Lecture – 01 & 02

Computer Programming
Second Semester
 Contents
• Introduction to problem solving,

• a brief review of Von-Neumann architecture,

• Introduction to programming,

• role of compiler and linker,

• introduction to algorithms,

• basic data types and variables,

• input/output constructs, arithmetic,

• comparison and logical operators,

2
 Contents
• conditional statements and execution flow for conditional statements,

• repetitive statements and execution flow for repetitive statements,

• lists and their memory organization,

• multi- dimensional lists, introduction to modular programming,

• function definition and calling,

• stack rolling and unrolling,

• string and string operations,

• pointers/references,

• static and dynamic memory allocation,

• File I/O operations

2
Computer Programming

4
 Computer Programming

• It is the process of giving instructions (commands) to the computer to do a

meaningful task.

• It is an act of teaching the computer on how to do a task.

• The art and science of creating instructions for a computer to follow.

• Creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something.

5
Why Programming?

6
 Why Programming?
• Computer is just a dumb machine made up of different electronic
components. It is like a box which cannot do anything by itself.

• It is the user who tells the computer “what it has to do?”

• If we need our computer to perform some task, we first have to teach the
computer in detail “how it will accomplish that task?”

• Once the computer is taught about a particular task, it will completely obey
it but cannot do anything that it is not taught to.
7
 Why Programming?
• Like the humans, we can teach the computer through communicating with it
using a particular language.

• The language that computer understands is machine language, also called

as binary language. Machine language is the language of 0s and 1s.

• We give detailed instructions to the computer to solve a particular task.

Programming is the term that refers to teaching, instructing or giving
commands to the computer.
8
 Why Programming?
• Programming is more about problem solving skills than writing the code
itself.

• Programming teaches you how to understand, analyze and solve the

problems. It enhances your analytical reasoning abilities and helps you cope
with daily real life problems as well.

• Hence learning to program is important because it develops analytical and

problem solving abilities.

9
 Programmer
• The person who gives the instructions (commands) to the computer is
known as the programmer.

• A person who designs and writes computer programs.

10
 Instruction

DO THIS!

11
 Instruction
• Instruction is any command given to the computer.
• For example:
1) Add two variables A and B
2) Display result
3) Read file

• Each of these is the individual instruction to the computer.

12
 Program

NOW DO THIS!
NOW DO THIS!
NOW DO THIS!
NOW DO THIS!
NOW DO THIS!

13
 Program
• Program is a set (collection) of instruction to do a meaningful task.

• A sequence of instructions that are interpreted and executed by a computer.

It can be made of a single or hundred of instructions.

• For example: In order to teach the computer on how to calculate average of

three numbers? We need to give multiple instructions to the computer to do
the task.

14
 Program
Instruction 1: Get first number from the user and store it in A variable

Instruction 2: Get second number from the user and store it in B variable

Instruction 3: Get third number from the user and store it in C variable

Instruction 4: Add A, B, C and store the result in SUM variable

Instruction 5: Divide SUM by 3 and store result in AVG variable

Instruction 6: Display AVG variable

• Instructions 1-6 are used to solve a single task. This collection of instruction
is known as a program.
15
Programming Language

16
 Programming Language

• A programming language is an artificial language designed to

communicate instructions to a computer.

• A programming language is a notation for writing programs.

• A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to

perform specific tasks.

17
 Programming Language
• Each language has a unique set of keywords (special words that it
understands) and a special syntax (format) for organizing program
instructions.

• There are many programming languages. For example:

• GW Basic • JAVA • Python

• C • Pascal • C#
• C++ • COBOL

18
 Types of Programming Languages
• There are three types of programming languages:

19
 Low-Level Language

Machine (Computer) Human (Programmer)

LANGUAGE

A language which is closer to machine (computer)

20
 Low-Level Language

• A low level language is one which is closer to the machine (computer).

• It is easier for machines to understand and difficult for humans to

understand.

• It is faster in execution as compared to high and middle level languages.

21
 Low-Level Language

• Two of the types of low level languages are:

22
 Machine Language
• It is one of the low level language.

• It is the language of 0s and 1s.

• Machine languages are the only languages directly understood by the

computers.

• While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost

impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers (0s
and 1s).
23
 Machine Language
• It is the native language of the machines (computers).

• Here all the instructions are written as code of binary sequence. For
example:
• In order to do addition, the code is: 10010001
• In order to decrement a number by one, the code is: 11011011
• In order to move data from one place to another, the code is:
10000111

24
 Machine Language

• There are hundreds of instructions and each instruction has a binary

code.

• Is it possible to remember all the codes of hundreds of instruction?

• Obviously not! Hence machine language almost impossible to

understand.

25
 Machine Language
• Machine language program example:

10010010
11001010
01001010
11110101
00000101
00101000
11101010
10101010

26
 Assembly Language
• Assembly language is same as machine language but uses English like
words to represent individual operations.

• For example: Instead of binary codes it uses : ADD, MOV, SUB, INC

• Assembly language is also a low-level language.

• It is easier than the machine language but still it is very difficult to control
a larger program using assembly.
27
 Assembly Language

• As assembly language contains English like words, which will not be

understood by the computer (because it only understands 0s and 1s)

• A translator first converts the assembly language program into machine

language program.

• Translator used with assembly language is called Assembler.

28
 Assembly Language
• Assembly language program example:

MVI A, 05h
MVI B, 9Ah
ADD B
INC A
STA 8200h
HLT

29
 High-Level Language

Machine (Computer) Human (Programmer)

LANGUAGE

A language which is closer to human (programmer)

30
 High-Level Language

• A high level language is one which is closer to the human

(programmer).

• It is easier for humans to understand and difficult for machines

to understand.

• It is slower in execution as compared to low level languages.

31
 High-Level Language

• Like assembly language, it also uses English like words for the
operations.

• For example: for, if, else, break, continue, while, include,

using, import

• It is more easier than assembly language.

32
 High-Level Language

• Some of the high level programming languages are:

• GW Basic • COBOL • J#
• C++ • Python • Ruby
• JAVA • C# • PHP
• Pascal • Visual Basic

33
 High-Level Language
• High level language program example:
int main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 6;

if(a > b)
cout<<“First number is greater.”;
else
cout<<“Second number is greater.”;
}
34
 Middle-Level Language

Machine (Computer) Human (Programmer)

LANGUAGE

A language which is some how closer to machine as well as human

35
 Middle-Level Language

• A middle level language is one which is closer to machine

(computer) as well as to human (programmer).

• A language that has the features of both low level and high
level languages.

• More formally, a high level language that allows you to write

low level programs in it is called as middle level language.
36
 Middle-Level Language

• Some of the middle level programming languages are:

• C
• IBM PL/S (Programming Language/Systems)
• BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language)
• BLISS (Bill's Language for Implementing System Software)

37
 Source Code and Object Code
Source Code Object Code
• The set of instructions written in any • The set of instructions written in
language other than machine language is machine language is called as object
called as source code. code. It is also known as machine code.

• It is not directly understood by the • It is the only code which is directly

machine (computer). understood by the machine (computer).

38
 Source Code and Object Code
Source Code Object Code
• It is in the form of text. • It is in the form of binary numbers.

• It is human readable. • It is machine (computer) readable.

• It is generated by human (programmer). • It is generated by the language translator.

• It is input to the language translator. • It is the output of the language translator.

39
Language Translators

40
 Language Translators

• Language translator is a program that converts the source code

in to the object code.

CONVERT
Source Code Translator Object Code

Language Translator

41
 Why Language Translators?
• Computer only understands object code (machine code).

• It does not understand any source code.

• There must be a program that converts source code in to the object code
so that the computer can understand it.

• The language translator is one which does this job.

• The programmer writes the source code and then translator converts it
in machine readable format (object code).

42
 Types of Language Translators
• There are three types of language translator:

43
 Assembler

• Assembler is the language translator that converts assembly

language code in to the object code (machine code).

CONVERT
Assembly
Assembler Object Code
Source Code

44
 Compiler

• Compiler is the language translator that converts high level

language code in to the object code (machine code).

• It converts the whole code at a time.

CONVERT
High-Level
Compiler Object Code
Source Code

45
 Compiler

Program Read whole Program

Line 1 : Instruction 1 Line 1 : Instruction 1

Line 2 : Instruction 2 Line 2 : Instruction 2 Convert whole
Line 3 : Instruction 3 Line 3 : Instruction 3 program in to object Execute
Line 4 : Instruction 4 Line 4 : Instruction 4 code
Line 5 : Instruction 5 Line 5 : Instruction 5

1 2 3 4

46
 Interpreter

• Interpreter is the language translator that converts high level

language code in to the object code (machine code).

• It converts the code line by line.

CONVERT
High-Level
Interpreter Object Code
Source Code

47
 Interpreter

Program

Line 1 : Instruction 1 Read Line 1 Convert in to object code Execute 2

Line 2 : Instruction 2 Read Line 2 Convert in to object code Execute 3

Line 3 : Instruction 3 Read Line 3 Convert in to object code Execute 4

Line 4 : Instruction 4 Read Line 4 Convert in to object code Execute 5
Line 5 : Instruction 5 Read Line 5 Convert in to object code Execute 6

48
Difference between Compiler and Interpreter
Compiler Interpreter
• It converts whole code at a time. • It converts the code line by line.

• It is faster. • It is slower.

• Requires more memory. • Requires less memory.

• Errors are displayed after entire program • Errors are displayed for every instruction
is checked. interpreted (if any).

• Example: C, C++, JAVA. • Example: GW BASIC, Ruby, Python

49
Bug

50
 Bug

• An error or defect occurred inside a computer program or

hardware that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected
result, or to behave in unintended ways is called as a bug.

• Most of the bugs arise from mistakes and errors made by

programmer in source code.

51
 Bug
• The term bug was used by Grace Hopper in 1946.
• Hopper used to work on Mark II computer, there some error
occurred in the system. The cause of the error was a moth
(bug) trapped in a relay creating short circuit.

• That caused the term bug to be coined.

52
Debugging

53
 Debugging
• It is the process of finding and fixing the bugs (errors) in the
program.

• It is the process of removing errors.

• The programmer manually does this by examining the source
code.

54