Calculus 2 Class 03 (Year 112) Week 10 Suggested Solutions

1. In the following, ‘C’ denotes a constant.

√
(a) (a) Let x = u2 (or u = x). Then dx = 2udu. Therefore,
√

Z Z
1 1 −1 −1
√ dx = · (2udu) = 2 tan (u) + C = 2 tan x + C.
u(1 + u2 )

x(1 + x) 
(b) Let u = 7x + 1. Then du = 7dx. Therefore,
Z Z u−1
  Z
x 7 1 1 −16 −17


dx = · du = u − u du
(7x + 1)17 u17 7 49
 −15
u−16

1 u
= − + +C
49 15 16
 
1 1 1
= − + +C
49 15(7x + 1)15 16(7x + 1)16
(c) Let u3 = 4 − y 3 (or u = (4 − y 3 )1/3 ). We have 3u2 du = −3y 2 dy. Therefore,
u5 (4 − y 3 )5/3
Z Z Z
y (4 − y ) dy = (u ) · (−u du) = − u4 du = − + C = −
2 3 2/3 3 2/3 2
+ C.
5 5

x = e, u = 1
1
(d) Let u = ln x. Then du = x dx. When . Therefore,
x = e4 , u = 4
Z e4 Z e4   Z 4
dx 1 1 1
√ = √ · dx = √ du = [2u1/2 ]u=4
u=1 = 2.
e x ln x e ln x x 1 u


x = 1, u = 1
(e) Let u = x1 . Then du = −1
x2
dx and when .
x = 2, u = 1
2

2 1 2  Z 1/2 Z 1
√
Z Z 
ex 1 1 u u u 1
dx = (e x) dx = e (−du) = (e )du = [e ] 1 = e − e.
2 x2
1 x 1 1 1/2 2


x = 0, u = 0
(f) Let x = u4 =⇒ 4u3 du = dx. When , using this substitution :
x = 16, u = 2
16 2 Z 2
x1/2 u2 u5
Z Z
3
dx = · 4u du = 4 du
0 1 + x3/4 0 1+u
3
0 1+u
3
Z 2
u2
=4 u2 − du
1 + u3
0 
1 3 1 3
2 32 4
=4 u − ln | 1 + u | = − ln 9
3 3 0 3 3

(g) Let u = sin(x). Then du = cos(x)dx. Therefore,

sin3/2 (x)
Z Z
dx = sin3/2 (x) cos2 (x) · cos(x) dx
sec3 (x)
Z
= u3/2 (1 − u2 ) du
2 2
= u5/2 − u9/2 + C
5 9
2 5/2 2
= sin (x) − sin9/2 (x) + C
5 9

1
 (h) Let x = sin u. Then dx = cos udu and therefore
Z Z
D I −1
(sin (x)) dx = u2 cos u du
2
+ u2 cos u
- 2u sin u = u2 sin u + 2u cos u − 2 sin u + C
√
+ 2 − cos u
2
= x sin−1 (x) + 2 sin−1 (x) · 1 − x2 − 2x + C
- 0 − sin u

Z Z D I
x + −1
sin (x) 1
(b) (a) sin−1 (x)dx = x sin−1 (x) − √ dx
1 − x2 1
| {z } - √ x
=I 1 − x2
To compute I, we substitute x = sin θ. Then dx = cos θdθ. So
Z
sin θ √
I= · cos
 θdθ = − cos θ + C = − 1 − x2 + C.
cos
θ
Z √
Hence, sin−1 (x)dx = x sin−1 (x) + 1 − x2 + C.

D I
−2x
Z
+ sin(3x) e
(b) Let I = e−2x sin (3x) dx. −2x
- 3 cos(3x) − e 2
−2x
+ −9 sin(3x) e 4
IBP twice yields
e−2x sin(3x) 3e−2x cos(3x) 9
Z
I=− − − e−2x sin(3x) dx .
2 4 4
| {z }
=I

Therefore, by rearranging the terms (to solve for I), we have

 −2x
sin(3x) 3e−2x cos(3x)

4 e
I= − − + C.
13 2 4
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
−1
(c) x(sin x + sin x) dx = x sin x dx + x sin−1 x dx.
0
| 0 {z } |0 {z }
=:I =:J
By IBP twice, we have

I = [−x cos x + sin x]x=1

x=0 = sin 1 − cos 1.

By IBP , we have
 2 −1 x=1
1 1 x2 π 1 1 x2
Z Z
x sin (x)
J= − √ dx = − √ dx
2 x=0 2 0 1 − x2 4 2 0 1 − x2
To evaluate the last integral, we put x = sin θ, then
Z 1 Z π/2 Z π/2 θ=π/2
x2

2 1 − cos(2θ) θ sin(2θ) π
√ dx = sin θ dθ = dθ = − =
0 1 − x2 0 0 2 2 4 θ=0 4
π π π
Hence, I + J = sin 1 − cos 1 + − = sin 1 − cos 1 + .
4 8 8

2. (a) Intersection points. On [− π4 , π4 ], the two curves y = 2 sin x and y = tan x intersect at
x = 0 only.

2
 Moreover, by symmetry, it suffices to calculate twice the area on the interval [0, π4 ]. Hence
the required area equals
Z π π √
4
2 (2 sin x − tan x) dx = 2 · [−2 cos x − ln | sec x|]04 = 4 − 2 2 − ln 2.
0

(b) Intersection points. By equating e1+2y = e1−y , we have e3y = 1 and hence y = 0. So a
sketch of the region is given by the following.

Therefore, the required area equals to

Z 0 Z 1 0 1
e1+2y
  1+2y
1−y 1+2y 1+2y 1−y 1−y e 1−y
(e −e ) dy + (e − e )dy = −e − + +e
−2 0 2 −2 2 0
3e3 1
= − 3e + 3 + 1.
2 2e

Z 2π
1
3. (a) Set I = dx. Let u = 2π − x. Then du = −dx. When x = 0, 2π, we have
0 esin x
+1
u = 2π, 0 respectively. Hence,
Z 0 Z 2π Z 2π
1 1 esin u
I= (−du) = du = du. (⋆)
2π e
sin(2π−u) + 1
0 e− sin u + 1 0 esin u + 1
From this, we have that
Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π
1 esin x
I +I = dx + dx = 1dx = 2π.
0 esin x + 1 0 esin x + 1 0
| {z } | {z }
original form (⋆)

Therefore, 2I = 2π and hence I = π.

3
 √ √ 
3 √1 , u= 3 x =
Z
1 1
(b) Set I = dx. Let u = . When √3 . Hence,
√1 (1 + xa )(1 + x2 ) x x = 3, u = √1
3 3

Z √1  
3 1 1
I= √
· − 2 du
3 (1 + u−a )(1 + u−2 ) u
√
Z 3
1
= du
√1 (1 + u−a )(1 + u2 )
3
√
3
ua
Z
= du · · · (⋆)
√1 (1 + ua )(1 + u2 )
3

From this, we have that

Z √3 Z √3 Z √3
1 xa 1 −1
√
3 π
I+I = a 2
dx + a 2
dx = 2
dx = [tan (x)] √1
= .
√1 (1 + x )(1 + x ) √1 (1 + x )(1 + x ) √1 1+x 3 6
| 3 {z } | 3 {z } 3

original form (⋆)

π π
Therefore, 2I = and hence I = .
6 12

Z π x = 0, u = π
(c) i. Set I = xf (sin x) dx. Let u = π −x. Then du = −dx and when .
0 x = π, u = 0
Therefore,
Z 0 Z π
I= (π − u)f (sin(π − u)) (−du) = (π − u)f (sin u) du · · · (⋆)
π 0

From this, we have that

Z π Z π Z π
I +I = xf (sin x) dx + (π − x)f (sin x) dx = πf (sin x) dx
0 0 0
| {z } | {z }
original form (⋆)
Z π Z π
π
Therefore 2I = π f (sin x) dx and hence I = f (sin x) dx. Done.
0 2 0
ii.
Z π Z π
x sin x sin x
The given integral = = x· dx
0 2 − sin2 x 0 2 − sin2 x
π π sin x
Z
= dx, by (i)
2 0 2 − sin2 x
π π sin x
Z
= dx
2 0 1 + cos2 x
Z −1
u=cos x π −1
= du
2 1 1 + u2
π  −1 u=1
= tan (u) u=−1
2
π2
=
4

4
 
t = 1 , u = 1
x
4. Fix x and let u = xt. Then du = x dt and when . Therefore,
t = x, u = x2

Z x √ Z x2 √
Z x2 √
1 1
F (x) = sin xt dt = sin u · du = · sin u du
1
x
1 x x 1

Therefore, by product rule, we have

Z x2 √ √
′ 1 1
F (x) = − 2 · sin u du + · sin x2 · (2x)
x 1 x
Therefore, F ′ (1) = 0 + sin 1 · (2) = 2 sin(1).

5. (a)
8x2
Z Z
2 IBP 2
ln(1 + 4x ) dx = x ln(1 + 4x ) − dx
1 + 4x2
Z
2 2
= x ln(1 + 4x ) − 2− dx
1 + 4x2
= x ln(1 + 4x2 ) − 2x + tan−1 (2x) + C

n  1
j2 n

Y j
(b) Let L = 5+8· +4· 2 . Then
j=1
n n

n
j2
 
1X j
ln L = ln 5 + 8 · + 4 · 2
n j=1 n n
n  2 !
1X k
= ln 1 + 4 1 +
n j=1 n
n  
1X k
= f 1+ where f (x) = ln(1 + 4x2 )
n j=1 n

Therefore,
n  
1X k
lim ln L = lim f 1+ where f (x) = ln(1 + 4x2 )
n→∞ n→∞ n n
j=1
Z 2
Riemann
= ln(1 + 4x2 ) dx
1
(a) 2
= x ln(1 + 4x2 ) − 2x + tan−1 (2x) 1


= 2 ln 17 − ln 5 − 2 + tan−1 (4) − tan−1 (2)

172 tan−1 (4)−tan−1 (2)−2

Hence, lim L = ·e
n→∞ 5

5
 
x = 1 , u = 2
1 1 2
6. (a) Let u = x . Then du = − x2 dx and when . Therefore,
x = 2, u = 1
2

2 2
− ln x −1
Z Z
ln x
I= dx =
2 · 2 dx
1/2 1 + x2 1/2 1 + x1 x
2
ln x1 −1
Z
=
·
1 2
dx
1/2 1+ x2
x
Z 1/2
ln u
= du
2 1 + u2
Z 2
ln u
=− 2
du
1/2 1 + u

= −I

From this, we have I = −I and hence I = 0.

(b) We first convert the given Riemann sum into an integral.
3n 3n
k
ln 2 21 + 2n 1 X ln 2 12 + 2n k





X
lim 
 = n→∞
lim 

n→∞ 1 k 2 n 1 k 2
k=1 2n 1 + 2 + 2n k=1 2 1 + 2 + 2n

ln 2 21 + 12 x
Z 3


= 
2  dx
0 2 1 + 1 + 1x
2 2

x = 0, u = 1
2
Let u = 12 + 12 x. Then du = 12 dx and when . Therefore, the last displayed
x = 3, u = 2
integral becomes
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
ln(2u) ln 2 ln(u)
du = du + du
1/2 1 + u2 1/2 1 + u2 1/2 1 + u2
| {z }
=0, shown in (a)
Z 2
1
= ln 2 du
1/2 1 + u2
= ln 2[tan−1 (u)]u=2
u=1/2

= ln 2(tan−1 2 − tan−1 (1/2))