotion of Islamic Way of Life
The state is responsible for promoting Islamic values, teachings, and
culture in the country.
7. Council of Islamic Ideology
A Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) is established to ensure that laws and
policies conform to Islamic teachings and provide recommendations to the
government.
8. Teaching of the Quran and Islam
The Constitution ensures the teaching of the Quran and Islamic studies in
schools to promote awareness of Islam.
9. Religious Freedom for Minorities
While Islam is the state religion, the Constitution guarantees freedom of
religion to minorities and safeguards their rights.
10. Zakat, Ushr, and Auqaf
The state can collect and manage Zakat, Ushr, and religious endowments
(Auqaf) according to Islamic principles.
11. Elimination of Riba (Interest)
The state is responsible for eliminating Riba (interest) from the economy to
create an Islamic financial system.
12. Oath of Islamic Beliefs
The President, Prime Minister, and other key officials must declare their
faith in the finality of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) while taking their
oath of office.

Conclusion
The Islamic provisions in the 1973 Constitution reflect the commitment of
Pakistan to uphold its identity as an Islamic state. These provisions ensure
that the country’s governance, laws, and values align with the teachings of
Islam while protecting the rights of all citizens, including minorities. By
implementing these principles, Pakistan can move toward an equitable and
just society.
Q5: What are the causes of fall of East Pakistan?
Ans: Introduction
The fall of East Pakistan in December 1971 was a tragic and significant
event in Pakistan’s history. It led to the separation of East Pakistan, which
became the independent country of Bangladesh. The reasons for this split
were complex, involving political, social, economic, and military factors.
From Pakistan’s perspective, a combination of mismanagement, external
interference, and internal grievances contributed to the crisis.
Causes of the Fall of East Pakistan
1. Geographic Distance
East and West Pakistan were separated by over 1,600 kilometers of Indian
territory. This vast distance made effective governance, communication,
and unity difficult.
2. Political Disparity
East Pakistan felt politically marginalized. Despite having a larger
population, East Pakistan’s representation in governance and decision-
making was limited, which created resentment.
3. Language Controversy
The decision to declare Urdu as the sole national language in 1948
alienated Bengali-speaking East Pakistanis, who viewed it as an attack on
their cultural identity.
4. Economic Inequality
East Pakistan contributed significantly to Pakistan’s economy, especially
through jute exports. However, it received less in terms of development and
resources, creating feelings of exploitation.

5.Cultural Differences

East Pakistan had a different culture, language (Bengali), and traditions

compared to the majority of West Pakistan, where Urdu and Punjabi were
more dominant. The imposition of Urdu as the national language angered
the people of East Pakistan, who felt their identity was being suppressed.
6. Failure to Acknowledge Bengali Nationalism
The central government in West Pakistan failed to address the rising sense
of Bengali nationalism, which was fueled by cultural and economic
disparities.
7. Role of Awami League and Six-Point Plan
The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, gained massive
support in East Pakistan due to its Six-Point Plan, which demanded greater
autonomy for East Pakistan. The refusal of West Pakistan’s leadership to
accept this plan intensified the crisis.
8.. 1970 General Elections and Power Struggle
In the 1970 elections, the Awami League won a majority of seats in the
National Assembly, giving it the right to form the government. However, the
central government and military in West Pakistan were unwilling to transfer
power, leading to political deadlock.
9. Military Crackdown (Operation Searchlight)
The military operation launched in March 1971 to suppress dissent in East
Pakistan led to widespread violence and loss of civilian lives. This fueled
anger and resistance among

10.Role of India and External Support

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League sought help from India
after the Pakistani military crackdown. India, under Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi, supported the independence movement in East Pakistan. India
provided training, resources, and sanctuary to Bengali fighters, known as
Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army).

10. Role of Hindu Teachers:

Some Hindu teachers supported the formation of the Mukti Bahini
(Liberation Army) by providing education, resources, and training. They
changed the mind set of Bangali students, particularly the youth,later asked
them to join the fight against West Pakistan.