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Rohan Solanki - Amines Final (1) 3

The document is a chemistry project by Rohan Solanki on 'Amines', covering their classification, nomenclature, structure, preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and environmental impacts. It includes acknowledgments, a certificate of completion, and a bibliography of references. The project emphasizes the significance of amines in various applications while highlighting the need for proper handling due to potential health and environmental risks.

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60 views15 pages

Rohan Solanki - Amines Final (1) 3

The document is a chemistry project by Rohan Solanki on 'Amines', covering their classification, nomenclature, structure, preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and environmental impacts. It includes acknowledgments, a certificate of completion, and a bibliography of references. The project emphasizes the significance of amines in various applications while highlighting the need for proper handling due to potential health and environmental risks.

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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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❖ AMINES

Rohan Solanki
class-12th Neet
roll no – 12
chemistry
NARAYANA E-TECHNO
2024-2025
❖ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am sincerely grateful to our Chemistry teacher, Sonam mam, for
their invaluable guidance and support throughout this project. Their
expertise has been crucial in shaping our understanding and
approach. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my classmates for
their collaborative efforts and constructive feedback, enhancing the
quality of our work.

Moreover, I express my appreciation to the staff and administration


of narayana e-techno for providing the necessary resources and
facilities. Lastly, I am deeply thankful to my family for their
unwavering encouragement and understanding during this
academic endeavor.
❖ CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rohan Solanki, a student of Class 12,
has successfully completed the chemistry project on
"Amines" under my supervision. This project is an authentic
work carried out by him/her during the academic year
2023-2024.
❖ INDEX

1. Introduction
2. Classification of Amines
3. Nomenclature of Amines
4. Structure of Amines
5. Preparation of Amines
6. Physical Properties of Amines
7. Chemical Properties of Amines
8. Uses of Amines
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
❖ Introduction
Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that
contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. They are
derivatives of ammonia where one or more hydrogen atoms
are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. Amines play a vital role
in the chemistry of life and are found in many biological
systems, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and industrial chemicals.

Include a diagram of an amine molecule with a lone pair of


electrons on the nitrogen atom.
CLASSIFICATION OF AMINES
Amines can be classified into three main types based on the
number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen
atom:
1) Primary Amines (1°): One alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen atom
(e.g., Methylamine, CH3NH2).

2) Secondary Amines (2°): Two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the


nitrogen atom (e.g., Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH).

❖ 3) Tertiary Amines (3°): Three alkyl or aryl groups attached to the


nitrogen atom (e.g., Trimethylamine, (CH3)3N).
Nomenclature of Amines
The nomenclature of amines follows specific rules:

1) Common Names: Derived from the names of the alkyl groups


followed by the word "amine" (e.g., Ethylamine).
2) IUPAC Names : The suffix ‘-amine’ is added to the name of the
parent hydrocarbon (e.g., Ethanamine for CH3CH2NH2)
❖ Structure of Amines
Amines have a trigonal pyramidal structure with a nitrogen
atom at the apex. The bond angles are approximately 107°,
slightly less than the tetrahedral angle due to the repulsion
of the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen.

Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons and so is trivalent with a


lone pair. As per VSEPR THEORY, nitrogen present in amines
is sp3 hybridized and due to the presence of lone a pair, it
is pyramidal instead of tetrahedral shape which is a
general structure for most sp3 hybridized molecules.
❖ Preparation of Amines
Amines can be prepared by several methods:

1) Reduction of Nitro Compounds: Reduction


of nitro compounds (e.g., Nitrobenzene to
Aniline).

Equation: C6 H5 NO2 [H] C6 H5 NH2

2) Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides: Reacting


alkyl halides with ammonia.

Equation: R-X+NH3 →R-NH2 +HX

3) Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis: Producing


primary amines from phthalimide.

Equation: Phthalimide+KOH→Phthalimide anion→R-


NH2Phthalimide+KOH→Phthalimide anion→R-NH2
❖ Physical Properties of Amines
1) Boiling Points: Higher than alkanes but lower than
alcohols of comparable molecular weight.

2) Solubility: Lower amines are soluble in water due


to hydrogen bonding; solubility decreases with
increasing molecular weight.

3) Odor: Lower aliphatic amines have a fishy odor.


❖ Chemical Properties of Amines

1) Basicity: Amines act as bases due to the lone pair of


electrons on nitrogen.
Equation: R-NH2+H2O→R-NH3++OH−R-NH2 +H2 O→R-
NH3+ +OH−

2) Reaction with Acids: Form amine salts


e.g., CH3NH2 + HCl → CH3NH3+Cl

3) Acylation: Amines react with acyl chlorides to form


amides (e.g., CH3NH2 + CH3COCl → CH3NHCOCH3).

Equation and structure of the resulting amide: R-NH2 +R’-


COCl→R-NHCO-R’+HCl
Uses of Amines

1) Pharmaceuticals: Many drugs are amines or amine


derivatives. Examples include:
o Antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine)
o Analgesics (e.g., Morphine)

2) Dyes: Amines are used in the synthesis of dyes such as


aniline dyes.

o Example: Aniline used to produce Methylene Blue

3) Polymers: Amines are involved in the production of


polymers such as Nylon and Kevlar.

o Example: Nylon production using Hexamethylene


diamine
❖ Environmental and Health Impacts
of Amines

While amines are useful in many applications, they


also pose certain environmental and health risks:
1) Environmental Impact: Amines can contribute to the formation
of nitrosamines, which are potent carcinogens. They can also cause
water pollution if not properly managed.

2) Health Impact: Prolonged exposure to amines can cause


respiratory issues, skin irritation, and other health problems. Proper
handling and safety measures are crucial when working with
amines.
❖ Conclusion

Amines are a crucial class of compounds in organic chemistry with


significant importance in both natural and synthetic processes.
Their diverse structure and reactivity make them indispensable in
various industrial applications, including pharmaceuticals, dyes,
and polymers. However, careful handling and environmental
considerations are necessary to mitigate their adverse effects.
❖ Biography
1) Morrison, R. T., & Boyd, R. N. (2010). Organic
Chemistry. Pearson Education.

2) Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., & Wothers, P.


(2012). Organic Chemistry. Oxford University Press.

3) Solomons, T. W. G., Fryhle, C. B., & Snyder, S. A.


(2017). Organic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons.

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