M1-6

Finite automala it Epái lon- trausl h oss e- NFA):

The enndel madel NFA e- NFA An NFA WIth o n

callld An e- NFA :
A traa:Hon an Callrd an E- trunsrm,
/Hcei as epai lon brans? hon) i) y. Hure ik a tram:Hom foon
auottr without (ie, na dew ted
a nput inpu mpys emp 4tg
calllel t-trans >HM. tx.ampl, (omaider the FA

b
b, e

From-abave FA ,obArve u olosig 20tn :

moe tan one tramon rm
N FA:
There is a transl Hn
auotr traitrm from as the np.Sothe above FA
NPA

t- cLosURE:

e CLOSURE () 6 eac as

Stats 9ch CH 9eeachable

ondy The erave
t- CL0SURE C) ià:

2).Z e cLOSU RÉ (4) = P Gucd 8(P.€)2 tn add x to t- clasoRE C)

t- COsU RE
k- loSuRF Ca2): ,
 Cuimn State Daput Repraenturon
No S (ao,a)= o.)
b s (ao. b)2

..
a
C

a
e) a

Let Comcle the prcfo rcl gepresentatron q t- NF A .

ai

The E- NFa has thrce.6tatea Vo, a, @i aud

alphabta swch Can be deno-el as :

but Cmi uming an

npat agmbol.
then we orte

átate
a;fo C; aud ;fo k on an nput
Change
ten e Jrike

ymi a,
 Noat slale
Reprtatin

N
C
"s(w,,j:

The G-NEA
qumhaple
M: (, E, 8, b, F)
Ashere

non

nm emptynk sc g lnpat phabts

funiton
E UE) to 2° Bacd on Hu ur(nt dtate ture can be a tranitrm
to othur statea oith ox withot any nput ymboli.

flacocd
by ¿e
.
 é NFA to DFA

é NFA
9wch a can beyimed),
Ag lk.

&katu. The eqw valeel- DFA

Cau be dbta ned

then t-closURE (Vo) I e dtort

NFA,
&tate DrA,

Uop G- cLoSURE (a)

Stip &i- Cornpute the .tranJ Hona fon

Ue trants
DFA. Then, tua & tate

„s Compud ahoan belo a :

Then take 6r closOeE ( P, P.,..., Pm)

Stp 3! state In DFA &

Cmfeuus
ateut One
fnal stak DFA.
 roblem:
eonvert the
ollo wmg NFA to lts equvalut DFA.

Solus
DFA i,asp: é-losURE (0): of

Cons ce the Atate [AJ:

8 (A.a) : é-cosURE(&
:e- clo'sU RE (b
(A,a)

lo, a)
)
)

SA.b) :- cLosoRE (Sn(A i6)

:E- cLOSURE (SN (0, b) )

sun inpur is a
&( B.a) :t- cL0sURE (SN (B,a)

(En (B.))
S(8, b): t- cLOSORE
:t- LOSURE &n CIL))

t-closoRE (42)
?2, 34,6,4} c
mput)

becaue, In dtate ,due to é- bramJhms Co

lo. So cu
w) Hyout,
Her
giring yy

to tats &3,4, 6,9

Can be tranyitn
here

leachable tm
 shen Input da ài

(Ca): t- cLoS URE (&y(C,a))

S

: e- cLosURE ( Sn 22,3,4.6,9,a))

: 5, 8, 4, 3, 4. &

- 3,4, 5, 6,8, 4}

due to , traw:hons the statcs eucasle

45, 8,4,3,4.6y. Threure

8CCa)= 3, u, 5.6, 8, y = D
shen input ia, bi

S (Eib) t- CLOS URE (Sn (G, b))

: é- cL0sURE (&N 3, 4, 6,9 5, 5)

:2,8,4,3.4, 6}
: 3,4 6,2.8,?} E

Keachable w Hout
npt (ie-) traMI tt m) are
3?,8,4,3. 4. 6J
y E
.Threfore

hen nput is ai
S (D.a):e- closURE (SN (D.a)
t- cLOSURE (sy3,45,.6, &,4}, a))
: (5))
t- CLosURE
.5, 3,4.8,4, 6

:?3,4, 5, 8, 6, D
when input is b:
&(D,b): 6- O.sURE (óN (D b))
• e- Lo sURG (S3, ,6,)) 4,5,

:?3,8,1,34.c
4374i6, 9.8,9)c
 Conscr the stale le]:

S lE a)= é-cL0sURE
:
é-cOsURE (f
((3 (E,a))
u6, t 8, 9t,a))
: (5)
: G- cOSURE

:3.46,
15, 8,4,3,4, 6y
5, S,

S6,b): e- cLOSU
(6n (t,b)) RG
:é- ( (34h,
cLOS URE &N 6,,8.9}, b))
(a)
= t-cLosoRE

:}2,84, 3,4.6
: ?i8,9E
13,4e 6,
Snce there ae no
tuble d thu DFA ik ahon bloo table:

D E

The stats c, D, ancl E are final statts, snie 4

pseAet In Ci D and F. The fnal tra m

b a
A

b
DFA
 DFA.
NPA eqwvalent

tart
& ho the
q€- NFA

Cnsd the atate le,Ui, :

0n l hplt a:
t- cuesURE (S,(A,a))
S (A.a)-
:
&

e- cLasORF (
SN (?ao.i,4,5, a))
.t-cL0SURE ( 3)
A

hen
S{A-)
nput

:
b:
é- ces RE U (S (A,b))

e- cLosURE (3as

hen put ei
8(A,c) : e oSORE (n (A,c))

.c
The new &tates
below
shown
The trans)frns frm
 Cnsdy the ktate [a]:
When inpu

&(B,)= €- cLosURE (SN (B,a))

hen Input b:
& ( B,b) t- LošoRE (s (B,b))
: t- clasURE (6n (4 4i93b))

hen npu c:
S (B, c): €- cLosURG (Sn (B.c))
6- L as o RE (SN ,. ( u,))

hn Inpt a :
:- cLOS URE (S (3 f,a))

when nput bi

s(c,b) é- cosU RE (6N (Cib))

5(e,t): e- casORE (6w(C,)

t- CLosURE

The trauaJfran tasle deftncd DFA

P tHhe obtumd ttn te. torttes labks
A. B aue e i &ho )U n the tble.
 a
A B

9btaw-aw NPA WTt- transitns (tr NA) acept detma numbrr&

c them 8btun the tqwvalent DFA.
has
) an OY

(2) n +

aud

Ihe t- NEA sk

0, ,..9

lere, the nocw ne Ma (o, ,

S, Vo, F) he
I1+-,*2, 0, .. }

<fate
 0, ),. ..

DEA 6 tu E-cLOs URE g stoxt state €- NFA

8 (A,+) :
e

:E-
é

e-
-clasoeE (SN (4,
cLo sURE (6N
CLOSV RE (a)
o,, ,))
+))

hen npt
S (A,
is:
)
- t
é- cL0sURE (SN (a,

cLasURE ()
B

)
en nput
S
ia O,l.2,....q

(A, {o,!, -..9): é-

:

-
cLosURE

é-ClasUPE
(S
(S
(A, do,
( ao.a},
,. 9) --9))
t6,y-.

8(B, +) e- cLosvRE (s (8,+))

 S (B,) - : t-closVRE
E- cLOSURE
óx (B,))
(S(a, ) )
&(B, 40, I,.. 4s) = t- cLos URE (SN (B,0 ,..94))
- 6-CoSURE Cu)
D

S Ce,t) :e- LOs UPE (6 Cc, +))

4Jhen nput is

- 6-cLOsURE. (6)
C6n Ce,)
Jhn nput ik 0,2,.4
S(c, t0;1,2,..9 ) é- = CLOSURE

....:...
Conarole the btate (D]:

tere

8(D,+) e- CLOSO RE (Sn (D, t))

8 (D,)= t- CnsURE (S CD,-)).

 when Input is 0, 2,..T

s CD,0J, 4}): €- cl0s URE (SnCD, q)) o,,.

e- ClosURE (&n (, 0?,1, .
.a))

Conarder the Atate lE) )

when put ia t?
E- CLOsURE (Sn CE, t))

when inpwt
= E- CLOSURE (N (E,))

Jhen
8 lE,o,1,
nput. is 9, i,2)..4:

45): é-Cos URE (&N (E, .

o,I,q))
)
: - (tas0RE SN ( ( Us, st, do,ty;.1

G- CLOSURE (uy)

E is tho wu
9btainc.frm A thrsugh

O,,...9

B B
O, ,..9
B

E D

,ty..4
:(e,E,S, Vo, F)
DFA to acept deamal numbot
aj
Z 1t, -,,o, l,2, -.
he Khort state
A IA
stale
the tnal
F:e
 equval ent DFA
e- NE4 kst to

e
start s tale
.€-NF4 & 6o the
stort &tatt

DFA
t- losUR E a) ao A

Codr te Atate CAJ :

ohen lnpwt

-
a

S(A.a)e wosuRE (SN (A,a))

B
13heu 3npu b

lonsrdor the stat CBJ

when jnpu
a !
SB,a) e- CLOSU RE (6n (B,«))
*e-casURE (8N (144,,3,a))

8B,b): e- coSURE (&NB,b))

(4vg
(aRy1)

Consrdn H Atat CcJ:

wen npu a:
S(C,a): E wsORE 1heu npw bi
(Gn(C.a)) s(Ci): G-CL0SURc (sN (C,b))
- é- cLo5 URE (d (1, b))
Couidr the state lB]:

S(Bra): €- c0SURE (6n CB.a))

G- cLOSURe (a)
B

en npu b:
S (B.b)= é- (&N (B, ))
cLosu RE

: C- LosURE (6N (4na}, ))

= é- clos URE (ao)c'

..

&(L,a) : é- clasuRE (d (Cia))

- - cLos RE (dN(2ass,a))
G- cLoas vRF.()

Jheu nput bi

E- closURE (SN (3965,b))

t-LOSo RE (a)
A
Ahown belo:

B
b
 A B.

qüvaieit DFA

Tae
stast Sat qt- N FA & o ttue Stost <hate
t- ciasURE Ca) s,
Qi,4A)

8(A.a)= e- laSO RE (n (,a))

¿(A5)= casOTE
- é- casURE
-e-cleSDRC
(SN
C&n
()
(,
(,b))
4,,4>5, b)
 Consrder te €- NF:

< Compute t- cLos URE 9 cack alale

4- Cmvrk the auto ada to DTA.

(- NFA

1: Th tclaso aclshatetau heCmputc stown bele

i
&

e- cLasURE (P): P

9. The DEA Can be oblded as shoLJn belo w!

DrA.

tte state A]:

Cmird
when ectkostRE
tnpu
a))
S(A.e). encl0sURE (SN (A.

Corekat

:t- clesURE (N (3 PS, 6))

t- closURE (4)
 :e-wosO RE .ý)

&(B, s) 6- cLBSUZE (6u (B.))

- t-closU RE (,r)

:G- cLss0 2E (?.4s, )

:E-cLasuRE ( (ors, b))

• t-Ces
2Fy, T, )
 The trnlhm ta.ble wih tramittm

a
A 4: B..

each
(3) Compute Ahete
frm Hhg foy.t-NFA:

t- lOsURE (a)
 e bho DA, NEA nel t-NP+

\:
DFA

a, ,) S,Ne,
Ay
M>(a,
NA is

E,8,
a5
9F)
tuple
An é -

N=(2Z,
hon,
NEA IA

8, as
a 5 tuple
F)

Thore Can
k n an lnput
mre tranwy hm as tase
be eoone o nm ore
tranttns rom a &tate )th
mbel w or

Inpw
re nunnb
fruuwtms Relatvedy'more dra bens
13hen Compared wry N FA
tayto Combel
to cnyuet
Cnpreum.
powtul than DFA
Eie Mre po0 usretu than NFA
ail be in eny Jt wil be
ttate
n
more tan